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人教版（2019）选择性必修一英语的起源学案
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这是一份英语人教版 (2019)本册综合优秀学案，共13页。学案主要包含了单项选择，阅读七选五，语法填空等内容，欢迎下载使用。
When we talk abut English, we ften think f it as a single language but what d the dialects spken in dzens f cuntries arund the wrld have in cmmn with each ther r with the writing f Chaucer? And hw are any f them related t the strange wrds in Bewulf? The answer is that like mst languages, English has evlved thrugh generatins f speakers, underging majr changes ver time. By unding these changes, we can trace the language frm the present day back t its ancient rts. While mdern English shares many similar wrds with Latin-derived rmance languages, like French and Spanish. Mst f thse wrds were nt riginally part f it. Instead, they started cming int the language with the Nrman invasin f England in 1066.When the French-speaking Nrmans cnquered England and became its ruling class. They brught their speech with them, adding a massive amunt f French and Latin vcabulary t the English language previusly spken there. Tday. We call that language Old English. This is the language f Bewulf. It prbably desn't lk very familiar, but it might be mre recgnizable if yu knw sme German. That’s because Old English belngs t the Germanic language family, first brught t the British Isles in the 5th and 6th centuries by the Angles Saxns and Jutes. The Germanic dialects they spke wuld becme knwn as Angl-Saxn. Viking invaders in the 8th t 11th centuries added mre brrwings frm Old Nrse int the mix. It may be hard t see the rts f mdern English underneath all the wrds brrwed frm French, Latin, Old Nrse and ther languages. But cmparative linguistics can help us by fcusing n grammatical structure, patterns f sund changes and certain cre vcabulary. Fr example, after the 6th century, German wrds starting with "p" systematically shifted t a "pf" sund while their ld English cunterparts kept the "p" unchanged. In anther split, wrds that have "sk" sunds in Swedish develped an "sh" sund in English. There are still sme English wrds with "sk", like "skirt," and "skull", but they’re direct brrwings frm Old Nrse that came after the "sk" t "sh" shift. These examples shw us that just as the varius Rmance languages descended frm Latin, English, Swedish, German and many ther languages descended frm their wn cmmn ancestr knwn as prt Germanic spken arund 500 B. C. E. Because this histrical language was never written dwn, we can nly recnstruct it by cmparing its descendants, which is pssible thanks t the cnsistency f the changes. We can even use the same prcess t g back ne step further and trace the rigins f Prt-Germanic t a language called Prt-Ind-Eurpean spken abut 6000 years ag n the Pntic stepped in mdern day Ukraine and Russia. This is the recnstructed ancestr f the Ind-Eurpean family that includes nearly all languages histrically spken in Eurpe as well as large parts f Suthern and Western Asia. And thught it requires a bit mre wrk, we can find the same systematic similarities r crrespndence between related wrds in different Ind-Eurpean branches. Cmparing English with Latin, we see that English has "t" where Lath has "d" and “f” where Latin has “p” at the start f wrds. Sme f English’s mre distant relatives include Hindi, Persian and Celtic languages it displaced in what is nw Britain. Prt-Ind-Eurpean itself descended frm an even mre ancient language. But unfrtunately, this is as far back as histrical and archelgical evidence will allw us t g. Many mysteries remain just ut f reach, such as whether there might be a link between Ind-Eurpean and ther majr language families and the nature f the languages spken in Eurpe prir t its arrival. But the amazing fact remains that nearly 3 billin peple arund the wrld, many f whm can nt understand each ther, are nevertheless speaking the same wrds shaped by 6000 years f histry.
单词详解：
1. think f as 把……看作……
cnsider as treat as
例句：
I think f him as my best friend.
He treats the diary as the best gift he has ever had.
All the statement f this pst is cnsider as fictinal.
2. belng t属于；是……的成员
belngings n. 所有物；财产
例句：
Lckers are available t stre any belngs during yur visit.
This is a huse belnging t his grandfather.
He walks in and ut as if the huse belnged t him.
In my pinin, yu’d better put the bk where it belngs.
3. cnquer v. 征服
They feared that ttalitarians might yet cnquer the entire wrld.
他们担心极权主义者会征服整个世界。
They became verheated natinalists, militarists, and they were ut t cnquer.
他们变成了过分狂热的民族主义分子和军国主义分子，并想要征服别国。
I was certain that lve was quite enugh t cnquer ur differences.
我相信爱足以克服我们的种种差异。
4. thanks t 多亏；由于
due t, wing t, because f, thanks t 这些词组均表示"由于"之意。
due t : 用于较庄重的书面语中，侧重"起因于"，在句中多作表语，有时作状语。
wing t : 可以和due t换用，但在句中多作状语，也可作表语。
because f : 着重某种原因的理由，在句中通常作状语。
thanks t : 突出一种感激之情，含"多亏"意味。
例句：
It’s nly thanks t my rescuer that I am still alive.
多亏了我的救命恩人，我才能活下来。
She cannt hear things clearly due t her ld age.
由于年岁过高，她的耳朵听不太清。
He became fat wing t her bad eating habits.
他长胖是因为他不良的饮食习惯。
I gt sick because f the cld and the rain.
因为天冷和这场雨，我生病了。
（答题时间：40分钟）
一、单项选择
1. The music sciety I ________ is nly lsely rganized.
A. belng
B. belng t
C. belng in
D. is belnged t
*2. D yu knw whether tmates ____________ fruit r vegetables?
A. belng t
B. are belnged t
C. belng with
D. belng in
3. T all f yu _____ the hnur fr the success.
A. belngs t
B. belng t
C. belngs
D. belng
*4. Many cuntries ______ the Third Wrld are develping quickly.
A. belng
B. belngs
C. belngs t
D. belnging t
二、阅读七选五
Hw t Make Sure Yu Enjy Yur Trip
A trip is a planned destinatin where ne arranges in advance in which the main purpse is t search fr adventure and t create a memrable mment. Here are the steps n hw t make sure yur trip is enjyable.
• Plan it well. Trips are ideally planned fr them t g well. ______*1______ A check list is helpful, making sure yu’ve gt all yur needs.
• Pack necessities. Bring what yu need. Trips are shrt jurneys and belng t the sub-level f traveling. Pack nly the things yu need. ______2______
• Be safe. T be cautius is smart. N matter what yu are up t, surfing, cliff diving, snwbarding, scuba diving..., it is always recmmended t be safe. ______3______ Dn’t be stubbrn and put yurself in harm when there are precautins.
• ______4______ Yu may see delays, a different culture, lifestyle, fd, and even a shrtage f cash smetimes — these are all what travel is abut — experiencing things with a new perspective. Once yu expect t experience new things, yu’ll be a happy traveler and free frm stress.
• Save the memry. ______*5______ This is nt ne f thse regular days s yu ught t save the mment. It will make yur trip mre enjyable after all that craziness; yu get smething t review the gd times.
A. Travel with an pen mind.
B. Get prepared fr everything new.
C. This is all we expect frm a trip.
D. Seize the mment by taking pictures.
E. It is imprtant t wear prtective equipment when advisable.
F. It is easy t get tired if yu have t many things in yur package.
G. Take yur time, a day r a week ahead t make a plan fr yur trip.
三、语法填空
*1. My gift t my little brther is the strybk, which _________ （belng）t my best friend in the first place.
2. The hall is a beautiful building _________ the style f a Chinese palace.
3. Rescue wrkers built a shelter fr _________（survive） whse hmes had been destryed in the earthquake.
4. The researchers are in their search _________ the animals which they will experiment with.
5. The bk which was_________（select） fr yur sn last week is said t be the best-seller this mnth.
*6. When he wrked in the factry, he fancied _________（design） tys fr kids.
7. I really think the traffic accident was caused _________ design rather than by accident.
8. Thse freigners were greatly _________（amaze） at the amazing（amaze） changes in China.
9. D yu dubt _________ the ld man will take part in the marathn this Sunday?
10. _________（decrate） with different lights, the living rm lks very beautiful.
一、
1. B考查实义动词。句意为“我参加的音乐协会只是一个松散的组织。” belng t是“属于……”之意，不用于进行时，不用于被动语态。故选B项。
2. A belng t“属于……”，没有被动语态；也不能用进行时。
3. C这是一个倒装句，为了强调，句子将不定式部分提前了，这个句子还原后为：The hnur fr the success belngs t all f yu.
4. D 属于第三世界的许多国家的发展很迅速。根据句意该空作定语，动词与主语是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以选择D。
二、
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了五条让旅行更愉快的建议，包括精心计划、打包必备物品、注意旅行安全、敞开心扉旅行、保存美好记忆。
1. G 根据本段第一句“Plan it well”可知，本段主要介绍第一条建议——精心计划；G项中的关键词“make a plan fr yur trip”介绍为旅行制订计划，故选G项。
2. F 根据空前一句“Pack nly the things yu need”可知，仅带上必要的东西；据此可以判断，空处介绍带上不必要的东西的麻烦，故选F项。
3. E 根据空前一句中的“it is always recmmended t be safe”可知，不管参加何种活动，安全第一；据此可以判断，空处介绍穿戴安全设备的重要性，故E项正确。
4. A 根据空处所在的位置可知，空处为本段主题句；根据本段最后一句“Once yu expect t experience new things, yu’ll be a happy traveler and free frm stress”可知，当你期望体验新事物的时候，你将成为远离压力的快乐的旅行者；据此可以判断，本段主要建议“敞开心扉旅行”，故A项正确。
5. D 根据本段第一句“Save the memry”可知，本段主要介绍第五条建议——保存美好记忆；据此可知，D项“用拍照留住记忆”与此处匹配。
三、
1. belnged 考查belng的用法。in the first place表示“起初”，故此处应用一般过去时，且belng t没有被动语态，故填belnged。
2. in 考查固定短语。句意：这座礼堂是一座有中国式宫殿风格的美丽建筑。in the style f是固定短语，表示“以某种风格”。
3. survivrs 考查名词。句意：救援人员为在地震中房屋被毁的幸存者建造了一个庇护所。分析句子结构并根据句3意可知，此处应用名词，且其前没有限定词，故用其复数形式。
4. fr 考查介词。句意：研究者们正在寻找他们做实验要用的动物。in ne's/the search fr （=in search f）意为“寻找”，是固定搭配。
5. was selected 考查时态和语态。which引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指代The bk，与select是被动关系，且根据last week可知，此处应用一般过去时的被动语态。
6. designing 考查fancy的用法。句意：他在这个工厂工作时，喜欢设计儿童玩具。fancy后接动词-ing形式作宾语，表示“喜欢做某事”。
7. by 考查固定短语。句意：我真的认为这场交通事故是故意为之而不是意外。短语by design意为“故意地”。
8. amazed 考查非谓语动词。句意：那些外国人对中国惊人的变化感到很吃惊。amazed指“惊讶的”，常用来修饰人，amazing指“令人惊讶的”，常用来修饰物。
9. that 考查宾语从句。句意：你对这位老人将参加本周日的马拉松赛跑持怀疑态度吗？dubt用作动词时，在否定句和疑问句中，后面接that引导的宾语从句。
10. Decrated 考查非谓语动词。句意：用不同的灯装饰后，起居室看上去非常漂亮。动词decrate与句子主语the living rm之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用动词-ed形式作状语。
英语的起源（下）
重点句型：
1. …the varius Rmance languages descended frm Latin, English, Swedish …
非谓语动词做后置定语
非谓语动词：
t d 表目的； 某事要做还没做
ding 主动关系
dne 被动关系
作定语：
作用：相当于adj.，用来修饰名词
分类：前置定语（放到名词前面） 和 后置定语（放到名词后面）
形式：adj.；t d; ding ; dne
例句：
a smiling waiter （ding 做前置定语, smile 和 waiter 是主动关系）
a brken cup （dne做前置定语，break 和cup 是被动关系）
the meeting t be held tmrrw （明天要开的会议—某事还没做）
the questin being discussed正在被讨论的问题
a by hit by a basketball 一个被篮球砸中的男孩
There is a big dg tied t a fence utside the huse.
Did yu see the star mving in the sky?
翻译：
In anther split, wrds that have “sk” sunds in Swedish develped an “sh” sund in English. There are still sme English wrds with “sk”, like “skirt” and “skull”, but they’re direct brrwings frm Old Nrse that came after the “sk” t “sh” shift. These examples shw us that just as the varius Rmance languages descended frm Latin, English, Swedish, German and many ther languages descended frm their wn cmmn ancestr knwn as prt Germanic spken arund 500 B. C. E.
在另一种情况中，瑞典语中的“sk”音，于英语发展成“sh”音，现在仍有英语单词保留“sk”,例如“skirt（短裙）”和“skull（头骨）”，它们虽然直接来自古北欧语，但在“sk”音变成“sh”音后才传入英语。这些例子告诉我们，正如种种罗曼语同源于拉丁语，英语、瑞典语、德语和很多其他语言，同源于一种语言，即是于约公元前500年使用的原始日耳曼语。
2. Nearly 3 billin peple arund the wrld, many f whm can nt understand each ther.
句型:“代词+f+which/whm”引导的定语从句
（1）“名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构引导定语从句，此类结构常见的有：sme / several /a few/ a little/ many / mre / which/whm 等形式。 （此结构的which ,whm不能换成that , wh）
（2）“the+ n. + f+which”结构一般可以与 “whse+n.” 结构互换。
例句：
I bught a nw mbile phne last week, whse price / the price f which was very reasnable.
Jhn invited abut 40 peple t his wadding and mst f whm family members.
翻译：
Many mysteries remain just ut f reach, such as whether there might be a link between Ind-Eurpean and ther majr language families and the nature f the languages spken in Eurpe prir t its arrival. But the amazing fact remains that nearly 3 billin peple arund the wrld, many f whm can nt understand each ther, are nevertheless speaking the same wrds shaped by 6000 years f histry.
很多谜团尚未解开，例如印欧语系和其他主要语系之间有没有关联，以及原始印欧语传入之前，欧洲本土语言的性质如何。但奇妙的事还有，全球有约30亿人虽然大部分听不懂对方说的话，但经过6000年的语言演变，都仍说着相同的词汇。
3. It may be hard t see the rts f mdern English underneath all the wrds brrwed frm French, Latin…
it is +adj. + t d
it 作形式主语，可以替代t d 或从句
相似结构： it is +adj （imprtant, true, pssible, strange, natural…）+that 从句
it is+过去分词（said, thught, reprted, hped…）+that 从句
it is+ 名词短语（a gd idea, a pity, a fact, a wnder…）+that 从句
it +不及物动词（seem, ccur, happen…）+that 从句
4. German wrds starting with "p" systematically shifted t a "pf" sund while their ld English cunterparts kept the "p" unchanged.
while用法：
（1）意为：当……时， 引导时间状语从句（除过去进行时外，可以与when互换）
（2）意为：然而，做并列连词，表对比或转折（不可用when替代）
（3）意为：虽然，尽管， 引导让步状语从句
例句：
He fell asleep while he was watching TV.
While nline shpping has changed ur life, nt all its effects have been psitive.
Tm is very gd at science while his brther is hpeless.
翻译：
It may be hard t see the rts f mdern English underneath all the wrds brrwed frm French, Latin, Old Nrse and ther languages. But cmparative linguistics can help us by fcusing n grammatical structure, patterns f sund changes and certain cre vcabulary. Fr example, after the 6th century, German wrds starting with “p” systematically shifted t a “pf” sund while their ld English cunterparts kept the “p” unchanged.
要理解现代英语的根源似乎相当困难，因为需要溯源至这些分别来自于法文，拉丁文，古北欧语和其他语言的单词。但比较语言学能够帮助我们专注文法结构，语音转变的格式，和一些核心词汇。例如，公元6世纪后，德文中以“p”为首的单词，一律转成发“pf”音，而在古英语则保留了“p”的发音。
（答题时间：40分钟）
*翻译全文
When we talk abut English, we ften think f it as a single language but what d the dialects spken in dzens f cuntries arund the wrld have in cmmn with each ther r with the writing f Chaucer? And hw are any f them related t the strange wrds in Bewulf? The answer is that like mst languages, English has evlved thrugh generatins f speakers, underging majr changes ver time. By unding these changes, we can trace the language frm the present day back t its ancient rts. While mdern English shares many similar wrds with Latin-derived rmance languages, like French and Spanish. Mst f thse wrds were nt riginally part f it. Instead, they started cming int the language with the Nrman invasin f England in 1066.When the French-speaking Nrmans cnquered England and became its ruling class. They brught their speech with them, adding a massive amunt f French and Latin vcabulary t the English language previusly spken there. Tday. We call that language Old English. This is the language f Bewulf. It prbably desn’t lk very familiar, but it might be mre recgnizable if yu knw sme German. That’s because Old English belngs t the Germanic language family, first brught t the British Isles in the 5th and 6th centuries by the Angles Saxns and Jutes. The Germanic dialects they spke wuld becme knwn as Angl-Saxn. Viking invaders in the 8th t 11th centuries added mre brrwings frm Old Nrse int the mix. It may be hard t see the rts f mdern English underneath all the wrds brrwed frm French, Latin, Old Nrse and ther languages. But cmparative linguistics can help us by fcusing n grammatical structure, patterns f sund changes and certain cre vcabulary. Fr example, after the 6th century, German wrds starting with "p" systematically shifted t a "pf" sund while their ld English cunterparts kept the "p" unchanged. In anther split, wrds that have "sk" sunds in Swedish develped an "sh" sund in English. There are still sme English wrds with "sk", like "skirt," and "skull", but they’re direct brrwings frm Old Nrse that came after the "sk" t "sh" shift. These examples shw us that just as the varius Rmance languages descended frm Latin, English, Swedish, German and many ther languages descended frm their wn cmmn ancestr knwn as prt Germanic spken arund 500 B. C. E. Because this histrical language was never written dwn, we can nly recnstruct it by cmparing its descendants, which is pssible thanks t the cnsistency f the changes. We can even use the same prcess t g back ne step further and trace the rigins f Prt-Germanic t a language called Prt-Ind-Eurpean spken abut 6000 years ag n the Pntic stepped in mdern day Ukraine and Russia. This is the recnstructed ancestr f the Ind-Eurpean family that includes nearly all languages histrically spken in Eurpe as well as large parts f Suthern and Western Asia. And thught it requires a bit mre wrk, we can find the same systematic similarities r crrespndence between related wrds in different Ind-Eurpean branches. Cmparing English with Latin, we see that English has "t" where Lath has "d" and “f” where Latin has “p” at the start f wrds. Sme f English’s mre distant relatives include Hindi, Persian and Celtic languages it displaced in what is nw Britain. Prt-Ind-Eurpean itself descended frm an even mre ancient language. But unfrtunately, this is as far back as histrical and archelgical evidence will allw us t g. Many mysteries remain just ut f reach, such as whether there might be a link between Ind-Eurpean and ther majr language families and the nature f the languages spken in Eurpe prir t its arrival. But the amazing fact remains that nearly 3 billin peple arund the wrld, many f whm can nt understand each ther, are nevertheless speaking the same wrds shaped by 6000 years f histry.
参考译文：
当我们谈论英语时，我们常常把它看作一种单一的语言，但是世界上几十个国家所说的方言有什么共同之处，或者说与乔叟的写作有什么共同之处呢？它们与《贝奥武夫》中的奇怪词汇有什么关系？答案是，和大多数语言一样，英语是经过一代又一代讲英语的人的进化而来的，随着时间的推移发生了重大的变化。通过消除这些变化，我们可以将语言从现在追溯到它的古老根源。现代英语和拉丁语衍生的罗曼语有许多相似的词汇，比如法语和西班牙语。大部分英语单词原本并不属于英语。而是在1066年诺曼人入侵英格兰时传入，从而成为了英语的一部分。当说法语的诺曼人占领英格兰后，成为其统治阶级。同时他们带来了自己的语言，于是数量庞大的法语和拉丁语词汇被带入到当时本土所说的英语。我们称这种语言为古英语，即贝奥武夫的语言。古英语可能看起来比较陌生。但如果你懂一点德语的话，可能会更容易辨认。这是因为古英语属于日耳曼语系，于5至6世纪通过盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人初次传入不列颠群岛。他们所说的日耳曼方言日后成为了盎格鲁-撒克逊语。8至11世纪维京人的入侵，为英语带来源自古北欧语的新词汇。要理解现代英语的根源似乎相当困难，因为需要溯源至这些分别来自于法文，拉丁文，古北欧语和其他语言的单词。但比较语言学能够帮助我们专注文法结构，语音转变的格式，和一些核心词汇。例如，公元6世纪后，德文中以“p”为首的单词，一律转成发“pf”音，而在古英语则保留了“p”的发音。在另一种情况中，瑞典语中的“sk”音，于英语发展成“sh”音，现在仍有英语单词保留“sk”,例如“skirt（短裙）”和“skull（头骨）”，它们虽然直接来自古北欧语，但在“sk”音变成“sh”音后才传入英语。这些例子告诉我们，正如种种罗曼语同源于拉丁语，英语、瑞典语、德语和很多其他语言，同源于一种语言，即是于约公元前500年使用的原始日耳曼语。因为这种历史语言从来没有被记录下来，我们只能通过比较它的后代来推断它的结构，这是有可能的。我们甚至可以使用相同方法来更进一步把原始日耳曼语溯源至约6000年前的原始印欧语，来自东欧大草原，位于现今乌克兰和俄罗斯境内。这是印欧语系的祖先，几乎包括历史上在欧洲以及南亚和西亚大部分地区使用的所有语言。我们可以在不同的印欧支系中发现相关世界的系统相似性或对应性。对比英语和拉丁语，我们发现英语有“t”，其中Lath有“d”和“f”，其中拉丁语在单词开头有“p”。英语的一些较远的亲戚包括印地语、波斯语和凯尔特语，它们取代了现在的英国。原始印欧语系本身就起源于一种更古老的语言。但不幸的是，这是远在历史和考古证据将允许我们去。很多谜团尚未解开，例如印欧语系和其他主要语系之间有没有关联，以及原始印欧语传入之前，欧洲本土语言的性质如何。但奇妙的事还有，全球有约30亿人虽然大部分听不懂对方说的话，但经过6000年的语言演变，都仍说着相同的词汇。
When we talk abut English, we ften think f it as a single language but what d the dialects spken in dzens f cuntries arund the wrld have in cmmn with each ther r with the writing f Chaucer? And hw are any f them related t the strange wrds in Bewulf? The answer is that like mst languages, English has evlved thrugh generatins f speakers, underging majr changes ver time. By unding these changes, we can trace the language frm the present day back t its ancient rts. While mdern English shares many similar wrds with Latin-derived rmance languages, like French and Spanish. Mst f thse wrds were nt riginally part f it. Instead, they started cming int the language with the Nrman invasin f England in 1066.When the French-speaking Nrmans cnquered England and became its ruling class. They brught their speech with them, adding a massive amunt f French and Latin vcabulary t the English language previusly spken there. Tday. We call that language Old English. This is the language f Bewulf. It prbably desn't lk very familiar, but it might be mre recgnizable if yu knw sme German. That’s because Old English belngs t the Germanic language family, first brught t the British Isles in the 5th and 6th centuries by the Angles Saxns and Jutes. The Germanic dialects they spke wuld becme knwn as Angl-Saxn. Viking invaders in the 8th t 11th centuries added mre brrwings frm Old Nrse int the mix. It may be hard t see the rts f mdern English underneath all the wrds brrwed frm French, Latin, Old Nrse and ther languages. But cmparative linguistics can help us by fcusing n grammatical structure, patterns f sund changes and certain cre vcabulary. Fr example, after the 6th century, German wrds starting with "p" systematically shifted t a "pf" sund while their ld English cunterparts kept the "p" unchanged. In anther split, wrds that have "sk" sunds in Swedish develped an "sh" sund in English. There are still sme English wrds with "sk", like "skirt," and "skull", but they’re direct brrwings frm Old Nrse that came after the "sk" t "sh" shift. These examples shw us that just as the varius Rmance languages descended frm Latin, English, Swedish, German and many ther languages descended frm their wn cmmn ancestr knwn as prt Germanic spken arund 500 B. C. E. Because this histrical language was never written dwn, we can nly recnstruct it by cmparing its descendants, which is pssible thanks t the cnsistency f the changes. We can even use the same prcess t g back ne step further and trace the rigins f Prt-Germanic t a language called Prt-Ind-Eurpean spken abut 6000 years ag n the Pntic stepped in mdern day Ukraine and Russia. This is the recnstructed ancestr f the Ind-Eurpean family that includes nearly all languages histrically spken in Eurpe as well as large parts f Suthern and Western Asia. And thught it requires a bit mre wrk, we can find the same systematic similarities r crrespndence between related wrds in different Ind-Eurpean branches. Cmparing English with Latin, we see that English has "t" where Lath has "d" and “f” where Latin has “p” at the start f wrds. Sme f English’s mre distant relatives include Hindi, Persian and Celtic languages it displaced in what is nw Britain. Prt-Ind-Eurpean itself descended frm an even mre ancient language. But unfrtunately, this is as far back as histrical and archelgical evidence will allw us t g. Many mysteries remain just ut f reach, such as whether there might be a link between Ind-Eurpean and ther majr language families and the nature f the languages spken in Eurpe prir t its arrival. But the amazing fact remains that nearly 3 billin peple arund the wrld, many f whm can nt understand each ther, are nevertheless speaking the same wrds shaped by 6000 years f histry.
单词详解：
1. think f as 把……看作……
cnsider as treat as
例句：
I think f him as my best friend.
He treats the diary as the best gift he has ever had.
All the statement f this pst is cnsider as fictinal.
2. belng t属于；是……的成员
belngings n. 所有物；财产
例句：
Lckers are available t stre any belngs during yur visit.
This is a huse belnging t his grandfather.
He walks in and ut as if the huse belnged t him.
In my pinin, yu’d better put the bk where it belngs.
3. cnquer v. 征服
They feared that ttalitarians might yet cnquer the entire wrld.
他们担心极权主义者会征服整个世界。
They became verheated natinalists, militarists, and they were ut t cnquer.
他们变成了过分狂热的民族主义分子和军国主义分子，并想要征服别国。
I was certain that lve was quite enugh t cnquer ur differences.
我相信爱足以克服我们的种种差异。
4. thanks t 多亏；由于
due t, wing t, because f, thanks t 这些词组均表示"由于"之意。
due t : 用于较庄重的书面语中，侧重"起因于"，在句中多作表语，有时作状语。
wing t : 可以和due t换用，但在句中多作状语，也可作表语。
because f : 着重某种原因的理由，在句中通常作状语。
thanks t : 突出一种感激之情，含"多亏"意味。
例句：
It’s nly thanks t my rescuer that I am still alive.
多亏了我的救命恩人，我才能活下来。
She cannt hear things clearly due t her ld age.
由于年岁过高，她的耳朵听不太清。
He became fat wing t her bad eating habits.
他长胖是因为他不良的饮食习惯。
I gt sick because f the cld and the rain.
因为天冷和这场雨，我生病了。
（答题时间：40分钟）
一、单项选择
1. The music sciety I ________ is nly lsely rganized.
A. belng
B. belng t
C. belng in
D. is belnged t
*2. D yu knw whether tmates ____________ fruit r vegetables?
A. belng t
B. are belnged t
C. belng with
D. belng in
3. T all f yu _____ the hnur fr the success.
A. belngs t
B. belng t
C. belngs
D. belng
*4. Many cuntries ______ the Third Wrld are develping quickly.
A. belng
B. belngs
C. belngs t
D. belnging t
二、阅读七选五
Hw t Make Sure Yu Enjy Yur Trip
A trip is a planned destinatin where ne arranges in advance in which the main purpse is t search fr adventure and t create a memrable mment. Here are the steps n hw t make sure yur trip is enjyable.
• Plan it well. Trips are ideally planned fr them t g well. ______*1______ A check list is helpful, making sure yu’ve gt all yur needs.
• Pack necessities. Bring what yu need. Trips are shrt jurneys and belng t the sub-level f traveling. Pack nly the things yu need. ______2______
• Be safe. T be cautius is smart. N matter what yu are up t, surfing, cliff diving, snwbarding, scuba diving..., it is always recmmended t be safe. ______3______ Dn’t be stubbrn and put yurself in harm when there are precautins.
• ______4______ Yu may see delays, a different culture, lifestyle, fd, and even a shrtage f cash smetimes — these are all what travel is abut — experiencing things with a new perspective. Once yu expect t experience new things, yu’ll be a happy traveler and free frm stress.
• Save the memry. ______*5______ This is nt ne f thse regular days s yu ught t save the mment. It will make yur trip mre enjyable after all that craziness; yu get smething t review the gd times.
A. Travel with an pen mind.
B. Get prepared fr everything new.
C. This is all we expect frm a trip.
D. Seize the mment by taking pictures.
E. It is imprtant t wear prtective equipment when advisable.
F. It is easy t get tired if yu have t many things in yur package.
G. Take yur time, a day r a week ahead t make a plan fr yur trip.
三、语法填空
*1. My gift t my little brther is the strybk, which _________ （belng）t my best friend in the first place.
2. The hall is a beautiful building _________ the style f a Chinese palace.
3. Rescue wrkers built a shelter fr _________（survive） whse hmes had been destryed in the earthquake.
4. The researchers are in their search _________ the animals which they will experiment with.
5. The bk which was_________（select） fr yur sn last week is said t be the best-seller this mnth.
*6. When he wrked in the factry, he fancied _________（design） tys fr kids.
7. I really think the traffic accident was caused _________ design rather than by accident.
8. Thse freigners were greatly _________（amaze） at the amazing（amaze） changes in China.
9. D yu dubt _________ the ld man will take part in the marathn this Sunday?
10. _________（decrate） with different lights, the living rm lks very beautiful.
一、
1. B考查实义动词。句意为“我参加的音乐协会只是一个松散的组织。” belng t是“属于……”之意，不用于进行时，不用于被动语态。故选B项。
2. A belng t“属于……”，没有被动语态；也不能用进行时。
3. C这是一个倒装句，为了强调，句子将不定式部分提前了，这个句子还原后为：The hnur fr the success belngs t all f yu.
4. D 属于第三世界的许多国家的发展很迅速。根据句意该空作定语，动词与主语是逻辑上的主谓关系，所以选择D。
二、
本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了五条让旅行更愉快的建议，包括精心计划、打包必备物品、注意旅行安全、敞开心扉旅行、保存美好记忆。
1. G 根据本段第一句“Plan it well”可知，本段主要介绍第一条建议——精心计划；G项中的关键词“make a plan fr yur trip”介绍为旅行制订计划，故选G项。
2. F 根据空前一句“Pack nly the things yu need”可知，仅带上必要的东西；据此可以判断，空处介绍带上不必要的东西的麻烦，故选F项。
3. E 根据空前一句中的“it is always recmmended t be safe”可知，不管参加何种活动，安全第一；据此可以判断，空处介绍穿戴安全设备的重要性，故E项正确。
4. A 根据空处所在的位置可知，空处为本段主题句；根据本段最后一句“Once yu expect t experience new things, yu’ll be a happy traveler and free frm stress”可知，当你期望体验新事物的时候，你将成为远离压力的快乐的旅行者；据此可以判断，本段主要建议“敞开心扉旅行”，故A项正确。
5. D 根据本段第一句“Save the memry”可知，本段主要介绍第五条建议——保存美好记忆；据此可知，D项“用拍照留住记忆”与此处匹配。
三、
1. belnged 考查belng的用法。in the first place表示“起初”，故此处应用一般过去时，且belng t没有被动语态，故填belnged。
2. in 考查固定短语。句意：这座礼堂是一座有中国式宫殿风格的美丽建筑。in the style f是固定短语，表示“以某种风格”。
3. survivrs 考查名词。句意：救援人员为在地震中房屋被毁的幸存者建造了一个庇护所。分析句子结构并根据句3意可知，此处应用名词，且其前没有限定词，故用其复数形式。
4. fr 考查介词。句意：研究者们正在寻找他们做实验要用的动物。in ne's/the search fr （=in search f）意为“寻找”，是固定搭配。
5. was selected 考查时态和语态。which引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指代The bk，与select是被动关系，且根据last week可知，此处应用一般过去时的被动语态。
6. designing 考查fancy的用法。句意：他在这个工厂工作时，喜欢设计儿童玩具。fancy后接动词-ing形式作宾语，表示“喜欢做某事”。
7. by 考查固定短语。句意：我真的认为这场交通事故是故意为之而不是意外。短语by design意为“故意地”。
8. amazed 考查非谓语动词。句意：那些外国人对中国惊人的变化感到很吃惊。amazed指“惊讶的”，常用来修饰人，amazing指“令人惊讶的”，常用来修饰物。
9. that 考查宾语从句。句意：你对这位老人将参加本周日的马拉松赛跑持怀疑态度吗？dubt用作动词时，在否定句和疑问句中，后面接that引导的宾语从句。
10. Decrated 考查非谓语动词。句意：用不同的灯装饰后，起居室看上去非常漂亮。动词decrate与句子主语the living rm之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用动词-ed形式作状语。
英语的起源（下）
重点句型：
1. …the varius Rmance languages descended frm Latin, English, Swedish …
非谓语动词做后置定语
非谓语动词：
t d 表目的； 某事要做还没做
ding 主动关系
dne 被动关系
作定语：
作用：相当于adj.，用来修饰名词
分类：前置定语（放到名词前面） 和 后置定语（放到名词后面）
形式：adj.；t d; ding ; dne
例句：
a smiling waiter （ding 做前置定语, smile 和 waiter 是主动关系）
a brken cup （dne做前置定语，break 和cup 是被动关系）
the meeting t be held tmrrw （明天要开的会议—某事还没做）
the questin being discussed正在被讨论的问题
a by hit by a basketball 一个被篮球砸中的男孩
There is a big dg tied t a fence utside the huse.
Did yu see the star mving in the sky?
翻译：
In anther split, wrds that have “sk” sunds in Swedish develped an “sh” sund in English. There are still sme English wrds with “sk”, like “skirt” and “skull”, but they’re direct brrwings frm Old Nrse that came after the “sk” t “sh” shift. These examples shw us that just as the varius Rmance languages descended frm Latin, English, Swedish, German and many ther languages descended frm their wn cmmn ancestr knwn as prt Germanic spken arund 500 B. C. E.
在另一种情况中，瑞典语中的“sk”音，于英语发展成“sh”音，现在仍有英语单词保留“sk”,例如“skirt（短裙）”和“skull（头骨）”，它们虽然直接来自古北欧语，但在“sk”音变成“sh”音后才传入英语。这些例子告诉我们，正如种种罗曼语同源于拉丁语，英语、瑞典语、德语和很多其他语言，同源于一种语言，即是于约公元前500年使用的原始日耳曼语。
2. Nearly 3 billin peple arund the wrld, many f whm can nt understand each ther.
句型:“代词+f+which/whm”引导的定语从句
（1）“名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构引导定语从句，此类结构常见的有：sme / several /a few/ a little/ many / mre / which/whm 等形式。 （此结构的which ,whm不能换成that , wh）
（2）“the+ n. + f+which”结构一般可以与 “whse+n.” 结构互换。
例句：
I bught a nw mbile phne last week, whse price / the price f which was very reasnable.
Jhn invited abut 40 peple t his wadding and mst f whm family members.
翻译：
Many mysteries remain just ut f reach, such as whether there might be a link between Ind-Eurpean and ther majr language families and the nature f the languages spken in Eurpe prir t its arrival. But the amazing fact remains that nearly 3 billin peple arund the wrld, many f whm can nt understand each ther, are nevertheless speaking the same wrds shaped by 6000 years f histry.
很多谜团尚未解开，例如印欧语系和其他主要语系之间有没有关联，以及原始印欧语传入之前，欧洲本土语言的性质如何。但奇妙的事还有，全球有约30亿人虽然大部分听不懂对方说的话，但经过6000年的语言演变，都仍说着相同的词汇。
3. It may be hard t see the rts f mdern English underneath all the wrds brrwed frm French, Latin…
it is +adj. + t d
it 作形式主语，可以替代t d 或从句
相似结构： it is +adj （imprtant, true, pssible, strange, natural…）+that 从句
it is+过去分词（said, thught, reprted, hped…）+that 从句
it is+ 名词短语（a gd idea, a pity, a fact, a wnder…）+that 从句
it +不及物动词（seem, ccur, happen…）+that 从句
4. German wrds starting with "p" systematically shifted t a "pf" sund while their ld English cunterparts kept the "p" unchanged.
while用法：
（1）意为：当……时， 引导时间状语从句（除过去进行时外，可以与when互换）
（2）意为：然而，做并列连词，表对比或转折（不可用when替代）
（3）意为：虽然，尽管， 引导让步状语从句
例句：
He fell asleep while he was watching TV.
While nline shpping has changed ur life, nt all its effects have been psitive.
Tm is very gd at science while his brther is hpeless.
翻译：
It may be hard t see the rts f mdern English underneath all the wrds brrwed frm French, Latin, Old Nrse and ther languages. But cmparative linguistics can help us by fcusing n grammatical structure, patterns f sund changes and certain cre vcabulary. Fr example, after the 6th century, German wrds starting with “p” systematically shifted t a “pf” sund while their ld English cunterparts kept the “p” unchanged.
要理解现代英语的根源似乎相当困难，因为需要溯源至这些分别来自于法文，拉丁文，古北欧语和其他语言的单词。但比较语言学能够帮助我们专注文法结构，语音转变的格式，和一些核心词汇。例如，公元6世纪后，德文中以“p”为首的单词，一律转成发“pf”音，而在古英语则保留了“p”的发音。
（答题时间：40分钟）
*翻译全文
When we talk abut English, we ften think f it as a single language but what d the dialects spken in dzens f cuntries arund the wrld have in cmmn with each ther r with the writing f Chaucer? And hw are any f them related t the strange wrds in Bewulf? The answer is that like mst languages, English has evlved thrugh generatins f speakers, underging majr changes ver time. By unding these changes, we can trace the language frm the present day back t its ancient rts. While mdern English shares many similar wrds with Latin-derived rmance languages, like French and Spanish. Mst f thse wrds were nt riginally part f it. Instead, they started cming int the language with the Nrman invasin f England in 1066.When the French-speaking Nrmans cnquered England and became its ruling class. They brught their speech with them, adding a massive amunt f French and Latin vcabulary t the English language previusly spken there. Tday. We call that language Old English. This is the language f Bewulf. It prbably desn’t lk very familiar, but it might be mre recgnizable if yu knw sme German. That’s because Old English belngs t the Germanic language family, first brught t the British Isles in the 5th and 6th centuries by the Angles Saxns and Jutes. The Germanic dialects they spke wuld becme knwn as Angl-Saxn. Viking invaders in the 8th t 11th centuries added mre brrwings frm Old Nrse int the mix. It may be hard t see the rts f mdern English underneath all the wrds brrwed frm French, Latin, Old Nrse and ther languages. But cmparative linguistics can help us by fcusing n grammatical structure, patterns f sund changes and certain cre vcabulary. Fr example, after the 6th century, German wrds starting with "p" systematically shifted t a "pf" sund while their ld English cunterparts kept the "p" unchanged. In anther split, wrds that have "sk" sunds in Swedish develped an "sh" sund in English. There are still sme English wrds with "sk", like "skirt," and "skull", but they’re direct brrwings frm Old Nrse that came after the "sk" t "sh" shift. These examples shw us that just as the varius Rmance languages descended frm Latin, English, Swedish, German and many ther languages descended frm their wn cmmn ancestr knwn as prt Germanic spken arund 500 B. C. E. Because this histrical language was never written dwn, we can nly recnstruct it by cmparing its descendants, which is pssible thanks t the cnsistency f the changes. We can even use the same prcess t g back ne step further and trace the rigins f Prt-Germanic t a language called Prt-Ind-Eurpean spken abut 6000 years ag n the Pntic stepped in mdern day Ukraine and Russia. This is the recnstructed ancestr f the Ind-Eurpean family that includes nearly all languages histrically spken in Eurpe as well as large parts f Suthern and Western Asia. And thught it requires a bit mre wrk, we can find the same systematic similarities r crrespndence between related wrds in different Ind-Eurpean branches. Cmparing English with Latin, we see that English has "t" where Lath has "d" and “f” where Latin has “p” at the start f wrds. Sme f English’s mre distant relatives include Hindi, Persian and Celtic languages it displaced in what is nw Britain. Prt-Ind-Eurpean itself descended frm an even mre ancient language. But unfrtunately, this is as far back as histrical and archelgical evidence will allw us t g. Many mysteries remain just ut f reach, such as whether there might be a link between Ind-Eurpean and ther majr language families and the nature f the languages spken in Eurpe prir t its arrival. But the amazing fact remains that nearly 3 billin peple arund the wrld, many f whm can nt understand each ther, are nevertheless speaking the same wrds shaped by 6000 years f histry.
参考译文：
当我们谈论英语时，我们常常把它看作一种单一的语言，但是世界上几十个国家所说的方言有什么共同之处，或者说与乔叟的写作有什么共同之处呢？它们与《贝奥武夫》中的奇怪词汇有什么关系？答案是，和大多数语言一样，英语是经过一代又一代讲英语的人的进化而来的，随着时间的推移发生了重大的变化。通过消除这些变化，我们可以将语言从现在追溯到它的古老根源。现代英语和拉丁语衍生的罗曼语有许多相似的词汇，比如法语和西班牙语。大部分英语单词原本并不属于英语。而是在1066年诺曼人入侵英格兰时传入，从而成为了英语的一部分。当说法语的诺曼人占领英格兰后，成为其统治阶级。同时他们带来了自己的语言，于是数量庞大的法语和拉丁语词汇被带入到当时本土所说的英语。我们称这种语言为古英语，即贝奥武夫的语言。古英语可能看起来比较陌生。但如果你懂一点德语的话，可能会更容易辨认。这是因为古英语属于日耳曼语系，于5至6世纪通过盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人初次传入不列颠群岛。他们所说的日耳曼方言日后成为了盎格鲁-撒克逊语。8至11世纪维京人的入侵，为英语带来源自古北欧语的新词汇。要理解现代英语的根源似乎相当困难，因为需要溯源至这些分别来自于法文，拉丁文，古北欧语和其他语言的单词。但比较语言学能够帮助我们专注文法结构，语音转变的格式，和一些核心词汇。例如，公元6世纪后，德文中以“p”为首的单词，一律转成发“pf”音，而在古英语则保留了“p”的发音。在另一种情况中，瑞典语中的“sk”音，于英语发展成“sh”音，现在仍有英语单词保留“sk”,例如“skirt（短裙）”和“skull（头骨）”，它们虽然直接来自古北欧语，但在“sk”音变成“sh”音后才传入英语。这些例子告诉我们，正如种种罗曼语同源于拉丁语，英语、瑞典语、德语和很多其他语言，同源于一种语言，即是于约公元前500年使用的原始日耳曼语。因为这种历史语言从来没有被记录下来，我们只能通过比较它的后代来推断它的结构，这是有可能的。我们甚至可以使用相同方法来更进一步把原始日耳曼语溯源至约6000年前的原始印欧语，来自东欧大草原，位于现今乌克兰和俄罗斯境内。这是印欧语系的祖先，几乎包括历史上在欧洲以及南亚和西亚大部分地区使用的所有语言。我们可以在不同的印欧支系中发现相关世界的系统相似性或对应性。对比英语和拉丁语，我们发现英语有“t”，其中Lath有“d”和“f”，其中拉丁语在单词开头有“p”。英语的一些较远的亲戚包括印地语、波斯语和凯尔特语，它们取代了现在的英国。原始印欧语系本身就起源于一种更古老的语言。但不幸的是，这是远在历史和考古证据将允许我们去。很多谜团尚未解开，例如印欧语系和其他主要语系之间有没有关联，以及原始印欧语传入之前，欧洲本土语言的性质如何。但奇妙的事还有，全球有约30亿人虽然大部分听不懂对方说的话，但经过6000年的语言演变，都仍说着相同的词汇。
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