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【期中精准练】专题03：完形填空（5套）+ 六选四（3套）-2022-2023学年高一下期中英语必考题型精准练（上海专用）
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这是一份【期中精准练】专题03：完形填空（5套）+ 六选四（3套）-2022-2023学年高一下期中英语必考题型精准练（上海专用），共27页。
专题03：完形填空题精选（5套）+ 六选四精选（3套）
2022-2023学年高一下期中必考题精准练
一、 完形填空题精选
第一套
（2022秋·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）Experts often tell students to put their efforts on a narrow field to get a job after school. But recent research into Nobel Prize winners suggests that wider interests are ___1___.
One of the winners of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was Danish scientist Morten Meldal. When describing his career, Meldal said he ___2___ as an engineer but changed to chemistry because, he “wanted to understand the world”. Meldal’s experience and the way he sees things may come as a(n) ___3___ to students. They might believe they have to ___4___ their work and school lives in one field to be successful. But a study from professors at Michigan State University ___5___ that belief. They said that many Nobel Prize winners can be described as “polymaths,” those who have many ___6___ interests in both their work and personal lives.
The professors looked at past Nobel Prize winners and their students. They decided that when ___7___ of winners go on to win Nobel Prizes, some of what they learned from their teachers is how to live a life with many interests. They are, in a way, learning how to be ___8___.
Having many interests ___9___ scientists to look for innovative ways to address problems. In fact, one important part of science is not discovering answers, but ___10___ problems that need to be settled. For example, Alexis Carrel won his Nobel Prize in medicine in 1912 by ___11___ techniques he learned from the clothing business. He realized that people who used thread to make and fix clothing had a skill that could be used in ___12___ to put new organs into people’s bodies. One winner in medicine — Christiane Nusslein-Volhard — once told young scientists to avoid following the “___13___” and move out of their study areas to be independent and original.
___14___, the Michigan State professors found that most professionals are not like the prize-winners. The prize-winners are special in that they ___15___ look for the chances to learn new things, even outside of their jobs.
1．A．scientific B．competing C．essential D．immediate
2．A．started out B．made off C．looked over D．turned aside
3．A．distraction B．surprise C．example D．burden
4．A．ease B．tip C．treat D．center
5．A．exemplified B．confirmed C．edited D．rejected
6．A．diverse B．similar C．mathematical D．peculiar
7．A．teachers B．students C．peers D．children
8．A．creative B．leisure C．academic D．reasonable
9．A．spoils B．pours C．permits D．starves
10．A．abandoning B．recognizing C．capitalizing D．worsening
11．A．shrinking B．tracking C．individualizing D．transferring
12．A．operations B．engines C．clothing D．machinery
13．A．cornerstone B．mainstream C．upkeep D．outflow
14．A．As a result B．On the contrary C．In a row D．At a cost
15．A．unevenly B．fruitlessly C．regularly D．reluctantly
【答案】
1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，研究表明，诺贝尔奖经常颁发给有创造力的思考者，而不是专家。
1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但最近对诺贝尔奖得主的研究表明，更广泛的兴趣是非常重要的。A. scientific科学的；B. competing相互竞争的；C. essential非常重要的，必不可少的；D. immediate立刻的，即时的。根据语境及下文“some of what they learned from their teachers is how to live a life with many interests(他们从老师那里学到的一些东西是如何带着许多兴趣去生活)”可知，很多诺贝奖得主的学生从老师那里学到的是要有广泛的兴趣，所以此处指拥有广泛的兴趣很重要，故选C。
2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在描述他的职业生涯时，Meldal说，他最初是一名工程师，但后来转向化学，因为他“想了解世界”。A. started out起初是，从……开始；B. made off匆忙离开；C. looked over检查，浏览；D. turned aside避开，转过脸。根据“but changed to chemistry”可知，Meldal说最初是一名工程师，但后来转向化学，故选A。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Meldal的经历和他看待事物的方式可能会让学生们感到惊讶。A. distraction干扰，使人分心的事物；B. surprise惊讶；C. example例子；D. burden负担。根据上文对Meldal专业的描述及下文“They might believe they have to ___4___ their work and school lives in one field to be successful.”可知，学生们可能认为集中注意力于一个专业才会成功，但是Meldal从工程师转向了化学，所以Meldal的经历会让他们感到惊讶。故选B。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们可能认为他们必须把工作和学校生活集中在一个领域才能成功。A. ease减轻，缓和；B. tip（使）倾泻，倒出；C. treat对待，治疗；D. center集中，使聚集在一起。根据文章首句“Experts often tell students to put their efforts on a narrow field to get a job after school.(专家们经常告诉学生们，要想毕业后找到工作，就要把精力集中在单一的领域)”及语境可知，学生们可能认为要把精力集中在一个领域才能获得成功，故选D。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但密歇根州立大学教授的一项研究否定了这一观点。A. exemplified举例说明；B. confirmed证实；C. edited编辑，校订；D. rejected拒绝，否决。结合转折词“But”及下文“those who have many ___6___ interests in both their work and personal lives”可知，研究表明，诺贝尔奖获得主有很多兴趣，所以此处指这项研究否定了上文提到的集中精力于一个领域的观念，故选D。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们说，许多诺贝尔奖得主都可以被称为“博学多才”，他们在工作和个人生活中都有许多不同的兴趣。A. diverse不同的，各种各样的；B. similar类似的；C. mathematical有关数学的；D. peculiar奇怪的，怪异的。根据“polymaths”及语境可知，许多诺贝尔奖得主有很多不同的兴趣，故选A。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们判定，当获奖者的学生后来获得诺贝尔奖时，他们从老师那里学到的一些东西就是如何带着多种兴趣生活。A. teachers老师；B. students学生；C. peers同龄人；D. children孩子。根据“some of what they learned from their teachers”可知，此处指获奖者的学生，故选B。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在某种程度上，他们正在学习如何变得富有创造力。A. creative创造性的；B. leisure空闲的；C. academic学业的，学术的；D. reasonable合理的。根据下文“look for innovative ways to address problems(寻找解决问题的创新方法)”可知，此处指学习如何变得富有创造力，故选A。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：兴趣广泛使科学家能够寻找解决问题的创新方法。A. spoils破坏，糟蹋；B. pours倾倒；C. permits许可，使成为可能；D. starves挨饿。根据语境及下文的举例可知，兴趣广泛使使科学家能够寻找解决问题的创新方法，permit符合语境。故选C。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，科学的一个重要部分不是发现答案，而是认识到需要解决的问题。A. abandoning抛弃，遗弃；B. recognizing识别，辨认出；C. capitalizing资本化，为……提供资本；D. worsening（使）变得更糟。根据“one important part of science is not discovering answers”可知，科学的一个重要部分不是发现答案，而是发现需要解决的问题，故选B。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，Alexis Carrel通过将他从服装业学到的技术进行转移，在1912年获得了诺贝尔医学奖。A. shrinking（使）缩小，减少；B. tracking追踪；C. individualizing（使）个性化；D. transferring（使）转移，转化。根据下文描述的将缝制衣服的技巧用于医疗手术中可知，此处指将从服装业学到的技术进行转移，故选D。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他意识到，那些用线制作和固定衣服的人拥有一种技能，可以在手术中用于将新器官植入人的身体。A. operations手术；B. engines发动机；C. clothing服装；D. machinery机器。根据“to put new organs into people’s bodies”可知，此处指在手术中用于将新器官植入人的身体，故选A。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：医学领域的一位获奖者Christiane Nusslein-Volhard曾告诉年轻的科学家们，要避免追随“主流”，走出自己的研究领域，保持独立和原创。A. cornerstone基石，支柱；B. mainstream主流；C. upkeep维修，保养；D. outflow流出量。根据“move out of their study areas to be independent and original”及上文提到的创新可知，此处指避免跟随主流，故选B。
14．考查固定短语辨析。句意：相反，密歇根州立大学的教授们发现，大多数专业人士并不像得奖者那样。A. As a result因此；B. On the contrary相反；C. In a row 连续几次地；D. At a cost按成本，造价为。上一段提到诺贝尔奖得主能够创新地解决问题，根据空后“the Michigan State professors found that most professionals are not like the prize- winners”可知，此处指相反，大多数专业人士并不像得奖者那样，故选B。
15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：获奖者的特殊之处在于，他们经常寻找学习新事物的机会，即使是在工作之外。A. unevenly不均衡地；B. fruitlessly无益地，徒劳地；C. regularly频繁地，经常地；D. reluctantly不情愿地。根据上文内容可知，诺贝尔奖得主经常寻找学习新事物的机会，即使是在工作之外，故选C。
第二套
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
（2022秋·上海·高一华师大二附中校考期中）Researchers continue to show the power behind our sense of smell. Recent studies have found, among other things, that the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger in ____16____ on roads.
The review explains that smell is unique in its effect on the ____17____ . According to Conrad King, the researcher who carried out the review, “more than any other senses, the sense of smell goes through the logical part of the brain and acts on the systems concerned with ____18____ . This is why the smell of baking bread can ____19____ the best intentions of one going on a diet.”
Smell, which reveals the unbelievable ____20____ of food tastes, has always been the least understood of our senses. Our noses are able to detect up to 10,000 ____21____ smells. Our ability to smell and taste this extremely large range of smells is controlled by something like 1, 000 genes, which make up an amazing 3% of the human genome (基因组). Researchers Richard Axel and Linda Buck were together awarded a Nobel Prize in 2004 for their ground-breaking research on the ____22____ of this extraordinary sense. These two scientists were the first to describe the family of 1,000 olfactory (嗅觉的) genes and to explain how our olfactory system works.
According to one study in the research review, smelling fresh pizza or even the packaging of fast foods can be enough to make drivers feel ____23____ with other road users. They are then more likely to speed and experience uncontrollable anger on roads. The most reasonable explanation is that these can all make drivers feel hungry, and therefore ____24____ to satisfy their appetites.
____25____ , the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience. ____26____ , the smells of lemon and coffee appeared to promote clear thinking and mental focus.
However, the way that genes ____27____ smell differs from person to person. A study by researchers in Israel has identified at least 50 olfactory genes which are ____28____ in some people and not in others. They believe this may ____29____ why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them. The Israel researchers say their study shows that nearly every human being shows a ____30____ pattern of active and inactive smell-detecting receptors.
16．A．pedestrians B．policemen C．cyclists D．drivers
17．A．emotion B．behavior C．brain D．body
18．A．intelligence B．ability C．thinking D．feelings
19．A．destroy B．decrease C．reveal D．satisfy
20．A．task B．complexity C．influence D．creation
21．A．strange B．peculiar C．distinct D．extinct
22．A．intention B．nature C．creation D．development
23．A．impatient B．amazed C．dissatisfied D．disappointed
24．A．willing B．determined C．desperate D．likely
25．A．In addition B．Without doubt C．To be honest D．In contrast
26．A．Gradually B．Similarly C．Relatively D．Generally
27．A．regulate B．improve C．create D．change
28．A．turned down B．switched on C．approved of D．backed up
29．A．warn B．conceal C．inform D．explain
30．A．different B．clear C．normal D．regular
【答案】
16．D 17．C 18．D 19．A 20．B 21．C 22．B 23．A 24．C 25．D 26．B 27．A 28．B 29．D 30．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了人类嗅觉的巨大能量及其对我们的影响。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的研究发现，除其他外，比萨等食物的气味会导致路上司机无法控制的愤怒。A. pedestrians行人；B. policemen警察；C. cyclists骑自行车的人；D. drivers司机。根据下文“even the packaging of fast foods can be enough to make drivers feel ____8____ with other road users”可知，文章主要说明食物气味对司机的影响，比萨等食物的气味会导致路上司机无法控制的愤怒。故选D。
17．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这篇综述解释说，气味对大脑的影响是独一无二的。A. emotion情绪；B. behavior行为；C. brain大脑；D. body身体。根据下文“more than any other senses, the sense of smell goes through the logical part of the brain”可知，气味对大脑的影响是独一无二的。故选C。
18．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据研究人员Conrad King的说法，与其他感官相比，嗅觉通过大脑的逻辑部分，作用于与情感有关的系统。A. intelligence智力；B. ability能力；C. thinking思考；D. feelings情感。根据上文“the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger”可知，食物的气味会造成情绪的变化。故选D。
19．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这就是为什么烤面包的味道会破坏一个人节食的最佳计划。A. destroy破坏；B. decrease减少；C. reveal揭示；D. satisfy满足。根据上文“the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger”可知，食物气味造成的情绪是“无法控制的愤怒”，所以对人们的节食造成破坏。故选A。
20．考查名词词义辨析。句意：嗅觉揭示了食物味道令人难以置信的复杂性，它一直是我们最不了解的感官。A. task任务；B. complexity复杂性；C. influence影响；D. creation创造。根据下文“10,000 ____6____ smells”可知，有一万多种嗅觉，可得出嗅觉揭示了食物味道令人难以置信的复杂性。故选B。
21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的鼻子能嗅出多达1万种不同的气味。A. strange奇怪的；B. peculiar奇怪的；C. distinct不同的；D. extinct灭绝的。根据上文“10,000”和下文的“this extremely large range of smells”可知，此处表示“1万种不同的气味”。故选C。
22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员Richard Axel和Linda Buck因对这种特殊感觉的本质进行了开创性的研究，于2004年共同获得了诺贝尔奖。A. intention目的，意图；B. nature本质；C. creation创造；D. development发展。根据下文“These two scientists were the first to describe the family of 1,000 olfactory (嗅觉的) genes and to explain how our olfactory system works(这两位科学家首次描述了1000个嗅觉基因家族，并解释了我们的嗅觉系统是如何工作的)”可知，此处表示“研究人员Richard Axel和Linda Buck因对这种特殊感觉的本质进行了开创性的研究”。故选B。
23．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据研究综述中的一项研究，闻到新鲜的披萨甚至快餐的包装都足以让司机对其他道路使用者感到不耐烦。A. impatient不耐烦的；B. amazed惊奇的，惊讶的；C. dissatisfied不满意的；D. disappointed失望的。根据上文“the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger”和下文“They are then more likely to speed and experience uncontrollable anger on roads”可知，比萨等食物的气味会导致路上司机无法控制的愤怒，可得出闻到新鲜的披萨甚至快餐的包装都足以让司机对其他道路使用者感到不耐烦，呼应下文“drivers’ impatience”。故选A。
24．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最合理的解释是，这些都能让司机感到饥饿，因此不顾一切地满足他们的胃口。A. willing愿意的；B. determined下定决心的；C. desperate不顾一切的、渴望的；D. likely可能的。根据上文“make drivers feel hungry”可知，此处表示“不顾一切地满足他们的胃口”。故选C。
25．考查固定短语辨析。句意：相比之下，薄荷和肉桂的气味被证明可以提高注意力水平，并减少司机的不耐烦。A. In addition另外；B. Without doubt毫无疑问；C. To be honest老实说；D. In contrast相比之下。根据下文“the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience”可知，与新鲜的披萨甚至快餐相比，薄荷和肉桂的气味被证明可以提高注意力水平，并减少司机的不耐烦。故选D。
26．考查副词词义辨析。句意：同样，柠檬和咖啡的气味似乎能促进清晰的思维和精神集中。A. Gradually逐渐；B. Similarly同样；C. Relatively相当地，相对地；D. Generally通常，普遍地。根据下文“the smells of lemon and coffee appeared to promote clear thinking and mental focus”和上文“the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience”可知，本段主要通过两个例子说明产生积极影响的气味，该句与上句形成并列关系。故选B。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，基因调节气味的方式因人而异。A. regulate调节；B. improve提高；C. create创造；D. change改变。根据上文“Our ability to smell and taste this extremely large range of smells is controlled by something like 1, 000 genes(我们的嗅觉和味觉是由1000个基因控制的)”可知，基因可以调节气味，其方式因人而异。故选A。
28．考查动词短语辨析。句意：以色列研究人员的一项研究发现，至少有50个嗅觉基因在一些人身上启动，而在另一些人身上没有。A. turned down关小；B. switched on启动；C. approved of同意；D. backed up支持。根据下文“They believe this may ____14____ why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them”可知，有些人喜欢某些气味和味道，然而一些人不喜欢它们，说明至少有50个嗅觉基因在一些人身上启动，而在另一些人身上没有。故选B。
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们认为这可以解释为什么有些人喜欢某些气味和味道，而有些人讨厌它们。A. warn警告；B. conceal隐藏；C. inform告知；D. explain解释。根据上文“A study by researchers in Israel has identified at least 50 olfactory genes which are ____13____ in some people and not in others”和下文“why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them”可知，上下文是因果关系，上文内容可以解释下文的现象。故选D。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：以色列的研究人员说，他们的研究表明，几乎每个人都表现出不同的活跃和不活跃的嗅觉感受器模式。A. different不同的；B. clear清楚的；C. normal正常的；D. regular有规律的。根据上文“some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them”可知，有些人喜欢某些气味和味道，然而一些人不喜欢它们，说明几乎每个人都表现出不同的活跃和不活跃的嗅觉感受器模式。故选A。
第三套
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context
（2022秋·上海·高一上海中学校考期中）The Greek historian Herodotus is said to have made one of the earliest lists of seven wonders of the world, including the still mysterious accomplishment of ancient horticulture known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. More recent times saw natural ____31____ to these marvels of classical architecture proposed: waterfalls, mountains, canyons, reefs.
As environmental consciousness has risen in the west, ____32____ to such sightseeing have changed. Yes, it is thrilling to visit remote forests or spot rare species. ____33____, travelling to faraway destinations is carbon-intensive. When flights or long road journeys are involved, ____34____ can be made more difficult as well as assisted by sightseers. There is a(n) ____35____ to be struck, and ethical governments and businesses around the world try to maximise the benefits while minimising, the harms. Colombia, ____36____, recently introduced laws aimed at promoting sustainable tourism
Most of us, in the rich countries where people take most holidays, understand better than ever that there are costs as well as benefits ____37____ exploring. One of the six promises proposed by an environmental campaign launched last month, The Jump, is to “holiday ____38____”, taking short-distance flights once every three years and long-distance flights very rarely. Fortunately, the UK’s 15 national parks, 86 areas of outstanding natural beauty and countless other landscapes mean that there is no ____39____ of special places for domestic nature tourists to visit.
One recent survey found that Windsor Great Park and Kew have become Britain’s most _____40_____ attractions. Visitor numbers at wildlife trusts (野生生物托管组织) are high, with waiting lists for beaver-spotting. Some companies that formerly ran foreign trips have _____41_____ to the pandemic by taking people to watch dolphins and other marine life off British coasts instead.
This is not to minimise the destruction of nature that is also _____42_____. Sewage outflows are out of control due to failed water industry regulation The owners of a popular rewilded estate in West Sussex have waned that plans to build 3,500 homes next to their land would be _____43_____ for the species that live there. But as we confront an environmental emergency that grows ever more dangerous, it is essential to cultivate _____44_____ of nature that surrounds us. In a small way, holiday outings to watch dragonflies, kingfishers (鸟) or seals, or be surrounded by trees that are coming into leaf, could help us to focus on what _____45_____.
31．A．limits B．offerings C．alternatives D．superiors
32．A．attitudes B．chapters C．bans D．restorations
33．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Consequently D．However
34．A．conservation B．transportation C．admission D．expression
35．A．focus B．threat C．pose D．balance
36．A．in short B．for example C．by contrast D．above all
37．A．compared to B．particular about C．associated with D．distant from
38．A．local B．remote C．noble D．overseas
39．A．paradise B．exhibition C．shortage D．boast
40．A．genuine B．fortunate C．ignorant D．popular
41．A．adapted B．connected C．held D．restored
42．A．concentrating on B．going away
C．taking place D．figuring out
43．A．miraculous B．cheerful C．economical D．disastrous
44．A．comfort B．appreciation C．splendor D．behavior
45．A．matters B．debates C．reflects D．approaches
【答案】
31．C 32．A 33．D 34．A 35．D 36．B 37．C 38．A 39．C 40．D 41．A 42．C 43．D 44．B 45．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为了保护环境，人们可以短途旅游或者在假期就欣赏周围的环境也是不错的。
31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：近年来，人们看到了替代这些经典建筑奇迹的自然景观：瀑布、山脉、峡谷和珊瑚礁。A. limits限制；B. offerings作品；C. alternatives可供选择的事物；D. superiors上级。根据下文所举例子“waterfalls, mountains, canyons, reefs”可知，这是可以替代经典建筑奇迹的自然景观。故选C。
32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着西方环境意识的增强，人们对这种观光的态度也发生了变化。A. attitudes态度；B. chapters章；C. bans禁令；D. restorations修复。根据下文内容可知，作者觉得人们现在更注意环保，所以是对观光旅游的态度发生了变化。故选A。
33．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，当涉及到飞行或长途公路旅行时，前往遥远的目的地旅行是碳密集型的，而保护工作可能会变得更加困难，同时也需要游客的帮助。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. Consequently因此；D. However然而。上文“it is thrilling to visit remote forests or spot rare species”和下文“travelling to faraway destinations is carbon-intensive.”之间存在转折关系。故选D。
34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，当涉及到飞行或长途公路旅行时，前往遥远的目的地旅行是碳密集型的，而保护工作可能会变得更加困难，同时也需要游客的帮助。A. conservation保存；B. transportation运输；C. admission允许；D. expression表达。根据上文“travelling to faraway destinations is carbon-intensive.”可知，前往边远地区会造成大量碳排放，所以环保工作会更加困难。故选A。
35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们需要找到一个平衡点，世界各地有道德的政府和企业都试图在利益最大化的同时，将危害最小化。A. focus焦点；B. threat威胁；C. pose姿势；D. balance平衡。根据下文的“ethical governments and businesses around the world try to maximise the benefits while minimising”可知，需要找到一个平衡点，既可以有利益，又将危害降到最低。故选D。
36．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，哥伦比亚最近出台了旨在促进可持续旅游的法律。A. in short简言之；B. for example比如；C. by contrast相比之下；D. above all首先。根据上文“There is a(n) ____5____ to be struck, ethical governments and businesses around the world try to maximise the benefits while minimising”可知，人们正在寻找一个平衡点，下文则以哥伦比亚为例，说明了已经采取的措施。故选B。
37．考查介词短语辨析。句意：我们大多数生活在度假最多的富裕国家的人们比以往任何时候都更明白，与探险相关的既有好处也有代价。A. compared to相比之下；B. particular about对……挑剔；C. associated with和……有关；D. distant from远离。根据上文可知，人们认为只要想去探险，就会有好处也有代价。故选C。
38．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：上个月发起的环保运动“跳跃” 提出了六个承诺，其中之一就是“本地度假”，即每三年乘坐一次短途航班，很少乘坐长途航班。A. local当地的；B. remote遥远的；C. noble高贵的；D. overseas海外的。根据下文的“taking short-distance flights once every three years and long-distance flights very rarely.”可知，该运动建议人们短距离旅游，也就是在本地度假。故选A。
39．考查名词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，英国有15个国家公园，86个杰出的自然美景区和数不清的其他景观，这意味着国内游客不缺特别的地方可以参观。A. paradise天堂；B. exhibition展览；C. shortage缺乏；D. boast自夸。根据上文“Fortunately, the UK’s 15 national parks, 86 areas of outstanding natural beauty and countless other landscapes”可知，英国并不缺少人们游览的地方。故选C。
40．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最近的一项调查发现，温莎大公园和邱园已成为英国最受欢迎的景点。A. genuine真诚的；B. fortunate幸运的；C. ignorant忽视的；D. popular受欢迎的。根据下文“Visitor numbers at wildlife trusts(野生生物托管组织) are high, with waiting lists for beaver-spotting.”可知，这里已经成为受欢迎的景点。故选D。
41．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些以前负责海外旅行的公司已经适应了疫情，转而带人们去英国海岸观看海豚和其他海洋生物。A. adapted适应；B. connected连接；C. held举办；D. restored修复。根据下文“by taking people to watch dolphins and other marine life off British coasts instead.”可知，这些公司已经适应了疫情，开始转型。故选A。
42．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这并不是要将正在发生的对自然的破坏最小化。A. concentrating on专注于；B. going away离开；C. taking place发生；D. figuring out弄清楚。根据上文可知，环境受损是正在发生的事情。故选C。
43．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：西苏塞克斯郡一处受欢迎的野生动物保护区的所有者表示，在他们的土地旁建造3500所房屋的计划将对生活在那里的物种造成灾难性的影响。A. miraculous不可思议的；B. cheerful开心的；C. economical节俭的；D. disastrous灾难性的。根据上文“Sewage outflows are out of control due to failed water industry regulation”由于旅游的问题，已经对环境造成破坏，而如果再建造房屋，对于物种而言，则是灾难性的影响。故选D。
44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，当我们面临越来越危险的环境紧急情况时，培养对我们周围自然的欣赏是至关重要的。A. comfort舒适；B. appreciation欣赏；C. splendor壮丽；D. behavior行为。根据下文“holiday outings to watch dragonflies, kingfishers(鸟) or seals, or be surrounded by trees”可知，置身于周围的环境，学会欣赏环境之美，也是不错的。故选B。
45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在某种程度上，假期外出看蜻蜓、翠鸟或海豹，或被长叶的树木包围，可以帮助我们专注于重要的事情。A. matters重要；B. debates辩论；C. reflects反射；D. approaches靠近。根据文章内容可知，作者认为环境对人类很重要，所以为了环境，我们假期可以多欣赏周围自然的美，让我们更重视真正重要的。故选A。
第四套
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市建平中学校考期中）The old 1986 truck was a gift from his grandfather. It worked, but it was large and inconvenient. So it was not an ideal vehicle for Ian Cheney’s ____46____ inner-city neighborhood in New York. Many New Yorkers would look at the truck and think of a rubbish dump. Ian Cheney looked at his grandfather’s truck and thought of a (n) ____47____.
As in other large cities, there are not many places to grow food in New York. Yet Cheney wanted a vegetable garden. Many urban farmers in New York have found ____48____ ways to grow vegetables. There are rooftop gardens high above the city. There are community gardens in old parking lots. There is even a (n) ____49____ garden in the Hudson River. Cheney, however, didn’t ____50____ any of these. So the old truck was a (n) ____51____ solution. The back of the truck provided him with the ____52____ he needed. “Since I don’t have a rooftop to grow any food,” Cheney explains. “It seemed like the logical thing to do.”
So Cheney ____53____ to work. First, he drilled holes in the truck bed for drainage—allowing water to pass through the bed. Then he laid down a recycled plastic mat. The soil came next. He made sure that everything was organic. Cheney ____54____ organic because he wanted to grow vegetables without chemicals. Then he planted lettuce, herbs, spinach, and tomatoes. Finally, he watered and waited.
When the food was ready to pick, Cheney drove the truck from one urban neighborhood to another. He ____55____some of the vegetables. He sold the rest to friends and neighbors. Everywhere he parked, passersby stopped and talked about the beautiful vegetable garden in the back of the truck.
Cheney is ____56____ about food. He strongly believes that people are better off eating more local food, because it reduces economic and environmental ____57____. There is also the question of nutrition. Less nutritional benefits of vegetables ____58____ over time. So eating food within a few days of harvesting is healthier for you.
Cheney knows that his truck cannot solve the problem of the lack of fresh food in all neighborhoods. Yet, like rooftop gardens, it could be part of the solution. Cheney continues to plant his truck and drive it around New York neighborhoods. He hopes that fresh and healthy food can be ____59____ in more places, including inner-city areas. As Cheney says, “If we can grow food in the back of a 1986 Dodge pickup, we can ____60____ find better ways to grow more fresh produce.”
46．A．crowded B．plain C．deserted D．breathtaking
47．A．house B．square C．farm D．bank
48．A．creative B．uniform C．regular D．ugly
49．A．floating B．emerging C．rising D．remaining
50．A．have attachment to B．make commitments to
C．have access to D．make contributions to
51．A．difficult B．practical C．limited D．common
52．A．tool B．space C．information D．material
53．A．set up B．set off C．set aside D．set out
54．A．recognized B．measured C．commercialized D．preferred
55．A．gave away B．gave up C．gave back D．gave in
56．A．curious B．anxious C．optimistic D．passionate
57．A．consumption B．costs C．advantages D．significance
58．A．change B．decrease C．remain D．adapt
59．A．acceptable B．reasonable C．popular D．available
60．A．logically B．vaguely C．definitely D．randomly
【答案】
46．A 47．C 48．A 49．A 50．C 51．B 52．B 53．D 54．D 55．A 56．D 57．B 58．B 59．D 60．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了伊恩·切尼在卡车上种植有机蔬菜，他坚信，人们最好多吃当地食物，因为这减少了经济和环境上的消耗。还有营养问题。随着时间的推移，蔬菜的营养价值越来越少。所以在收获的几天内吃食物对你来说更健康。他希望新鲜健康的食物可以在更多的地方供应，包括市中心地区。
46．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，对于伊恩·切尼在纽约拥挤的市中心社区来说，这不是一辆理想的交通工具。A. crowded拥挤的；B. plain朴素的；C. deserted空旷的；D. breathtaking令人惊叹的。根据后文“inner-city neighborhood in New York”可知，纽约市中心社区应该是拥挤的。故选A。
47．考查名词词义辨析。句意：伊恩切尼看着他祖父的卡车，想到了一个农场。A. house房子；B. square广场；C. farm农场；D. bank银行。根据后文“Yet Cheney wanted a vegetable garden.”可知，切尼看到卡车想到了农场，拿来种菜。故选C。
48．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：纽约的许多城市农民已经找到了种植蔬菜的创造性方法。A. creative创造性的；B. uniform始终如一的；C. regular定期的；D. ugly丑陋的。根据后文“There are rooftop gardens high above the city. There are community gardens in old parking lots.(在城市上空有屋顶花园。旧停车场里有社区花园)”可知，纽约的许多城市农民已经找到了种植蔬菜的创造性方法。故选A。
49．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在哈德逊河上甚至还有一个漂浮的花园。A. floating漂浮的，不固定的；B. emerging新兴的；C. rising上升的；D. remaining剩下的。根据后文“garden in the Hudson River”可知花园在河上，所以是漂浮的。故选A。
50．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，切尼并没有使用到这些东西。A. have attachment to依恋于；B. make commitments to承诺；C. have access to使用；D. make contributions to做贡献。根据后文“any of these”指的是上文提到的那些种菜的方式，即切尼并没有使用到这些东西。故选C。
51．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以旧卡车是一个实际的解决方案。A. difficult困难的；B. practical实际的；C. limited有限的；D. common普通的。根据后文““Since I don’t have a rooftop to grow any food,” Cheney explains. “It seemed like the logical thing to do.”(切尼解释说：“因为我没有屋顶可以种植任何食物。这似乎是合乎逻辑的做法。”)”可知，切尼条件有限，所以旧卡车是一个实际的解决方案。故选B。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：卡车的后部为他提供了所需的空间。A. tool工具；B. space空间；C. information信息；D. material材料。根据后文“Since I don’t have a rooftop to grow any food”可知，这里指提供了种菜所需的空间。故选B。
53．考查动词短语辨析。句意：所以切尼开始着手工作。A. set up建立；B. set off出发；C. set aside留出；D. set out开始着手。根据后文“First, he drilled holes in the truck bed for drainage—allowing water to pass through the bed.(首先，他在卡车床上钻了几个排水孔——让水从车床上流过)”可知，他开始着手工作了，set out to表示“着手做某事”。故选D。
54．考查动词词义辨析。句意：切尼更喜欢有机蔬菜，因为他希望种植蔬菜时不使用化学物质。A. recognized识别；B. measured测量；C. commercialized商业化；D. preferred更喜欢。根据后文“because he wanted to grow vegetables without chemicals(因为他想种植蔬菜不使用化学药品)”可知，切尼更喜欢有机蔬菜，故选D。
55．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他把一些蔬菜送人了。A. gave away分发，赠送；B. gave up放弃；C. gave back归还；D. gave in屈服。根据后文“He sold the rest to friends and neighbors(他把剩下的卖给了朋友和邻居)”可知，蔬菜一部分送人，一部分出售了。故选A。
56．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：切尼对食物充满热情。A. curious好奇的；B. anxious焦虑的；C. optimistic乐观的；D. passionate热情的。根据后文“He strongly believes that people are better off eating more local food(他坚信，人们最好多吃当地食物)”可知，切尼对食物充满热情。故选D。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他坚信，人们最好多吃当地食物，因为这减少了经济和环境上的花费。A. consumption消耗；B. costs花费；C. advantages优势；D. significance意义重大。根据上文“He strongly believes that people are better off eating more local food, because it reduces economic and environmental”可知，他坚信，人们最好多吃当地食物，因为这减少了经济和环境上的花费。故选B。
58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着时间的推移，蔬菜的营养价值越来越少。A. change改变；B. decrease减少；C. remain保持；D. adapt改编。根据后文“So eating food within a few days of harvesting is healthier for you.(所以在收获的几天内吃食物对你来说更健康)”可知，随着时间的推移，蔬菜的营养价值越来越少。故选B。
59．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他希望新鲜健康的食物可以在更多的地方供应，包括市中心地区。A. acceptable可接受的；B. reasonable合理的；C. popular流行的；D. available可获得的。根据后文“in more places, including inner-city areas”指新鲜健康的食物可以在更多地方获得，available符合语境。故选D。
60．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果我们能在一辆1986年的道奇皮卡的后座上种植食物，我们肯定能找到更好的方法来种植更多的新鲜农产品。A. logically逻辑上；B. vaguely模糊地；C. definitely绝对；D. randomly随机地。结合上文“If we can grow food in the back of a 1986 Dodge pickup”可知，如果我们能在一辆1986年的道奇皮卡的后座上种植食物，我们肯定能找到更好的方法来种植更多的新鲜农产品。表明了对种菜的信心。故选C。
第五套
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市进才中学校考期中）Processed foods like chips, soda and frozen pizzas are full of salt, sugar and fat. Now scientists are trying to understand if there is something else about such foods that may be bad for humans. Scientists have already linked low-cost, ____61____ foods to rising obesity rates around the world. Three recent studies offer more ____62____ into how our increasingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health.
What does processed food mean?
The researchers created a system that ____63____ foods into four groups. The system says highly processed foods are made ____64____ of industrialized materials and additives. Sodas, packaged cookies, instant noodles and chicken nuggets are some examples of highly processed foods. But also included are products that can ____65____ healthy, such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt.
What’s wrong with processed foods?
Researchers at the National Institutes of Health conducted a four-week study involving 20 people. They found that people eat about 500 more calories a day when ____66____ mostly processed foods. That is compared with when the ____67____ subjects were given less processed foods. The researchers permitted the 20 participants to eat as much or as little as they wanted. They were taken to a medical center so their health and behavior could be ____68____.
In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease. ____69____, a similar study in Spain linked eating more processed foods to a higher risk of death in general.
What is it about processed foods?
When given less processed foods, people in the study ____70____ more of a hormone that controls hunger, and less of a hormone that causes hunger. The reason for the ____71____ is not clear. The scientists also found that people ate processed foods more quickly.
Kevin Hall is one of the researchers who led the study. He told the AP that processed foods are usually softer and easier to chew and swallow. Hall noted the source of nutrients might ____72____. For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel ____73____ than fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt.
What should you eat?
Avoiding processed foods can be hard, ____74____ for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can also take many forms. In addition, companies continually ____75____ products to make them seem healthier. The newest studies may provide more reasons to avoid processed foods. But, they also call attention to the difficulty of coming up with ways to do that.
61．A．organic B．delicious C．packaged D．cheap
62．A．inquiries B．insights C．explorations D．reports
63．A．distinguishes B．defines C．classifies D．keeps
64．A．specially B．mostly C．naturally D．technically
65．A．remain B．feel C．become D．appear
66．A．consumed B．forced C．deprived D．fed
67．A．same B．normal C．different D．alternative
68．A．explained B．tracked C．cured D．overlooked
69．A．Meanwhile B．However C．Hence D．Otherwise
70．A．collected B．produced C．absorbed D．relieved
71．A．hunger B．procedure C．reaction D．feedback
72．A．strike a balance B．run a risk
C．pose a threat D．make a difference
73．A．ful1 B．content C．starving D．excited
74．A．especially B．generally C．specially D．reasonably
75．A．restructure B．rearrange C．redecorate D．reengineer
【答案】
61．C 62．B 63．C 64．B 65．D 66．D 67．A 68．B 69．A 70．B 71．C 72．D 73．A 74．A 75．D
【导语】本文是说明文。科学家已经确定，廉价的包装食品与全球不断上升的肥胖率有关。文章介绍了什么是加工食品，加工食品有什么问题，加工食品与什么有关以及人们应该吃什么。
61．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科学家已经确定，廉价的包装食品与全球不断上升的肥胖率有关。 A. organic有机的；B. delicious美味的；C. packaged包装好的；D. cheap便宜的。根据下文的“rising obesity rates”可知，这种食物与肥胖有关，不可能是“有机的”和“美味的”，空格前low-cost与cheap意思相近，C项“包装好的”符合题意，说明不是新鲜食物。故选C。
62．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的三项研究为我们日益工业化的食品供应如何影响我们的健康提供了更多的见解。A. inquiries询问；B. insights见解，洞察力；C. explorations探索；D. reports报告。根据后文“into how our increasingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health”指三项研究为我们日益工业化的食品供应如何影响我们的健康提供了更多的见解。故选B。
63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员创建了一个系统，将食物分为四组。A. distinguishes区别；B. defines定义；C. classifies分类；D. keeps保持。根据后文“foods into four groups”指将食物分为四组。故选C。
64．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这一系统指出，高度加工食品主要由工业材料和添加剂组成。 A. specially特别地；B. mostly大部分地；C. naturally自然地；D. technically技术上。根据空格前后文并结合常识可知，高度加工食品主要由工业材料和添加剂组成。故选B。
65．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是也包括诸如早餐麦片、能量棒以及某些类型的酸奶等看起来健康的产品。A. remain仍旧；B. feel感觉；C. become成为；D. appear出现，呈现。根据“such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt.”可知，此处说的是高度加工的不健康的食品，因此推断是呈现健康的食品。故选D。
66．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们发现，饮食以加工食品为主的参与者每天会多摄入约500卡路里。A. consumed消耗；B. forced迫使；C. deprived剥夺；D. fed喂养、以……为食。根据上文的“people eat about 500 more calories a day”和下文“processed foods”可推断，此处指的是吃加工食品的人每天多摄入500卡热量。故选D。
67．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是对同一个参与者食用较少加工食品的情况进行比较后得出的结论。A. same同样的；B. normal正常的；C. different不同的；D. alternative替代的。研究理应是对同一个人的饮食结构进行对比。故选A。
68．考查动词词义辨析。句意：参与者被带到医疗中心，对他们的健康和行为进行跟踪。A. explained解释；B. tracked跟踪；C. cured治愈；D. overlooked忽视。根据上文“They were taken to a medical center”可知，被带去医疗中心，是对他们的健康和行为进行跟踪观察。故选B。
69．考查副词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，西班牙的一项类似研究表明，食用加工食品越多，死亡风险就越高。A. Meanwhile同时；B. However然而；C. Hence因此；D. Otherwise否则。上文“In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease.”提到在另一项研究中，法国的研究人员发现，吃更多加工食品的人更容易患心脏病，而与此同时，西班牙的一项类似研究表明，食用加工食品越多，死亡风险就越高。故选A。
70．考查动词词义辨析。句意：食用少量加工食品时，研究参与者会分泌更多控制饥饿的激素，而引发饥饿的激素则会减少。A. collected收集；B. produced生产；产生；C. absorbed吸收；D. relieved缓解。根据下文提到的“more of a hormone”可知，研究参与者分泌更多控制饥饿的激素，produce“产生”符合语境。故选B。
71．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一反应的原因还不得而知。A. hunger饥饿；B. procedure程序；C. reaction反应；D. feedback反馈。上文提到“食用少量加工食品时，研究参与者会分泌更多控制饥饿的激素，而引发饥饿的激素则会减少”是参与者的反应。故选C。
72．考查动词短语辨析。句意：霍尔指出，营养来源可能有所不同。A. strike a balance公平处理；B. run a risk冒险；C. pose a threat构成威胁；D. make a difference有影响；产生不同。根据下文“For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel full than fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt.(比如，与能量棒和酸奶等包装食品中添加的纤维相比，来自完整水果和蔬菜的纤维可能更容易使人们有饱腹感)”可推断，此处说的是营养来源不同，故选D。
73．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，从整个水果和蔬菜中提取的纤维可能比包装食品（如能量棒和酸奶）中添加的纤维更能让人有饱腹感。A. full饱的；B. content满意的；C. starving挨饿的；D. excited激动的。根据上文“fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel”可知，从整个水果和蔬菜中提取的纤维更能让人有饱腹感。故选A。
74．考查副词词义辨析。句意：不食用加工食品可能很难做到，对时间和金钱有限的人来说尤其如此。A. especially特别；B. generally普遍地；C. specially专门地；D. reasonably合理地。下文“for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can also take many forms.”可知，时间和金钱有限的人更难避免食用加工食品。故选A。
75．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，公司不断对产品进行改造，使其看起来更健康。A. restructure调整结构；B. rearrange重新整理；C. redecorate重新装饰；D. reengineer重新调整。根据后文“products to make them seem healthier”指对产品进行改造，使其看起来更健康。故选D。
二、 六选四精选
第一套
Directions: Read the following passage Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences that you need.
（2022春·上海·高一上海市大同中学校考期中）
What Makes Risk-Takers Tempt Fate?
A．Now, research suggests that they are right.
B．They seek out extreme sports as a way to actually feel.
C．Extreme sports such as wingsuiting are gaining popularity.
D．However, most scientists agree that personality is a complex mix of environmental and genetic influences.
E．They are actually extremely well-prepared athletes with high levels of self-awareness and a deep knowledge of the environment.
F．According to a study by the University of Colorado School of Medicine, 76 percent of wingsuiters have experienced a close call.
Moments before throwing herself off a thousand-foot cliff, Steph Davis feels a surge of fear and excitement. As she pushes away from the edge, these mixed feelings give way to an intense rush, then deep focus. She must position her body just so for her wingsuit (滑翔服) to fill with air. Then, she must open her parachute (降落伞) at precisely the right moment and nail her landing, often within the span of 60 seconds.
_____1_____ In the face of such fatal consequences, why are some people still drawn to risky attempts? The answer may lie in a complex mix of genetic, environmental and psychological factors.
Even before we are born, our appetite for risk may be mapped out in our DNA．Cynthia Thomson’s study found that individuals who reported riskier behavior usually shared a similar genetic constitution (构成). Scientists believe that people with this genetic variant produce more dopamine receptors. “So they need to seek out intense situations to bring up their dopamine levels,” says Thomson.
_____2_____ Several studies have shown that risk-taking behavior is linked to the earliest bonds (关系) we form with our primary caretakers. Those with less secure attachments are more likely to engage in dangerous activities.
There is the common idea that extreme sports enthusiasts are chasing thrills. But Tim Woodman, a professor at the Bangor University in Wales, suggests that it is about something altogether different: emotion regulation. In his view, those who take part in high-risk sports often have difficulty experiencing emotions, a condition called alexithymia. _____3_____ “It’s rewarding because they’ve moved from a feeling of inadequacy to a sense of achievement,” says Woodman.
For years, professional skiers, BASE jumpers, and climbers have argued that they are not reckless (鲁莽的). _____4_____ What people get from extreme sports is deeply transformational—a sense of connecting with a deep sense of self and being authentic, a powerful relationship with the natural world, a sense of freedom. They get a strong sense of living life to its fullest as if touching their full potential.
【答案】1．F 2．D 3．B 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为什么冒险者喜欢极限运动的原因。
1．F选项“根据科罗拉多大学医学院的一项研究，76%的翼装者经历过死里逃生。”承接上文第一段“She must position her body just so for her wingsuit (滑翔服) to fill with air. Then, she must open her parachute (降落伞) at precisely the right moment and nail her landing, often within the span of 60 seconds. (她必须调整身体的位置，使她的翼服充满空气。然后，她必须在正确的时刻打开降落伞，并在60秒内完成着陆)”讲翼装者飞行经历，F选项用科学数据引出下文“In the face of such fatal consequences, why are some people still drawn to risky attempts? (面对如此致命的后果，为什么有些人仍然被冒险的尝试所吸引？)”翼装飞行可能带来的致命后果。故选F项。
2．由上文第三段“Even before we are born, our appetite for risk may be mapped out in our DNA. (甚至在我们出生之前，我们对风险的偏好就可能在我们的DNA中被描绘出来)”可知，有科学家认为喜欢冒险的性格早被基因决定了，呼应上文第二段“The answer may lie in a complex mix of genetic, environmental and psychological factors. (答案可能在于基因、环境和心理因素的复杂组合)”，可得出性格会受到多种因素的影响（不仅限于基因），D选项“然而，大多数科学家都认为性格是环境和基因影响的复杂组合。”与上文第三段形成转折关系，讲述影响影响性格的多种因素。故选D项。
3．B选项“他们寻求极限运动作为一种真实感受的方式。”与上文“In his view, those who take part in high-risk sports often have difficulty experiencing emotions, a condition called alexithymia. (在他看来，那些参加高风险运动的人往往难以体验情绪，这种情况被称为述情障碍)”是因果关系，因为有些人难以体验情绪，所以寻求极限运动来感受情绪。故选B项。
4．结合上文用科学研究解释为什么冒险者喜欢极限运动的原因，A选项“现在，研究表明他们是对的。”和下文“What people get from extreme sports is deeply transformational—a sense of connecting with a deep sense of self and being authentic, a powerful relationship with the natural world, a sense of freedom. They get a strong sense of living life to its fullest as if touching their full potential. (人们从极限运动中获得的是深刻的转变——一种与深刻的自我感和真实感相联系的感觉，一种与自然世界的强大关系，一种自由感。他们有一种强烈的充分生活的感觉，仿佛充分发挥了自己的潜力)”肯定了上文“For years, professional skiers, BASE jumpers, and climbers have argued that they are not reckless (鲁莽的). (多年来，专业滑雪者、跳伞运动员和登山者一直认为他们并不鲁莽)”所讲的冒险者喜欢极限运动是对的的这个事实。故选A项。
第二套
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there is one sentence more than you need.
（2022秋·上海·高一华师大二附中校考期中）
A．Working with other cultures is not for everyone.
B．One way is training, and many companies now invest substantial amounts of money to prepare people to cope with living and working in another culture.
C．It used to be so easy.
D．The ideal person for an overseas assignment has to be delegated when necessary.
E．One way is to try and find out how aware they are of other cultures.
F．They need to be able to accept other ways of doing things.
How do companies decide who to send overseas? ____1____ Just find someone with the right background, ask them if they wanted to go, and that was it. So an engineer just needed to be able to offer the technical expertise required to do the job, a manager simply needed to know the right people, an accountant needed to know how the books worked and nothing else. If they could speak English, then they could probably do the job.
But times are changing. More and more overseas assignments are failing. The reason? Lack of intercultural competence. Companies have discovered that finding the right person for the job is much more than simply identifying the person who could have done the job if it had been in their home country. ____2____ And this failure is more than irritating. It costs companies a lot of money to replace someone who does not fit in.
So how do companies judge if someone has the right competence for a job in another country? ____3____ Are they interested in other ways of doing things? Can they see advantages and disadvantages, or only their own viewpoint? Sensitivity is a key factor too. Is the person able to deal with other ways of looking at a problem? How do they deal with authority? What about motivation? Are they willing to treat others with respect and understanding? Such questions can be answered partly by the use of questionnaires and interviews, but of course only real experience can give the final answer.
So what else can a company do to make sure that a person is right for an overseas assignment? ____4____ Experienced colleagues can also be used to ease someone through the first stages. And another key area is to make sure that the relatives receive similar backup and training: it’s no good having a happy employee who is under pressure from his or her partner to come home.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．E 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了公司如何决定派谁去海外工作，以及确保其适合海外生活和工作的方法。
1．根据后文“Just find someone with the right background, ask them if they wanted to go, and that was it. So an engineer just needed to be able to offer the technical expertise required to do the job, a manager simply needed to know the right people, an accountant needed to know how the books worked and nothing else. If they could speak English, then they could probably do the job.(只要找到有合适背景的人，问他们是否想去，就行了。所以一个工程师只需要能够提供做这项工作所需的技术专长，一个经理只需要认识合适的人，一个会计只需要知道账簿是如何工作的，而不是其他。如果他们会说英语，那么他们可能就能做这项工作)”可知，后文都在陈述公司派谁去海外以前很容易。所以选择项C“It used to be so easy.(以前很容易)”符合上下文语境。故选C。
2．根据前文“The reason? Lack of intercultural competence. Companies have discovered that finding the right person for the job is much more than simply identifying the person who could have done the job if it had been in their home country. (原因何在？缺乏跨文化能力。公司已经发现，寻找合适的人选远不只是简单地找出如果工作地点在他们的祖国就能胜任的人那么简单)”可知，公司派出缺乏跨文化能力的人，这种人不适合与其他文化合作。所以选择项A“Working with other cultures is not for everyone. (并不是每个人都适合与其他文化合作)”符合上下文语境。故选A。
3．根据前文“So how do companies judge if someone has the right competence for a job in another country?(那么，公司如何判断一个人是否有能力胜任另一个国家的工作呢？)”和后文“Are they interested in other ways of doing things? Can they see advantages and disadvantages, or only their own viewpoint? Sensitivity is a key factor too. Is the person able to deal with other ways of looking at a problem? How do they deal with authority? What about motivation? Are they willing to treat others with respect and understanding? (他们对其他做事的方式感兴趣吗？他们能看到优点和缺点吗，还是只有他们自己的观点？敏感度也是一个关键因素。这个人是否能够从其他角度看待问题？他们如何与权威打交道？动力呢？他们愿意尊重和理解他人吗？)”可知，公司判断一个人是否胜任另一个国家工作的方法之一就是了解他对其他文化的了解程度。所以选择项E“One way is to try and find out how aware they are of other cultures.(一种方法是试着找出他们对其他文化的了解程度)”符合上下文语境。故选E。
83．根据前文“So what else can a company do to make sure that a person is right for an overseas assignment?(那么，公司还能做些什么来确保一个人适合海外工作呢？)”和后文“Experienced colleagues can also be used to ease someone through the first stages. And another key area is to make sure that the relatives receive similar backup and training: it’s no good having a happy employee who is under pressure from his or her partner to come home. (有经验的同事也可以帮助员工度过最初的阶段。另一个关键领域是确保亲属得到类似的支持和培训：让一个快乐的员工在伴侣的压力下回家是没有好处的)”可知，公司确保一个人适合海外工作方法是投入资金培训并让他适应新文化。所以选择项B“One way is training, and many companies now invest substantial amounts of money to prepare people to cope with living and working in another culture. (一种方法是培训，许多公司现在投入大量资金，让员工做好适应另一种文化的生活和工作的准备)”符合上下文语境。故选B。
第三套
Directions: Read the following passage and fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市晋元高级中学校考期中）Is breakfast really that important?
A．A large percentage of participants, around 78%, claim that it is a daily routine for them to have this meal in the morning.
B．For example, there are strong and consistent links to increased bullying behavior with skipping breakfast in both boys and girls.
C．However, many people skip breakfast or substitute a donut (炸面圈) and a cup of coffee for a well-balanced meal.
D．Actually it turns out to be an important daily behaviour that benefits people in different aspects.
E．While breakfast has its benefits, it might not be the most important meal.
F．Benefits of breakfast go way beyond physical aspects of health.
With almost 20% of people reporting skipping the first meal of the day, people are wondering whether breakfast is really that important. Well, the overwhelming majority of research supports that breakfast is more than something your Mom nagged you about. ____1____.
The National Weight Control Registry is tracking over 10,000 Americans who have lost significant amounts of weight and kept it off for long periods of time. ____2____.Other large studies have linked eating breakfast to decreased waistlines. Skipping breakfast may turn out to be one of the worst barriers to your weight loss efforts, for certain individuals. It is because not eating breakfast may lead to their increased amounts of late-night snacking.
____3____. Academic performance is associated with eating breakfast in children and teens, including improvements in reading, math and science. Nutrition can improve cognitive function, and deficiencies of key vitamins and minerals are linked to decreased concentration and cognition.
Moreover, skipping breakfast leads to malnutrition and lack of specific nutrients, which is linked to aggression and problem behaviors. ____4____.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．F 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了吃早餐对人有多方面的益处。
1．由下文第二段中“Other large studies have linked eating breakfast to decreased waistlines. (其他大型研究表明，吃早餐与腰围降低有关)”和下文第三段中“Academic performance is associated with eating breakfast in children and teens, including improvements in reading, math and science. (学习成绩与儿童和青少年吃早餐有关，包括阅读、数学和科学方面的进步)”可知，吃早餐对人有多方面的益处，D选项“事实证明，这是一种重要的日常行为，在不同方面对人们都有好处。”承接上文“Well, the overwhelming majority of research supports that breakfast is more than something your Mom nagged you about. (绝大多数研究都支持早餐不仅仅是你妈妈唠叨你的事情)”讲吃早餐的重要性，即吃早餐不仅仅是妈妈唠叨你应该做的日常行为，吃早餐还有多方面的好处。故选D项。
2．由上文“The National Weight Control Registry is tracking over 10,000 Americans who have lost significant amounts of weight and kept it off for long periods of time. (美国国家体重控制登记处正在追踪1万多名美国人，他们已经减掉了大量的体重，并长期保持体重)”可知，参与者通过坚持吃早餐减肥了并长期保持体重，承接上文，A项“大约78%的参与者声称，早上吃这顿饭是他们的日常生活。”通过陈述数据进一步表明吃早餐对身体有益处的原因。故选A项。
3．由上文第二段“The National Weight Control Registry is tracking over 10,000 Americans who have lost significant amounts of weight and kept it off for long periods of time. (美国国家体重控制登记处正在追踪1万多名美国人，他们已经减掉了大量的体重，并长期保持体重)”和下文“Academic performance is associated with eating breakfast in children and teens, including improvements in reading, math and science. (学习成绩与儿童和青少年吃早餐有关，包括阅读、数学和科学方面的进步)”可知，吃早餐不仅对身体的益处，还对学习有益处，说明早餐的好处远远超出了身体健康方面，承接上下文，F选项“早餐的好处远远超出了健康的身体方面。”切题。故选F项。
4．由上文“Moreover, skipping breakfast leads to malnutrition and lack of specific nutrients, which is linked to aggression and problem behaviors. (此外，不吃早餐会导致营养不良和缺乏特定营养素，这与攻击性和问题行为有关)”可知，B选项“例如，在男孩和女孩中，不吃早餐与欺凌行为的增加有着强烈而一致的联系。”承接上文讲不吃早餐可能与攻击性和问题行为有关的不利影响。故选B项。
专题03：完形填空题精选（5套）+ 六选四精选（3套）
2022-2023学年高一下期中必考题精准练
一、 完形填空题精选
第一套
（2022秋·上海·高一复旦附中校考期中）Experts often tell students to put their efforts on a narrow field to get a job after school. But recent research into Nobel Prize winners suggests that wider interests are ___1___.
One of the winners of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was Danish scientist Morten Meldal. When describing his career, Meldal said he ___2___ as an engineer but changed to chemistry because, he “wanted to understand the world”. Meldal’s experience and the way he sees things may come as a(n) ___3___ to students. They might believe they have to ___4___ their work and school lives in one field to be successful. But a study from professors at Michigan State University ___5___ that belief. They said that many Nobel Prize winners can be described as “polymaths,” those who have many ___6___ interests in both their work and personal lives.
The professors looked at past Nobel Prize winners and their students. They decided that when ___7___ of winners go on to win Nobel Prizes, some of what they learned from their teachers is how to live a life with many interests. They are, in a way, learning how to be ___8___.
Having many interests ___9___ scientists to look for innovative ways to address problems. In fact, one important part of science is not discovering answers, but ___10___ problems that need to be settled. For example, Alexis Carrel won his Nobel Prize in medicine in 1912 by ___11___ techniques he learned from the clothing business. He realized that people who used thread to make and fix clothing had a skill that could be used in ___12___ to put new organs into people’s bodies. One winner in medicine — Christiane Nusslein-Volhard — once told young scientists to avoid following the “___13___” and move out of their study areas to be independent and original.
___14___, the Michigan State professors found that most professionals are not like the prize-winners. The prize-winners are special in that they ___15___ look for the chances to learn new things, even outside of their jobs.
1．A．scientific B．competing C．essential D．immediate
2．A．started out B．made off C．looked over D．turned aside
3．A．distraction B．surprise C．example D．burden
4．A．ease B．tip C．treat D．center
5．A．exemplified B．confirmed C．edited D．rejected
6．A．diverse B．similar C．mathematical D．peculiar
7．A．teachers B．students C．peers D．children
8．A．creative B．leisure C．academic D．reasonable
9．A．spoils B．pours C．permits D．starves
10．A．abandoning B．recognizing C．capitalizing D．worsening
11．A．shrinking B．tracking C．individualizing D．transferring
12．A．operations B．engines C．clothing D．machinery
13．A．cornerstone B．mainstream C．upkeep D．outflow
14．A．As a result B．On the contrary C．In a row D．At a cost
15．A．unevenly B．fruitlessly C．regularly D．reluctantly
【答案】
1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文，研究表明，诺贝尔奖经常颁发给有创造力的思考者，而不是专家。
1．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但最近对诺贝尔奖得主的研究表明，更广泛的兴趣是非常重要的。A. scientific科学的；B. competing相互竞争的；C. essential非常重要的，必不可少的；D. immediate立刻的，即时的。根据语境及下文“some of what they learned from their teachers is how to live a life with many interests(他们从老师那里学到的一些东西是如何带着许多兴趣去生活)”可知，很多诺贝奖得主的学生从老师那里学到的是要有广泛的兴趣，所以此处指拥有广泛的兴趣很重要，故选C。
2．考查动词短语辨析。句意：在描述他的职业生涯时，Meldal说，他最初是一名工程师，但后来转向化学，因为他“想了解世界”。A. started out起初是，从……开始；B. made off匆忙离开；C. looked over检查，浏览；D. turned aside避开，转过脸。根据“but changed to chemistry”可知，Meldal说最初是一名工程师，但后来转向化学，故选A。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Meldal的经历和他看待事物的方式可能会让学生们感到惊讶。A. distraction干扰，使人分心的事物；B. surprise惊讶；C. example例子；D. burden负担。根据上文对Meldal专业的描述及下文“They might believe they have to ___4___ their work and school lives in one field to be successful.”可知，学生们可能认为集中注意力于一个专业才会成功，但是Meldal从工程师转向了化学，所以Meldal的经历会让他们感到惊讶。故选B。
4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们可能认为他们必须把工作和学校生活集中在一个领域才能成功。A. ease减轻，缓和；B. tip（使）倾泻，倒出；C. treat对待，治疗；D. center集中，使聚集在一起。根据文章首句“Experts often tell students to put their efforts on a narrow field to get a job after school.(专家们经常告诉学生们，要想毕业后找到工作，就要把精力集中在单一的领域)”及语境可知，学生们可能认为要把精力集中在一个领域才能获得成功，故选D。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但密歇根州立大学教授的一项研究否定了这一观点。A. exemplified举例说明；B. confirmed证实；C. edited编辑，校订；D. rejected拒绝，否决。结合转折词“But”及下文“those who have many ___6___ interests in both their work and personal lives”可知，研究表明，诺贝尔奖获得主有很多兴趣，所以此处指这项研究否定了上文提到的集中精力于一个领域的观念，故选D。
6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们说，许多诺贝尔奖得主都可以被称为“博学多才”，他们在工作和个人生活中都有许多不同的兴趣。A. diverse不同的，各种各样的；B. similar类似的；C. mathematical有关数学的；D. peculiar奇怪的，怪异的。根据“polymaths”及语境可知，许多诺贝尔奖得主有很多不同的兴趣，故选A。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们判定，当获奖者的学生后来获得诺贝尔奖时，他们从老师那里学到的一些东西就是如何带着多种兴趣生活。A. teachers老师；B. students学生；C. peers同龄人；D. children孩子。根据“some of what they learned from their teachers”可知，此处指获奖者的学生，故选B。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在某种程度上，他们正在学习如何变得富有创造力。A. creative创造性的；B. leisure空闲的；C. academic学业的，学术的；D. reasonable合理的。根据下文“look for innovative ways to address problems(寻找解决问题的创新方法)”可知，此处指学习如何变得富有创造力，故选A。
9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：兴趣广泛使科学家能够寻找解决问题的创新方法。A. spoils破坏，糟蹋；B. pours倾倒；C. permits许可，使成为可能；D. starves挨饿。根据语境及下文的举例可知，兴趣广泛使使科学家能够寻找解决问题的创新方法，permit符合语境。故选C。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，科学的一个重要部分不是发现答案，而是认识到需要解决的问题。A. abandoning抛弃，遗弃；B. recognizing识别，辨认出；C. capitalizing资本化，为……提供资本；D. worsening（使）变得更糟。根据“one important part of science is not discovering answers”可知，科学的一个重要部分不是发现答案，而是发现需要解决的问题，故选B。
11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：例如，Alexis Carrel通过将他从服装业学到的技术进行转移，在1912年获得了诺贝尔医学奖。A. shrinking（使）缩小，减少；B. tracking追踪；C. individualizing（使）个性化；D. transferring（使）转移，转化。根据下文描述的将缝制衣服的技巧用于医疗手术中可知，此处指将从服装业学到的技术进行转移，故选D。
12．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他意识到，那些用线制作和固定衣服的人拥有一种技能，可以在手术中用于将新器官植入人的身体。A. operations手术；B. engines发动机；C. clothing服装；D. machinery机器。根据“to put new organs into people’s bodies”可知，此处指在手术中用于将新器官植入人的身体，故选A。
13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：医学领域的一位获奖者Christiane Nusslein-Volhard曾告诉年轻的科学家们，要避免追随“主流”，走出自己的研究领域，保持独立和原创。A. cornerstone基石，支柱；B. mainstream主流；C. upkeep维修，保养；D. outflow流出量。根据“move out of their study areas to be independent and original”及上文提到的创新可知，此处指避免跟随主流，故选B。
14．考查固定短语辨析。句意：相反，密歇根州立大学的教授们发现，大多数专业人士并不像得奖者那样。A. As a result因此；B. On the contrary相反；C. In a row 连续几次地；D. At a cost按成本，造价为。上一段提到诺贝尔奖得主能够创新地解决问题，根据空后“the Michigan State professors found that most professionals are not like the prize- winners”可知，此处指相反，大多数专业人士并不像得奖者那样，故选B。
15．考查副词词义辨析。句意：获奖者的特殊之处在于，他们经常寻找学习新事物的机会，即使是在工作之外。A. unevenly不均衡地；B. fruitlessly无益地，徒劳地；C. regularly频繁地，经常地；D. reluctantly不情愿地。根据上文内容可知，诺贝尔奖得主经常寻找学习新事物的机会，即使是在工作之外，故选C。
第二套
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
（2022秋·上海·高一华师大二附中校考期中）Researchers continue to show the power behind our sense of smell. Recent studies have found, among other things, that the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger in ____16____ on roads.
The review explains that smell is unique in its effect on the ____17____ . According to Conrad King, the researcher who carried out the review, “more than any other senses, the sense of smell goes through the logical part of the brain and acts on the systems concerned with ____18____ . This is why the smell of baking bread can ____19____ the best intentions of one going on a diet.”
Smell, which reveals the unbelievable ____20____ of food tastes, has always been the least understood of our senses. Our noses are able to detect up to 10,000 ____21____ smells. Our ability to smell and taste this extremely large range of smells is controlled by something like 1, 000 genes, which make up an amazing 3% of the human genome (基因组). Researchers Richard Axel and Linda Buck were together awarded a Nobel Prize in 2004 for their ground-breaking research on the ____22____ of this extraordinary sense. These two scientists were the first to describe the family of 1,000 olfactory (嗅觉的) genes and to explain how our olfactory system works.
According to one study in the research review, smelling fresh pizza or even the packaging of fast foods can be enough to make drivers feel ____23____ with other road users. They are then more likely to speed and experience uncontrollable anger on roads. The most reasonable explanation is that these can all make drivers feel hungry, and therefore ____24____ to satisfy their appetites.
____25____ , the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience. ____26____ , the smells of lemon and coffee appeared to promote clear thinking and mental focus.
However, the way that genes ____27____ smell differs from person to person. A study by researchers in Israel has identified at least 50 olfactory genes which are ____28____ in some people and not in others. They believe this may ____29____ why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them. The Israel researchers say their study shows that nearly every human being shows a ____30____ pattern of active and inactive smell-detecting receptors.
16．A．pedestrians B．policemen C．cyclists D．drivers
17．A．emotion B．behavior C．brain D．body
18．A．intelligence B．ability C．thinking D．feelings
19．A．destroy B．decrease C．reveal D．satisfy
20．A．task B．complexity C．influence D．creation
21．A．strange B．peculiar C．distinct D．extinct
22．A．intention B．nature C．creation D．development
23．A．impatient B．amazed C．dissatisfied D．disappointed
24．A．willing B．determined C．desperate D．likely
25．A．In addition B．Without doubt C．To be honest D．In contrast
26．A．Gradually B．Similarly C．Relatively D．Generally
27．A．regulate B．improve C．create D．change
28．A．turned down B．switched on C．approved of D．backed up
29．A．warn B．conceal C．inform D．explain
30．A．different B．clear C．normal D．regular
【答案】
16．D 17．C 18．D 19．A 20．B 21．C 22．B 23．A 24．C 25．D 26．B 27．A 28．B 29．D 30．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了人类嗅觉的巨大能量及其对我们的影响。
16．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的研究发现，除其他外，比萨等食物的气味会导致路上司机无法控制的愤怒。A. pedestrians行人；B. policemen警察；C. cyclists骑自行车的人；D. drivers司机。根据下文“even the packaging of fast foods can be enough to make drivers feel ____8____ with other road users”可知，文章主要说明食物气味对司机的影响，比萨等食物的气味会导致路上司机无法控制的愤怒。故选D。
17．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这篇综述解释说，气味对大脑的影响是独一无二的。A. emotion情绪；B. behavior行为；C. brain大脑；D. body身体。根据下文“more than any other senses, the sense of smell goes through the logical part of the brain”可知，气味对大脑的影响是独一无二的。故选C。
18．考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据研究人员Conrad King的说法，与其他感官相比，嗅觉通过大脑的逻辑部分，作用于与情感有关的系统。A. intelligence智力；B. ability能力；C. thinking思考；D. feelings情感。根据上文“the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger”可知，食物的气味会造成情绪的变化。故选D。
19．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这就是为什么烤面包的味道会破坏一个人节食的最佳计划。A. destroy破坏；B. decrease减少；C. reveal揭示；D. satisfy满足。根据上文“the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger”可知，食物气味造成的情绪是“无法控制的愤怒”，所以对人们的节食造成破坏。故选A。
20．考查名词词义辨析。句意：嗅觉揭示了食物味道令人难以置信的复杂性，它一直是我们最不了解的感官。A. task任务；B. complexity复杂性；C. influence影响；D. creation创造。根据下文“10,000 ____6____ smells”可知，有一万多种嗅觉，可得出嗅觉揭示了食物味道令人难以置信的复杂性。故选B。
21．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的鼻子能嗅出多达1万种不同的气味。A. strange奇怪的；B. peculiar奇怪的；C. distinct不同的；D. extinct灭绝的。根据上文“10,000”和下文的“this extremely large range of smells”可知，此处表示“1万种不同的气味”。故选C。
22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员Richard Axel和Linda Buck因对这种特殊感觉的本质进行了开创性的研究，于2004年共同获得了诺贝尔奖。A. intention目的，意图；B. nature本质；C. creation创造；D. development发展。根据下文“These two scientists were the first to describe the family of 1,000 olfactory (嗅觉的) genes and to explain how our olfactory system works(这两位科学家首次描述了1000个嗅觉基因家族，并解释了我们的嗅觉系统是如何工作的)”可知，此处表示“研究人员Richard Axel和Linda Buck因对这种特殊感觉的本质进行了开创性的研究”。故选B。
23．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据研究综述中的一项研究，闻到新鲜的披萨甚至快餐的包装都足以让司机对其他道路使用者感到不耐烦。A. impatient不耐烦的；B. amazed惊奇的，惊讶的；C. dissatisfied不满意的；D. disappointed失望的。根据上文“the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger”和下文“They are then more likely to speed and experience uncontrollable anger on roads”可知，比萨等食物的气味会导致路上司机无法控制的愤怒，可得出闻到新鲜的披萨甚至快餐的包装都足以让司机对其他道路使用者感到不耐烦，呼应下文“drivers’ impatience”。故选A。
24．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最合理的解释是，这些都能让司机感到饥饿，因此不顾一切地满足他们的胃口。A. willing愿意的；B. determined下定决心的；C. desperate不顾一切的、渴望的；D. likely可能的。根据上文“make drivers feel hungry”可知，此处表示“不顾一切地满足他们的胃口”。故选C。
25．考查固定短语辨析。句意：相比之下，薄荷和肉桂的气味被证明可以提高注意力水平，并减少司机的不耐烦。A. In addition另外；B. Without doubt毫无疑问；C. To be honest老实说；D. In contrast相比之下。根据下文“the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience”可知，与新鲜的披萨甚至快餐相比，薄荷和肉桂的气味被证明可以提高注意力水平，并减少司机的不耐烦。故选D。
26．考查副词词义辨析。句意：同样，柠檬和咖啡的气味似乎能促进清晰的思维和精神集中。A. Gradually逐渐；B. Similarly同样；C. Relatively相当地，相对地；D. Generally通常，普遍地。根据下文“the smells of lemon and coffee appeared to promote clear thinking and mental focus”和上文“the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience”可知，本段主要通过两个例子说明产生积极影响的气味，该句与上句形成并列关系。故选B。
27．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，基因调节气味的方式因人而异。A. regulate调节；B. improve提高；C. create创造；D. change改变。根据上文“Our ability to smell and taste this extremely large range of smells is controlled by something like 1, 000 genes(我们的嗅觉和味觉是由1000个基因控制的)”可知，基因可以调节气味，其方式因人而异。故选A。
28．考查动词短语辨析。句意：以色列研究人员的一项研究发现，至少有50个嗅觉基因在一些人身上启动，而在另一些人身上没有。A. turned down关小；B. switched on启动；C. approved of同意；D. backed up支持。根据下文“They believe this may ____14____ why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them”可知，有些人喜欢某些气味和味道，然而一些人不喜欢它们，说明至少有50个嗅觉基因在一些人身上启动，而在另一些人身上没有。故选B。
29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们认为这可以解释为什么有些人喜欢某些气味和味道，而有些人讨厌它们。A. warn警告；B. conceal隐藏；C. inform告知；D. explain解释。根据上文“A study by researchers in Israel has identified at least 50 olfactory genes which are ____13____ in some people and not in others”和下文“why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them”可知，上下文是因果关系，上文内容可以解释下文的现象。故选D。
30．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：以色列的研究人员说，他们的研究表明，几乎每个人都表现出不同的活跃和不活跃的嗅觉感受器模式。A. different不同的；B. clear清楚的；C. normal正常的；D. regular有规律的。根据上文“some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them”可知，有些人喜欢某些气味和味道，然而一些人不喜欢它们，说明几乎每个人都表现出不同的活跃和不活跃的嗅觉感受器模式。故选A。
第三套
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context
（2022秋·上海·高一上海中学校考期中）The Greek historian Herodotus is said to have made one of the earliest lists of seven wonders of the world, including the still mysterious accomplishment of ancient horticulture known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. More recent times saw natural ____31____ to these marvels of classical architecture proposed: waterfalls, mountains, canyons, reefs.
As environmental consciousness has risen in the west, ____32____ to such sightseeing have changed. Yes, it is thrilling to visit remote forests or spot rare species. ____33____, travelling to faraway destinations is carbon-intensive. When flights or long road journeys are involved, ____34____ can be made more difficult as well as assisted by sightseers. There is a(n) ____35____ to be struck, and ethical governments and businesses around the world try to maximise the benefits while minimising, the harms. Colombia, ____36____, recently introduced laws aimed at promoting sustainable tourism
Most of us, in the rich countries where people take most holidays, understand better than ever that there are costs as well as benefits ____37____ exploring. One of the six promises proposed by an environmental campaign launched last month, The Jump, is to “holiday ____38____”, taking short-distance flights once every three years and long-distance flights very rarely. Fortunately, the UK’s 15 national parks, 86 areas of outstanding natural beauty and countless other landscapes mean that there is no ____39____ of special places for domestic nature tourists to visit.
One recent survey found that Windsor Great Park and Kew have become Britain’s most _____40_____ attractions. Visitor numbers at wildlife trusts (野生生物托管组织) are high, with waiting lists for beaver-spotting. Some companies that formerly ran foreign trips have _____41_____ to the pandemic by taking people to watch dolphins and other marine life off British coasts instead.
This is not to minimise the destruction of nature that is also _____42_____. Sewage outflows are out of control due to failed water industry regulation The owners of a popular rewilded estate in West Sussex have waned that plans to build 3,500 homes next to their land would be _____43_____ for the species that live there. But as we confront an environmental emergency that grows ever more dangerous, it is essential to cultivate _____44_____ of nature that surrounds us. In a small way, holiday outings to watch dragonflies, kingfishers (鸟) or seals, or be surrounded by trees that are coming into leaf, could help us to focus on what _____45_____.
31．A．limits B．offerings C．alternatives D．superiors
32．A．attitudes B．chapters C．bans D．restorations
33．A．Therefore B．Moreover C．Consequently D．However
34．A．conservation B．transportation C．admission D．expression
35．A．focus B．threat C．pose D．balance
36．A．in short B．for example C．by contrast D．above all
37．A．compared to B．particular about C．associated with D．distant from
38．A．local B．remote C．noble D．overseas
39．A．paradise B．exhibition C．shortage D．boast
40．A．genuine B．fortunate C．ignorant D．popular
41．A．adapted B．connected C．held D．restored
42．A．concentrating on B．going away
C．taking place D．figuring out
43．A．miraculous B．cheerful C．economical D．disastrous
44．A．comfort B．appreciation C．splendor D．behavior
45．A．matters B．debates C．reflects D．approaches
【答案】
31．C 32．A 33．D 34．A 35．D 36．B 37．C 38．A 39．C 40．D 41．A 42．C 43．D 44．B 45．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为了保护环境，人们可以短途旅游或者在假期就欣赏周围的环境也是不错的。
31．考查名词词义辨析。句意：近年来，人们看到了替代这些经典建筑奇迹的自然景观：瀑布、山脉、峡谷和珊瑚礁。A. limits限制；B. offerings作品；C. alternatives可供选择的事物；D. superiors上级。根据下文所举例子“waterfalls, mountains, canyons, reefs”可知，这是可以替代经典建筑奇迹的自然景观。故选C。
32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着西方环境意识的增强，人们对这种观光的态度也发生了变化。A. attitudes态度；B. chapters章；C. bans禁令；D. restorations修复。根据下文内容可知，作者觉得人们现在更注意环保，所以是对观光旅游的态度发生了变化。故选A。
33．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，当涉及到飞行或长途公路旅行时，前往遥远的目的地旅行是碳密集型的，而保护工作可能会变得更加困难，同时也需要游客的帮助。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. Consequently因此；D. However然而。上文“it is thrilling to visit remote forests or spot rare species”和下文“travelling to faraway destinations is carbon-intensive.”之间存在转折关系。故选D。
34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，当涉及到飞行或长途公路旅行时，前往遥远的目的地旅行是碳密集型的，而保护工作可能会变得更加困难，同时也需要游客的帮助。A. conservation保存；B. transportation运输；C. admission允许；D. expression表达。根据上文“travelling to faraway destinations is carbon-intensive.”可知，前往边远地区会造成大量碳排放，所以环保工作会更加困难。故选A。
35．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们需要找到一个平衡点，世界各地有道德的政府和企业都试图在利益最大化的同时，将危害最小化。A. focus焦点；B. threat威胁；C. pose姿势；D. balance平衡。根据下文的“ethical governments and businesses around the world try to maximise the benefits while minimising”可知，需要找到一个平衡点，既可以有利益，又将危害降到最低。故选D。
36．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，哥伦比亚最近出台了旨在促进可持续旅游的法律。A. in short简言之；B. for example比如；C. by contrast相比之下；D. above all首先。根据上文“There is a(n) ____5____ to be struck, ethical governments and businesses around the world try to maximise the benefits while minimising”可知，人们正在寻找一个平衡点，下文则以哥伦比亚为例，说明了已经采取的措施。故选B。
37．考查介词短语辨析。句意：我们大多数生活在度假最多的富裕国家的人们比以往任何时候都更明白，与探险相关的既有好处也有代价。A. compared to相比之下；B. particular about对……挑剔；C. associated with和……有关；D. distant from远离。根据上文可知，人们认为只要想去探险，就会有好处也有代价。故选C。
38．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：上个月发起的环保运动“跳跃” 提出了六个承诺，其中之一就是“本地度假”，即每三年乘坐一次短途航班，很少乘坐长途航班。A. local当地的；B. remote遥远的；C. noble高贵的；D. overseas海外的。根据下文的“taking short-distance flights once every three years and long-distance flights very rarely.”可知，该运动建议人们短距离旅游，也就是在本地度假。故选A。
39．考查名词词义辨析。句意：幸运的是，英国有15个国家公园，86个杰出的自然美景区和数不清的其他景观，这意味着国内游客不缺特别的地方可以参观。A. paradise天堂；B. exhibition展览；C. shortage缺乏；D. boast自夸。根据上文“Fortunately, the UK’s 15 national parks, 86 areas of outstanding natural beauty and countless other landscapes”可知，英国并不缺少人们游览的地方。故选C。
40．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最近的一项调查发现，温莎大公园和邱园已成为英国最受欢迎的景点。A. genuine真诚的；B. fortunate幸运的；C. ignorant忽视的；D. popular受欢迎的。根据下文“Visitor numbers at wildlife trusts(野生生物托管组织) are high, with waiting lists for beaver-spotting.”可知，这里已经成为受欢迎的景点。故选D。
41．考查动词词义辨析。句意：一些以前负责海外旅行的公司已经适应了疫情，转而带人们去英国海岸观看海豚和其他海洋生物。A. adapted适应；B. connected连接；C. held举办；D. restored修复。根据下文“by taking people to watch dolphins and other marine life off British coasts instead.”可知，这些公司已经适应了疫情，开始转型。故选A。
42．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这并不是要将正在发生的对自然的破坏最小化。A. concentrating on专注于；B. going away离开；C. taking place发生；D. figuring out弄清楚。根据上文可知，环境受损是正在发生的事情。故选C。
43．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：西苏塞克斯郡一处受欢迎的野生动物保护区的所有者表示，在他们的土地旁建造3500所房屋的计划将对生活在那里的物种造成灾难性的影响。A. miraculous不可思议的；B. cheerful开心的；C. economical节俭的；D. disastrous灾难性的。根据上文“Sewage outflows are out of control due to failed water industry regulation”由于旅游的问题，已经对环境造成破坏，而如果再建造房屋，对于物种而言，则是灾难性的影响。故选D。
44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但是，当我们面临越来越危险的环境紧急情况时，培养对我们周围自然的欣赏是至关重要的。A. comfort舒适；B. appreciation欣赏；C. splendor壮丽；D. behavior行为。根据下文“holiday outings to watch dragonflies, kingfishers(鸟) or seals, or be surrounded by trees”可知，置身于周围的环境，学会欣赏环境之美，也是不错的。故选B。
45．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在某种程度上，假期外出看蜻蜓、翠鸟或海豹，或被长叶的树木包围，可以帮助我们专注于重要的事情。A. matters重要；B. debates辩论；C. reflects反射；D. approaches靠近。根据文章内容可知，作者认为环境对人类很重要，所以为了环境，我们假期可以多欣赏周围自然的美，让我们更重视真正重要的。故选A。
第四套
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市建平中学校考期中）The old 1986 truck was a gift from his grandfather. It worked, but it was large and inconvenient. So it was not an ideal vehicle for Ian Cheney’s ____46____ inner-city neighborhood in New York. Many New Yorkers would look at the truck and think of a rubbish dump. Ian Cheney looked at his grandfather’s truck and thought of a (n) ____47____.
As in other large cities, there are not many places to grow food in New York. Yet Cheney wanted a vegetable garden. Many urban farmers in New York have found ____48____ ways to grow vegetables. There are rooftop gardens high above the city. There are community gardens in old parking lots. There is even a (n) ____49____ garden in the Hudson River. Cheney, however, didn’t ____50____ any of these. So the old truck was a (n) ____51____ solution. The back of the truck provided him with the ____52____ he needed. “Since I don’t have a rooftop to grow any food,” Cheney explains. “It seemed like the logical thing to do.”
So Cheney ____53____ to work. First, he drilled holes in the truck bed for drainage—allowing water to pass through the bed. Then he laid down a recycled plastic mat. The soil came next. He made sure that everything was organic. Cheney ____54____ organic because he wanted to grow vegetables without chemicals. Then he planted lettuce, herbs, spinach, and tomatoes. Finally, he watered and waited.
When the food was ready to pick, Cheney drove the truck from one urban neighborhood to another. He ____55____some of the vegetables. He sold the rest to friends and neighbors. Everywhere he parked, passersby stopped and talked about the beautiful vegetable garden in the back of the truck.
Cheney is ____56____ about food. He strongly believes that people are better off eating more local food, because it reduces economic and environmental ____57____. There is also the question of nutrition. Less nutritional benefits of vegetables ____58____ over time. So eating food within a few days of harvesting is healthier for you.
Cheney knows that his truck cannot solve the problem of the lack of fresh food in all neighborhoods. Yet, like rooftop gardens, it could be part of the solution. Cheney continues to plant his truck and drive it around New York neighborhoods. He hopes that fresh and healthy food can be ____59____ in more places, including inner-city areas. As Cheney says, “If we can grow food in the back of a 1986 Dodge pickup, we can ____60____ find better ways to grow more fresh produce.”
46．A．crowded B．plain C．deserted D．breathtaking
47．A．house B．square C．farm D．bank
48．A．creative B．uniform C．regular D．ugly
49．A．floating B．emerging C．rising D．remaining
50．A．have attachment to B．make commitments to
C．have access to D．make contributions to
51．A．difficult B．practical C．limited D．common
52．A．tool B．space C．information D．material
53．A．set up B．set off C．set aside D．set out
54．A．recognized B．measured C．commercialized D．preferred
55．A．gave away B．gave up C．gave back D．gave in
56．A．curious B．anxious C．optimistic D．passionate
57．A．consumption B．costs C．advantages D．significance
58．A．change B．decrease C．remain D．adapt
59．A．acceptable B．reasonable C．popular D．available
60．A．logically B．vaguely C．definitely D．randomly
【答案】
46．A 47．C 48．A 49．A 50．C 51．B 52．B 53．D 54．D 55．A 56．D 57．B 58．B 59．D 60．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了伊恩·切尼在卡车上种植有机蔬菜，他坚信，人们最好多吃当地食物，因为这减少了经济和环境上的消耗。还有营养问题。随着时间的推移，蔬菜的营养价值越来越少。所以在收获的几天内吃食物对你来说更健康。他希望新鲜健康的食物可以在更多的地方供应，包括市中心地区。
46．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：因此，对于伊恩·切尼在纽约拥挤的市中心社区来说，这不是一辆理想的交通工具。A. crowded拥挤的；B. plain朴素的；C. deserted空旷的；D. breathtaking令人惊叹的。根据后文“inner-city neighborhood in New York”可知，纽约市中心社区应该是拥挤的。故选A。
47．考查名词词义辨析。句意：伊恩切尼看着他祖父的卡车，想到了一个农场。A. house房子；B. square广场；C. farm农场；D. bank银行。根据后文“Yet Cheney wanted a vegetable garden.”可知，切尼看到卡车想到了农场，拿来种菜。故选C。
48．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：纽约的许多城市农民已经找到了种植蔬菜的创造性方法。A. creative创造性的；B. uniform始终如一的；C. regular定期的；D. ugly丑陋的。根据后文“There are rooftop gardens high above the city. There are community gardens in old parking lots.(在城市上空有屋顶花园。旧停车场里有社区花园)”可知，纽约的许多城市农民已经找到了种植蔬菜的创造性方法。故选A。
49．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在哈德逊河上甚至还有一个漂浮的花园。A. floating漂浮的，不固定的；B. emerging新兴的；C. rising上升的；D. remaining剩下的。根据后文“garden in the Hudson River”可知花园在河上，所以是漂浮的。故选A。
50．考查动词短语辨析。句意：然而，切尼并没有使用到这些东西。A. have attachment to依恋于；B. make commitments to承诺；C. have access to使用；D. make contributions to做贡献。根据后文“any of these”指的是上文提到的那些种菜的方式，即切尼并没有使用到这些东西。故选C。
51．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：所以旧卡车是一个实际的解决方案。A. difficult困难的；B. practical实际的；C. limited有限的；D. common普通的。根据后文““Since I don’t have a rooftop to grow any food,” Cheney explains. “It seemed like the logical thing to do.”(切尼解释说：“因为我没有屋顶可以种植任何食物。这似乎是合乎逻辑的做法。”)”可知，切尼条件有限，所以旧卡车是一个实际的解决方案。故选B。
52．考查名词词义辨析。句意：卡车的后部为他提供了所需的空间。A. tool工具；B. space空间；C. information信息；D. material材料。根据后文“Since I don’t have a rooftop to grow any food”可知，这里指提供了种菜所需的空间。故选B。
53．考查动词短语辨析。句意：所以切尼开始着手工作。A. set up建立；B. set off出发；C. set aside留出；D. set out开始着手。根据后文“First, he drilled holes in the truck bed for drainage—allowing water to pass through the bed.(首先，他在卡车床上钻了几个排水孔——让水从车床上流过)”可知，他开始着手工作了，set out to表示“着手做某事”。故选D。
54．考查动词词义辨析。句意：切尼更喜欢有机蔬菜，因为他希望种植蔬菜时不使用化学物质。A. recognized识别；B. measured测量；C. commercialized商业化；D. preferred更喜欢。根据后文“because he wanted to grow vegetables without chemicals(因为他想种植蔬菜不使用化学药品)”可知，切尼更喜欢有机蔬菜，故选D。
55．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他把一些蔬菜送人了。A. gave away分发，赠送；B. gave up放弃；C. gave back归还；D. gave in屈服。根据后文“He sold the rest to friends and neighbors(他把剩下的卖给了朋友和邻居)”可知，蔬菜一部分送人，一部分出售了。故选A。
56．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：切尼对食物充满热情。A. curious好奇的；B. anxious焦虑的；C. optimistic乐观的；D. passionate热情的。根据后文“He strongly believes that people are better off eating more local food(他坚信，人们最好多吃当地食物)”可知，切尼对食物充满热情。故选D。
57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他坚信，人们最好多吃当地食物，因为这减少了经济和环境上的花费。A. consumption消耗；B. costs花费；C. advantages优势；D. significance意义重大。根据上文“He strongly believes that people are better off eating more local food, because it reduces economic and environmental”可知，他坚信，人们最好多吃当地食物，因为这减少了经济和环境上的花费。故选B。
58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着时间的推移，蔬菜的营养价值越来越少。A. change改变；B. decrease减少；C. remain保持；D. adapt改编。根据后文“So eating food within a few days of harvesting is healthier for you.(所以在收获的几天内吃食物对你来说更健康)”可知，随着时间的推移，蔬菜的营养价值越来越少。故选B。
59．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他希望新鲜健康的食物可以在更多的地方供应，包括市中心地区。A. acceptable可接受的；B. reasonable合理的；C. popular流行的；D. available可获得的。根据后文“in more places, including inner-city areas”指新鲜健康的食物可以在更多地方获得，available符合语境。故选D。
60．考查副词词义辨析。句意：如果我们能在一辆1986年的道奇皮卡的后座上种植食物，我们肯定能找到更好的方法来种植更多的新鲜农产品。A. logically逻辑上；B. vaguely模糊地；C. definitely绝对；D. randomly随机地。结合上文“If we can grow food in the back of a 1986 Dodge pickup”可知，如果我们能在一辆1986年的道奇皮卡的后座上种植食物，我们肯定能找到更好的方法来种植更多的新鲜农产品。表明了对种菜的信心。故选C。
第五套
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市进才中学校考期中）Processed foods like chips, soda and frozen pizzas are full of salt, sugar and fat. Now scientists are trying to understand if there is something else about such foods that may be bad for humans. Scientists have already linked low-cost, ____61____ foods to rising obesity rates around the world. Three recent studies offer more ____62____ into how our increasingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health.
What does processed food mean?
The researchers created a system that ____63____ foods into four groups. The system says highly processed foods are made ____64____ of industrialized materials and additives. Sodas, packaged cookies, instant noodles and chicken nuggets are some examples of highly processed foods. But also included are products that can ____65____ healthy, such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt.
What’s wrong with processed foods?
Researchers at the National Institutes of Health conducted a four-week study involving 20 people. They found that people eat about 500 more calories a day when ____66____ mostly processed foods. That is compared with when the ____67____ subjects were given less processed foods. The researchers permitted the 20 participants to eat as much or as little as they wanted. They were taken to a medical center so their health and behavior could be ____68____.
In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease. ____69____, a similar study in Spain linked eating more processed foods to a higher risk of death in general.
What is it about processed foods?
When given less processed foods, people in the study ____70____ more of a hormone that controls hunger, and less of a hormone that causes hunger. The reason for the ____71____ is not clear. The scientists also found that people ate processed foods more quickly.
Kevin Hall is one of the researchers who led the study. He told the AP that processed foods are usually softer and easier to chew and swallow. Hall noted the source of nutrients might ____72____. For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel ____73____ than fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt.
What should you eat?
Avoiding processed foods can be hard, ____74____ for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can also take many forms. In addition, companies continually ____75____ products to make them seem healthier. The newest studies may provide more reasons to avoid processed foods. But, they also call attention to the difficulty of coming up with ways to do that.
61．A．organic B．delicious C．packaged D．cheap
62．A．inquiries B．insights C．explorations D．reports
63．A．distinguishes B．defines C．classifies D．keeps
64．A．specially B．mostly C．naturally D．technically
65．A．remain B．feel C．become D．appear
66．A．consumed B．forced C．deprived D．fed
67．A．same B．normal C．different D．alternative
68．A．explained B．tracked C．cured D．overlooked
69．A．Meanwhile B．However C．Hence D．Otherwise
70．A．collected B．produced C．absorbed D．relieved
71．A．hunger B．procedure C．reaction D．feedback
72．A．strike a balance B．run a risk
C．pose a threat D．make a difference
73．A．ful1 B．content C．starving D．excited
74．A．especially B．generally C．specially D．reasonably
75．A．restructure B．rearrange C．redecorate D．reengineer
【答案】
61．C 62．B 63．C 64．B 65．D 66．D 67．A 68．B 69．A 70．B 71．C 72．D 73．A 74．A 75．D
【导语】本文是说明文。科学家已经确定，廉价的包装食品与全球不断上升的肥胖率有关。文章介绍了什么是加工食品，加工食品有什么问题，加工食品与什么有关以及人们应该吃什么。
61．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：科学家已经确定，廉价的包装食品与全球不断上升的肥胖率有关。 A. organic有机的；B. delicious美味的；C. packaged包装好的；D. cheap便宜的。根据下文的“rising obesity rates”可知，这种食物与肥胖有关，不可能是“有机的”和“美味的”，空格前low-cost与cheap意思相近，C项“包装好的”符合题意，说明不是新鲜食物。故选C。
62．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的三项研究为我们日益工业化的食品供应如何影响我们的健康提供了更多的见解。A. inquiries询问；B. insights见解，洞察力；C. explorations探索；D. reports报告。根据后文“into how our increasingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health”指三项研究为我们日益工业化的食品供应如何影响我们的健康提供了更多的见解。故选B。
63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究人员创建了一个系统，将食物分为四组。A. distinguishes区别；B. defines定义；C. classifies分类；D. keeps保持。根据后文“foods into four groups”指将食物分为四组。故选C。
64．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这一系统指出，高度加工食品主要由工业材料和添加剂组成。 A. specially特别地；B. mostly大部分地；C. naturally自然地；D. technically技术上。根据空格前后文并结合常识可知，高度加工食品主要由工业材料和添加剂组成。故选B。
65．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是也包括诸如早餐麦片、能量棒以及某些类型的酸奶等看起来健康的产品。A. remain仍旧；B. feel感觉；C. become成为；D. appear出现，呈现。根据“such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt.”可知，此处说的是高度加工的不健康的食品，因此推断是呈现健康的食品。故选D。
66．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们发现，饮食以加工食品为主的参与者每天会多摄入约500卡路里。A. consumed消耗；B. forced迫使；C. deprived剥夺；D. fed喂养、以……为食。根据上文的“people eat about 500 more calories a day”和下文“processed foods”可推断，此处指的是吃加工食品的人每天多摄入500卡热量。故选D。
67．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是对同一个参与者食用较少加工食品的情况进行比较后得出的结论。A. same同样的；B. normal正常的；C. different不同的；D. alternative替代的。研究理应是对同一个人的饮食结构进行对比。故选A。
68．考查动词词义辨析。句意：参与者被带到医疗中心，对他们的健康和行为进行跟踪。A. explained解释；B. tracked跟踪；C. cured治愈；D. overlooked忽视。根据上文“They were taken to a medical center”可知，被带去医疗中心，是对他们的健康和行为进行跟踪观察。故选B。
69．考查副词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，西班牙的一项类似研究表明，食用加工食品越多，死亡风险就越高。A. Meanwhile同时；B. However然而；C. Hence因此；D. Otherwise否则。上文“In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease.”提到在另一项研究中，法国的研究人员发现，吃更多加工食品的人更容易患心脏病，而与此同时，西班牙的一项类似研究表明，食用加工食品越多，死亡风险就越高。故选A。
70．考查动词词义辨析。句意：食用少量加工食品时，研究参与者会分泌更多控制饥饿的激素，而引发饥饿的激素则会减少。A. collected收集；B. produced生产；产生；C. absorbed吸收；D. relieved缓解。根据下文提到的“more of a hormone”可知，研究参与者分泌更多控制饥饿的激素，produce“产生”符合语境。故选B。
71．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这一反应的原因还不得而知。A. hunger饥饿；B. procedure程序；C. reaction反应；D. feedback反馈。上文提到“食用少量加工食品时，研究参与者会分泌更多控制饥饿的激素，而引发饥饿的激素则会减少”是参与者的反应。故选C。
72．考查动词短语辨析。句意：霍尔指出，营养来源可能有所不同。A. strike a balance公平处理；B. run a risk冒险；C. pose a threat构成威胁；D. make a difference有影响；产生不同。根据下文“For example, fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel full than fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt.(比如，与能量棒和酸奶等包装食品中添加的纤维相比，来自完整水果和蔬菜的纤维可能更容易使人们有饱腹感)”可推断，此处说的是营养来源不同，故选D。
73．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：例如，从整个水果和蔬菜中提取的纤维可能比包装食品（如能量棒和酸奶）中添加的纤维更能让人有饱腹感。A. full饱的；B. content满意的；C. starving挨饿的；D. excited激动的。根据上文“fiber from whole fruits and vegetables may be better for making people feel”可知，从整个水果和蔬菜中提取的纤维更能让人有饱腹感。故选A。
74．考查副词词义辨析。句意：不食用加工食品可能很难做到，对时间和金钱有限的人来说尤其如此。A. especially特别；B. generally普遍地；C. specially专门地；D. reasonably合理地。下文“for people with limited time and money. Processed foods can also take many forms.”可知，时间和金钱有限的人更难避免食用加工食品。故选A。
75．考查动词词义辨析。句意：此外，公司不断对产品进行改造，使其看起来更健康。A. restructure调整结构；B. rearrange重新整理；C. redecorate重新装饰；D. reengineer重新调整。根据后文“products to make them seem healthier”指对产品进行改造，使其看起来更健康。故选D。
二、 六选四精选
第一套
Directions: Read the following passage Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences that you need.
（2022春·上海·高一上海市大同中学校考期中）
What Makes Risk-Takers Tempt Fate?
A．Now, research suggests that they are right.
B．They seek out extreme sports as a way to actually feel.
C．Extreme sports such as wingsuiting are gaining popularity.
D．However, most scientists agree that personality is a complex mix of environmental and genetic influences.
E．They are actually extremely well-prepared athletes with high levels of self-awareness and a deep knowledge of the environment.
F．According to a study by the University of Colorado School of Medicine, 76 percent of wingsuiters have experienced a close call.
Moments before throwing herself off a thousand-foot cliff, Steph Davis feels a surge of fear and excitement. As she pushes away from the edge, these mixed feelings give way to an intense rush, then deep focus. She must position her body just so for her wingsuit (滑翔服) to fill with air. Then, she must open her parachute (降落伞) at precisely the right moment and nail her landing, often within the span of 60 seconds.
_____1_____ In the face of such fatal consequences, why are some people still drawn to risky attempts? The answer may lie in a complex mix of genetic, environmental and psychological factors.
Even before we are born, our appetite for risk may be mapped out in our DNA．Cynthia Thomson’s study found that individuals who reported riskier behavior usually shared a similar genetic constitution (构成). Scientists believe that people with this genetic variant produce more dopamine receptors. “So they need to seek out intense situations to bring up their dopamine levels,” says Thomson.
_____2_____ Several studies have shown that risk-taking behavior is linked to the earliest bonds (关系) we form with our primary caretakers. Those with less secure attachments are more likely to engage in dangerous activities.
There is the common idea that extreme sports enthusiasts are chasing thrills. But Tim Woodman, a professor at the Bangor University in Wales, suggests that it is about something altogether different: emotion regulation. In his view, those who take part in high-risk sports often have difficulty experiencing emotions, a condition called alexithymia. _____3_____ “It’s rewarding because they’ve moved from a feeling of inadequacy to a sense of achievement,” says Woodman.
For years, professional skiers, BASE jumpers, and climbers have argued that they are not reckless (鲁莽的). _____4_____ What people get from extreme sports is deeply transformational—a sense of connecting with a deep sense of self and being authentic, a powerful relationship with the natural world, a sense of freedom. They get a strong sense of living life to its fullest as if touching their full potential.
【答案】1．F 2．D 3．B 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了为什么冒险者喜欢极限运动的原因。
1．F选项“根据科罗拉多大学医学院的一项研究，76%的翼装者经历过死里逃生。”承接上文第一段“She must position her body just so for her wingsuit (滑翔服) to fill with air. Then, she must open her parachute (降落伞) at precisely the right moment and nail her landing, often within the span of 60 seconds. (她必须调整身体的位置，使她的翼服充满空气。然后，她必须在正确的时刻打开降落伞，并在60秒内完成着陆)”讲翼装者飞行经历，F选项用科学数据引出下文“In the face of such fatal consequences, why are some people still drawn to risky attempts? (面对如此致命的后果，为什么有些人仍然被冒险的尝试所吸引？)”翼装飞行可能带来的致命后果。故选F项。
2．由上文第三段“Even before we are born, our appetite for risk may be mapped out in our DNA. (甚至在我们出生之前，我们对风险的偏好就可能在我们的DNA中被描绘出来)”可知，有科学家认为喜欢冒险的性格早被基因决定了，呼应上文第二段“The answer may lie in a complex mix of genetic, environmental and psychological factors. (答案可能在于基因、环境和心理因素的复杂组合)”，可得出性格会受到多种因素的影响（不仅限于基因），D选项“然而，大多数科学家都认为性格是环境和基因影响的复杂组合。”与上文第三段形成转折关系，讲述影响影响性格的多种因素。故选D项。
3．B选项“他们寻求极限运动作为一种真实感受的方式。”与上文“In his view, those who take part in high-risk sports often have difficulty experiencing emotions, a condition called alexithymia. (在他看来，那些参加高风险运动的人往往难以体验情绪，这种情况被称为述情障碍)”是因果关系，因为有些人难以体验情绪，所以寻求极限运动来感受情绪。故选B项。
4．结合上文用科学研究解释为什么冒险者喜欢极限运动的原因，A选项“现在，研究表明他们是对的。”和下文“What people get from extreme sports is deeply transformational—a sense of connecting with a deep sense of self and being authentic, a powerful relationship with the natural world, a sense of freedom. They get a strong sense of living life to its fullest as if touching their full potential. (人们从极限运动中获得的是深刻的转变——一种与深刻的自我感和真实感相联系的感觉，一种与自然世界的强大关系，一种自由感。他们有一种强烈的充分生活的感觉，仿佛充分发挥了自己的潜力)”肯定了上文“For years, professional skiers, BASE jumpers, and climbers have argued that they are not reckless (鲁莽的). (多年来，专业滑雪者、跳伞运动员和登山者一直认为他们并不鲁莽)”所讲的冒险者喜欢极限运动是对的的这个事实。故选A项。
第二套
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there is one sentence more than you need.
（2022秋·上海·高一华师大二附中校考期中）
A．Working with other cultures is not for everyone.
B．One way is training, and many companies now invest substantial amounts of money to prepare people to cope with living and working in another culture.
C．It used to be so easy.
D．The ideal person for an overseas assignment has to be delegated when necessary.
E．One way is to try and find out how aware they are of other cultures.
F．They need to be able to accept other ways of doing things.
How do companies decide who to send overseas? ____1____ Just find someone with the right background, ask them if they wanted to go, and that was it. So an engineer just needed to be able to offer the technical expertise required to do the job, a manager simply needed to know the right people, an accountant needed to know how the books worked and nothing else. If they could speak English, then they could probably do the job.
But times are changing. More and more overseas assignments are failing. The reason? Lack of intercultural competence. Companies have discovered that finding the right person for the job is much more than simply identifying the person who could have done the job if it had been in their home country. ____2____ And this failure is more than irritating. It costs companies a lot of money to replace someone who does not fit in.
So how do companies judge if someone has the right competence for a job in another country? ____3____ Are they interested in other ways of doing things? Can they see advantages and disadvantages, or only their own viewpoint? Sensitivity is a key factor too. Is the person able to deal with other ways of looking at a problem? How do they deal with authority? What about motivation? Are they willing to treat others with respect and understanding? Such questions can be answered partly by the use of questionnaires and interviews, but of course only real experience can give the final answer.
So what else can a company do to make sure that a person is right for an overseas assignment? ____4____ Experienced colleagues can also be used to ease someone through the first stages. And another key area is to make sure that the relatives receive similar backup and training: it’s no good having a happy employee who is under pressure from his or her partner to come home.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．E 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了公司如何决定派谁去海外工作，以及确保其适合海外生活和工作的方法。
1．根据后文“Just find someone with the right background, ask them if they wanted to go, and that was it. So an engineer just needed to be able to offer the technical expertise required to do the job, a manager simply needed to know the right people, an accountant needed to know how the books worked and nothing else. If they could speak English, then they could probably do the job.(只要找到有合适背景的人，问他们是否想去，就行了。所以一个工程师只需要能够提供做这项工作所需的技术专长，一个经理只需要认识合适的人，一个会计只需要知道账簿是如何工作的，而不是其他。如果他们会说英语，那么他们可能就能做这项工作)”可知，后文都在陈述公司派谁去海外以前很容易。所以选择项C“It used to be so easy.(以前很容易)”符合上下文语境。故选C。
2．根据前文“The reason? Lack of intercultural competence. Companies have discovered that finding the right person for the job is much more than simply identifying the person who could have done the job if it had been in their home country. (原因何在？缺乏跨文化能力。公司已经发现，寻找合适的人选远不只是简单地找出如果工作地点在他们的祖国就能胜任的人那么简单)”可知，公司派出缺乏跨文化能力的人，这种人不适合与其他文化合作。所以选择项A“Working with other cultures is not for everyone. (并不是每个人都适合与其他文化合作)”符合上下文语境。故选A。
3．根据前文“So how do companies judge if someone has the right competence for a job in another country?(那么，公司如何判断一个人是否有能力胜任另一个国家的工作呢？)”和后文“Are they interested in other ways of doing things? Can they see advantages and disadvantages, or only their own viewpoint? Sensitivity is a key factor too. Is the person able to deal with other ways of looking at a problem? How do they deal with authority? What about motivation? Are they willing to treat others with respect and understanding? (他们对其他做事的方式感兴趣吗？他们能看到优点和缺点吗，还是只有他们自己的观点？敏感度也是一个关键因素。这个人是否能够从其他角度看待问题？他们如何与权威打交道？动力呢？他们愿意尊重和理解他人吗？)”可知，公司判断一个人是否胜任另一个国家工作的方法之一就是了解他对其他文化的了解程度。所以选择项E“One way is to try and find out how aware they are of other cultures.(一种方法是试着找出他们对其他文化的了解程度)”符合上下文语境。故选E。
83．根据前文“So what else can a company do to make sure that a person is right for an overseas assignment?(那么，公司还能做些什么来确保一个人适合海外工作呢？)”和后文“Experienced colleagues can also be used to ease someone through the first stages. And another key area is to make sure that the relatives receive similar backup and training: it’s no good having a happy employee who is under pressure from his or her partner to come home. (有经验的同事也可以帮助员工度过最初的阶段。另一个关键领域是确保亲属得到类似的支持和培训：让一个快乐的员工在伴侣的压力下回家是没有好处的)”可知，公司确保一个人适合海外工作方法是投入资金培训并让他适应新文化。所以选择项B“One way is training, and many companies now invest substantial amounts of money to prepare people to cope with living and working in another culture. (一种方法是培训，许多公司现在投入大量资金，让员工做好适应另一种文化的生活和工作的准备)”符合上下文语境。故选B。
第三套
Directions: Read the following passage and fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
（2022秋·上海·高一上海市晋元高级中学校考期中）Is breakfast really that important?
A．A large percentage of participants, around 78%, claim that it is a daily routine for them to have this meal in the morning.
B．For example, there are strong and consistent links to increased bullying behavior with skipping breakfast in both boys and girls.
C．However, many people skip breakfast or substitute a donut (炸面圈) and a cup of coffee for a well-balanced meal.
D．Actually it turns out to be an important daily behaviour that benefits people in different aspects.
E．While breakfast has its benefits, it might not be the most important meal.
F．Benefits of breakfast go way beyond physical aspects of health.
With almost 20% of people reporting skipping the first meal of the day, people are wondering whether breakfast is really that important. Well, the overwhelming majority of research supports that breakfast is more than something your Mom nagged you about. ____1____.
The National Weight Control Registry is tracking over 10,000 Americans who have lost significant amounts of weight and kept it off for long periods of time. ____2____.Other large studies have linked eating breakfast to decreased waistlines. Skipping breakfast may turn out to be one of the worst barriers to your weight loss efforts, for certain individuals. It is because not eating breakfast may lead to their increased amounts of late-night snacking.
____3____. Academic performance is associated with eating breakfast in children and teens, including improvements in reading, math and science. Nutrition can improve cognitive function, and deficiencies of key vitamins and minerals are linked to decreased concentration and cognition.
Moreover, skipping breakfast leads to malnutrition and lack of specific nutrients, which is linked to aggression and problem behaviors. ____4____.
【答案】1．D 2．A 3．F 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了吃早餐对人有多方面的益处。
1．由下文第二段中“Other large studies have linked eating breakfast to decreased waistlines. (其他大型研究表明，吃早餐与腰围降低有关)”和下文第三段中“Academic performance is associated with eating breakfast in children and teens, including improvements in reading, math and science. (学习成绩与儿童和青少年吃早餐有关，包括阅读、数学和科学方面的进步)”可知，吃早餐对人有多方面的益处，D选项“事实证明，这是一种重要的日常行为，在不同方面对人们都有好处。”承接上文“Well, the overwhelming majority of research supports that breakfast is more than something your Mom nagged you about. (绝大多数研究都支持早餐不仅仅是你妈妈唠叨你的事情)”讲吃早餐的重要性，即吃早餐不仅仅是妈妈唠叨你应该做的日常行为，吃早餐还有多方面的好处。故选D项。
2．由上文“The National Weight Control Registry is tracking over 10,000 Americans who have lost significant amounts of weight and kept it off for long periods of time. (美国国家体重控制登记处正在追踪1万多名美国人，他们已经减掉了大量的体重，并长期保持体重)”可知，参与者通过坚持吃早餐减肥了并长期保持体重，承接上文，A项“大约78%的参与者声称，早上吃这顿饭是他们的日常生活。”通过陈述数据进一步表明吃早餐对身体有益处的原因。故选A项。
3．由上文第二段“The National Weight Control Registry is tracking over 10,000 Americans who have lost significant amounts of weight and kept it off for long periods of time. (美国国家体重控制登记处正在追踪1万多名美国人，他们已经减掉了大量的体重，并长期保持体重)”和下文“Academic performance is associated with eating breakfast in children and teens, including improvements in reading, math and science. (学习成绩与儿童和青少年吃早餐有关，包括阅读、数学和科学方面的进步)”可知，吃早餐不仅对身体的益处，还对学习有益处，说明早餐的好处远远超出了身体健康方面，承接上下文，F选项“早餐的好处远远超出了健康的身体方面。”切题。故选F项。
4．由上文“Moreover, skipping breakfast leads to malnutrition and lack of specific nutrients, which is linked to aggression and problem behaviors. (此外，不吃早餐会导致营养不良和缺乏特定营养素，这与攻击性和问题行为有关)”可知，B选项“例如，在男孩和女孩中，不吃早餐与欺凌行为的增加有着强烈而一致的联系。”承接上文讲不吃早餐可能与攻击性和问题行为有关的不利影响。故选B项。
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