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北京市大兴区2022-2023学年高二英语下学期期末试题（Word版附解析）
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这是一份北京市大兴区2022-2023学年高二英语下学期期末试题（Word版附解析），共20页。试卷主要包含了本试卷共10页，满分100分等内容，欢迎下载使用。
大兴区2022～2023学年度第二学期期末检测试卷
高二英语
考生须知
1．本试卷共10页，满分100分。考试时间90分钟。
2．在试卷和答题卡上准确填写学校名称、班级、姓名和准考证号。
3．试题答案一律填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
4．在答题卡上，选择题用2B铅笔作答,其他题用黑色字迹签字笔作答。
第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节完形填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My running coach McGarry taught us we could always withstand(承受)more. It wasn’t until much later that I ___1___ all that he meant.
An accident had left him in a ___2___ What he always said when we seemed unable to continue was “You can always withstand more.”
I headed for college in northern New England. Then I went to work in Rwanda, land of a thousand hills. Working there was a great ___3___ me because I was a flatlander(平地居民). Over the years it was running that sustained me.
For years I’d planned to write to Mr. McGarry and thank him for his ___4___ impact on my life. But the incidents in my daily life ___5___ me. One day, word came that he had died unexpectedly. Yet the sad news ___6___ for me his encouragement to dig deeper within ourselves.
Three years ago, caught in a ___7___ in my life, I flew to Greenland. Greenland was facing a severe crisis: climate change is destroying traditional livelihood of a population so ___8___ on ice for survival and communities have to create a new way of life.
I started a run on the hills of Greenland’s capital. Cold rain pattered on my arms. That’s when I was ___9___ by another more important lesson Mr. McGarry had taught me. I realized that he was training us to change our lives, to turn over a new leaf. A disastrous injury had ____10____ him unable to run, but he managed to influence another generation of runners as a coach.
1. A. held B. remembered C. grasped D. rejected
2. A. nursery B. bed C. car D. wheelchair
3. A. bonus B. challenge C. blessing D. gain
4. A. positive B. negative C. enthusiastic D. pessimistic
5. A. inspired B. arrested C. hired D. stopped
6. A. recalled B. reviewed C. reformed D. reflected
7. A. stage B. state C. dilemma D. situation
8. A. focused B. dependent C. based D. keen
9. A. impressed B. cheated C. beaten D. struck
10. A. pushed B. found C. left D. proved
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者的教练McGarry对作者人生的重要影响。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：直到很久以后，我才完全明白他的意思。A. held举行；B. remembered记得；C. grasped理解；D. rejected拒绝。根据上文“My running coach McGarry taught us we could always withstand ore.(我的跑步教练McGarry告诉我们，我们总是可以承受的)”此处指作者很久以后才理解教练说的话，应用grasp。故选C。
【2题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一场事故使他坐在轮椅上。A. nursery托儿所；B. bed床；C. car汽车；D. wheelchair轮椅。根据上文“An accident had left him in a”以及选项，可知是事故让他受伤，坐了轮椅。后文“him unable to run”也是提示。故选D。
【3题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那里工作对我来说是一个巨大的挑战，因为我是一个平地人。A. bonus奖金；B. challenge挑战；C. blessing祝福；D. gain获得。根据上文“Then I went to work in Rwanda, land of a thousand hills.(然后我去了卢旺达工作，那是一个千山之国)”可知，作者去的地方山很多，而作者是生活在平地上的人，所以是巨大的挑战。故选B。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：多年来，我一直计划给麦克加里先生写信，感谢他对我生活的“积极”影响。A. positive积极的；B. negative消极的；C. enthusiastic热情的；D. pessimistic悲观的。根据上文“Over the years it was running that sustained me.(这么多年来，是跑步支撑着我)”可知，作者写信给教练感谢对自己的积极影响。故选A。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是我日常生活中的事件阻止了我。A. inspired鼓舞；B. arrested逮捕；C. hired雇用；D. stopped停止。根据上文“But the incidents in my daily life”中but表示转折，可推测作者的日常琐事阻止了作者写信。故选D。
【6题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，这个悲伤的消息让我想起了他的鼓励，让我更深入地挖掘自己。A. recalled回想起；B. reviewed复习；C. reformed改革；D. reflected反思。根据后文“for me his encouragement”可知，教练去世的消息让作者想起了他的鼓励。故选A。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：三年前，我陷入了人生的困境，我飞到了格陵兰岛。A. stage阶段；B. state状态；C. dilemma困境；D. situation情况。根据上文“dig deeper within ourselves”可推测作者是因为遇到了困境，才想去格陵兰岛挖掘自己。故选C。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：格陵兰岛正面临着一场严重的危机：气候变化正在摧毁依赖冰生存的人口的传统生计，社区必须创造一种新的生活方式。A. focused集中；B. dependent依赖的；C. based以……为基础的；D. keen渴望的。根据后文“on ice for survival and communities have to create a new way of life”可知，之前格陵兰岛的人口依赖冰生存。故选B。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：就在那时，我被麦克加里先生教给我的另一个更重要的教训打动了。A. impressed使印象深刻；B. cheated欺骗；C. beaten打败；D. struck给（某人以…）印象。根据后文“by another more important lesson Mr. McGarry had taught me.”指被教练的另一个教训打动，故选D。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一场灾难性的伤病使他无法跑步，但他作为教练成功地影响了另一代跑步者。A. pushed推；B. found找到；C. left让…处于；D. proved证明。根据后文“him unable to run”可知，指一场灾难性的伤病使他无法跑步，应用leave+宾语+形容词结构。故选C。
第二节语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The term “metaverse” (元宇宙) is the latest buzzword (流行词) to capture the tech industry’s ____11____ (imagine) — so much so that one of the best-known Internet platforms, Facebook, is changing its name to signal its embrace of the futuristic idea, which perhaps has been the ____12____(big) thing to happen to the metaverse since science fiction writer Neal Stephenson ____13____(create) the term for his 1992 novel Snow Crash.
【答案】11. imagination
12. biggest
13. created
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了元宇宙这一词的由来。
【11题详解】
考查名词。句意：“元宇宙”一词是捕捉科技行业想象力的最新流行语，以至于最知名的互联网平台之一Facebook正在改名，以表明其对未来概念的接受，这可能是自科幻作家尼尔·斯蒂芬森在1992年的小说《雪崩》中创造这个词以来，超宇宙发生的最大变化。分析句子结构可知，空前是名词所有格，所以空处应填名词形式，imagine的名词形式是imagination。故填imagination。
【12题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：同上。分析句子结构可知，空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词，再由空格前的定冠词the和句意可知，此处应是“最大的”之意，应用最高级。故填biggest。
【13题详解】
考查时态。句意：同上。分析句子结构可知，本句是since引导的时间状语从句，从句中缺少谓语，所以create作本句谓语，根据时间状语1992，应用一般过去时。故填created。
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When choosing a career, you should consider all the aspects of a job. Some jobs may seem dull ____14____ are important to society, while others can appear exciting but are actually difficult and boring. One example is the so-called “cool job” of being a model or ____15____ actor. These people seem to be living a better life than others. Actually, they have to make far greater ____16____(effort) than ordinary people and only a few of them are successful. Meanwhile, those who are successful and famous have to deal with constant media attention.
【答案】14. but
15. an 16. efforts
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了在选择职业时，你应该考虑工作的各个方面。
【14题详解】
考查连词。句意：有些工作看起来很枯燥，但对社会很重要，而另一些工作看起来很令人兴奋，但实际上却很困难和无聊。根据句意可知，“Some jobs may seem dull”和“are important to society”两句是转折关系，应该用but连接。故填but。
【15题详解】
考查冠词。句意：其中一个例子就是模特或演员这种所谓的“酷工作”。分析句子结构可知，空处和前文的a model并列，所以空处应填不定冠词，actor为元音音素开头，用an。故填an。
【16题详解】
考查名词。句意：事实上，他们必须付出比普通人更大的努力，只有少数人是成功的。分析句子结构可知，空前是形容词，所以空处应填名词作宾语，effort意为“努力”为可数名词，此处应用复数形式。故填efforts。
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The number of adults worldwide ____17____ dementia(痴呆症)could rise from about 57. 4 million in 2019 to 152.8 million by 2050, ____18____(drive)by factors like midlife obesity, smoking and social isolation, according to a study published Thursday by the Lancet.
While improvements in education are forecast ____19____(reduce) dementia cases by 6.2 million in 2050, researchers said this would be canceled out by trends in obesity, high blood sugar and smoking, ____20____ are estimated to cause an additional 6.8 million cases, the Guardian reported.
【答案】17. with
18. driven 19. to reduce
20. which
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了受中年肥胖、吸烟和社会孤立等因素的影响全球患有痴呆症的成年人数量将会大增。
【17题详解】
考查介词。句意：《柳叶刀》周四发表的一项研究显示，受中年肥胖、吸烟和社会孤立等因素的影响，到2050年，全球患有痴呆症的成年人数量可能会从2019年的约5740万增加到1.528亿。分析句子结构可知，空处表示“患有痴呆症的成年人数量”之意，应用介词with。故填with。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：《柳叶刀》周四发表的一项研究显示，受中年肥胖、吸烟和社会孤立等因素的影响，到2050年，全球患有痴呆症的成年人数量可能会从2019年的约5740万增加到1.528亿。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词could rise，所以drive应该用非谓语形式，根据后文的by可知，应该用过去分词表被动。故填driven
【19题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：据《卫报》报道，据预测，到2050年，教育水平的提高将使痴呆症病例减少620万，但研究人员表示，肥胖、高血糖和吸烟的趋势将抵消这一效果，据估计，这些趋势将导致680万例痴呆症病例。分析句子结构可知，此处考查固定搭配：be forecast to do意为“预计”。故填to reduce。
【20题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：据《卫报》报道，据预测，到2050年，教育水平的提高将使痴呆症病例减少620万，但研究人员表示，肥胖、高血糖和吸烟的趋势将抵消这一效果，据估计，这些趋势将导致680万例痴呆症病例。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前文提到的事，在从句中作主语，用which引导。故填which。
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Visiting a library may not seem fun or interesting, but the ones below might be the most beautiful and attractive around the globe.
Widener Library, Massachusetts, the United States
As Harvard’s flagship library, the Widener Library was built in 1912. The library was named after Harry Elkins Widener, a 1907 Harvard graduate who donated 3, 300 books, invaluable paintings and money. The length of shelves reaches 91 kilometers. Today, it is known as a “silent library”, with two floors of quiet study rooms and five floors of underground literary resources.
Biblioteca Joanina, Coimbra, Portugal
The Biblioteca Joanina was named after its founder, King John V of Portugal, who started building the library in 1717. The library, located at the University of Coimbra, houses 300, 000 book collections. Many of the books were printed before the 1800s. The library is a huge tourist draw because of its decorative dark-wood arches and shelves.
Trinity College Old Library, Dublin, Ireland
Located in the center of Dublin, the Trinity College Old Library was constructed in 1712. With its two stories of dark-wood arches, the library is not only one of the world’s oldest libraries, but one of the most famous ones. The Long Room in the library is 65 meters long, filled with 200, 000 books and sculptures of great writers associated with the college.
Tianjin Binhai Library, Tianjin, China
Unlike the other libraries on our list, this one is practically new. As a cultural landmark of Tianjin, the Binhai Library officially opened to the public in 2017. Its breathtaking design was described by Time magazine as a “ziggurat” and has received a lot of attention from the public. The 33, 700 square-meter building can hold 1. 35 million books. Built in just five years, it has become a tourist attraction since it was finished.
21. What do the four libraries have in common?
A. The areas of the buildings. B. The dates when they were built.
C. The admiration from the public. D. The number of book collections.
22. Which library was built in honor of a university graduate?
A. Widener Library. B. Biblioteca Joanina.
C. Trinity College Old Library. D. Tianjin Binhai Library.
23. How is Tianjin Binhai Library different from the other three libraries?
A. It was named after King of Portugal. B. Its books are before the 18th century.
C. It is a new one with the shortest history. D. It has a room with books and sculptures.
【答案】21. C 22. A 23. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。向读者介绍了全球四大知名图书馆。这些图书馆不仅因藏书闻名遐迩，而且其卓越的建筑风格吸引了来自世界各地的游客。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Visiting a library may not seem fun or interesting, but the ones below might be the most beautiful and attractive around the globe.”（参观图书馆可能看起来并不有趣，但下面的图书馆可能是世界上最美丽、最吸引人的）及各图书馆的具体描述可以看出，文中四大图书馆的共同之处在于它们对于游客的强大吸引力。故选C项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据Widener Library, Massachusetts, the United States中“The library was named after Harry Elkins Widener, a 1907 Harvard graduate who donated 3, 300 books, invaluable paintings and money.”（该图书馆以哈利·埃尔金斯·怀德纳的名字命名，怀德纳是1907年哈佛大学的毕业生，他捐赠了3300本书、无价的画作和金钱）可知，魏德纳图书馆是为了纪念一位大学毕业生而建的。故选A项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。据文章对最后一家图书馆Tianjin Binhai Library, Tianjin, China中“Unlike the other libraries on our list, this one is practically new. As a cultural landmark of Tianjin, the Binhai Library officially opened to the public in 2017.”（与我们列表上的其他图书馆不同，这个图书馆实际上是新的。作为天津的文化地标，滨海图书馆于2017年正式对外开放）可知，天津滨海图书馆是文章中四大图书馆里最新建造的，历史最短。故选C项。
B
Selena Evans had been down for days because she had no idea how to please those two girls. At first, Elizabeth Moretz just wouldn’t hide her disdain (鄙视) for her. About a month ago, when Selena ran into her near a coffee shop, she called her name from afar. However, Elizabeth didn’t show any kindness; instead, she scolded her, “You scared the hell out of me”. To apologize, for several days in a row, Selena would buy some coffee and stand at the door of the cafe, waiting for Elizabeth to come, and then pass the coffee to her and say friendly, “This is for you!” ut every time, Elizabeth would look at her doubtfully and then reject it.
But one day before a math class, Elizabeth sat down right next to her and said, You know, I always speak out of turn without thinking. Sometimes it might hurt people. But you’ll realize I’m a good person soon. Please forgive my rudeness.”Then she passed her a cup of coffee, “This is for you.” elena couldn’t believe it was happening. She took the coffee excitedly.
But soon she discovered she shouldn’t have been happy like that because the coffee wasn’t even for her. It was for Sara Crawford. Sara didn’t show up that day, so Elizabeth gave it to her instead.
Should I try to be one of a group where I don’t belong?
“No, I will spare no efforts to be their friend!”
The next day Selena went to the bakery and bought three loafs of bread, one for herself, one for Elizabeth and one for Sara. As she was walking to the cafe, she saw Elizabeth sitting at an outdoor table of the cafe, pouring some water from her thermos into a coffee cup. After that, she put the cup lid back really quickly and then looked around alertly.
Selena paused a little, and then called her loudly in the distance, “Morning!”
Following the sound, Elizabeth saw Selena. She put the thermos back into her pack really quickly and stood up with that coffee in her hand.
Selena ran to her and passed her a loaf of bread “This is for you.”
“Oh, I…” Elizabeth waved her hand, “I don’t like bread.”
“Then, what do you like?” Before Selena could finish, Elizabeth had runaway with that coffee.
Selena had been feeling down for two classes. The third class was lab course. She went to the Girls’ room before that and when she came back to the lab, Elizabeth walked to her with a cup of coffee. She dragged Selena, shoved the coffee into her hand and turned away.
24. What did the underlined part probably mean?
A. Selena was in a dilemma what to do next.
B. Selena would continue to make them happy.
C. Selena found them difficult to get along with.
D. Selena was determined not to make friends with them.
25. Why did Elizabeth put the thermos back into her pack quickly on seeing Selena?
A. She wanted to pass coffee to Selena.
B. She wanted to accept the loaf of bread.
C. She hid from Selena the fact of filling the coffee cup with water.
D. She was so excited to see Selena that she was at a loss what to do.
26. What made Selena upset before the lab course?
A. Elizabeth hated being with her.
B. Elizabeth didn’t hand her the coffee at first.
C. She was concerned about the coming lab course.
D. Try as she might, it seemed hard for her to please Elizabeth.
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了赛琳娜努力讨好其他两个女孩故事。
【24题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第五段“No, I will spare no efforts to be their friend!(不，我会不遗余力地做她们的朋友)”以及第六段“The next day Selena went to the bakery and bought three loafs of bread, one for herself, one for Elizabeth and one for Sara.(第二天，赛琳娜去面包店买了三条面包，一条给自己，一条给伊丽莎白，一条给萨拉)”可知，赛琳娜在继续想办法讨好那两个女孩，可知，划线句子表示赛琳娜会继续让她们开心。故选B项。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据第六段“As she was walking to the cafe, she saw Elizabeth sitting at an outdoor table of the cafe, pouring some water from her thermos into a coffee cup.(当她走向咖啡馆时，她看到伊丽莎白坐在咖啡馆的一张户外桌子旁，从保温瓶里往咖啡杯里倒了些水)”可知，伊丽莎白往咖啡杯里倒了水，所以她一见到赛琳娜就迅速把保温瓶放回背包里是因为她想向赛琳娜隐瞒自己往咖啡杯里倒水这一事实。故选C项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Elizabeth waved her hand, I don’t like bread.'(伊丽莎白挥了挥手，“我不喜欢面包。”)”以及倒数第三段“Then, what do you like? Before Selena could finish, Elizabeth had run away with that coffee.(“那么，你喜欢什么？”赛琳娜还没来得及说完，伊丽莎白就带着咖啡跑了)”可推知，赛琳娜在实验课之前心烦意乱是因为伊丽莎白拒绝了她的讨好，尽管赛琳娜努力了，但是讨好伊丽莎白很难。故选D项。
C
Do you know the websites that let you name a star after your beloved one, your kid or your dog for a small fee? Yeah, those are all fake— you could pay me to “name” a star for $50, and I’ll take your money and show the name online. I’ll even send you a fancy certificate! It seems that you’ve named a star, but it just doesn’t count.
Actually, the only organization that owns official naming rights is the International Astronomical Union, or the IAU. It was founded in 1919 and based in Paris, France. It is where astronomers and other professionals have reached the agreements and is the official record-keeping body for all discoveries in space.
Recently they do open up an opportunity for the public to name a dozen of planets outside the solar system. These planets will be among the first to be studied with the James Webb Space Telescope. However, they currently only have boring and complicated documents that were used to find them. That’s why the IAU is looking for something more interesting.
But before you start naming the planets, you should know the rules. First, nothing is rude or annoying. Second, the name should be less than 16 characters long and pronounceable in at least one language with no commercial or business names and nothing is named after a living individual or a pet.
The competition, named “Stars Worlds”, is open next Thursday, January 20th. It’s the third such contest the IAU has held, and the purpose is to get the public more interested in science as well as the organization. The competition also helps to break centuries of European dominance when it comes to naming things in the night sky. So people around the world can share the joy of discovery and make their mark in history.
27. How does the author introduce the topic of the passage?
A. By listing figures. B. By taking an example.
C. By offering a solution. D. By showing differences.
28. What can we know about the IAU from the passage?
A. It was founded by France. B. It studies the space telescope.
C. It organizes trips to the space. D. It has the right to name the stars.
29. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. Why the competition is held. B. How the competition develops.
C. What to expect in the competition. D. How to take part in the competition.
30. Where is this passage most likely taken from?
A. A novel. B. A textbook. C. A diary. D. A magazine.
【答案】27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为说明文。文章介绍了拥有行星命名权的官方机构——国际天文学联盟、该机构举办的第三届给星球命名的公众活动及活动规则。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Yeah, those are all fake— you could pay me to “name” a star for $50, and I’ll take your money and show the name online. I’ll even send you a fancy certificate! It seems that you’ve named a star, but it just doesn’t count.”（是的，这些都是假的——你可以花50美元给我“命名”一个行星，我会拿着你的钱在网上展示这个名字。我甚至会给你寄一份精美的证书！看起来你已经命名了一颗行星，但这并不算数。）可知，为了让读者对骗子网站的操作一目了然，作者以自己可以随意给行星命名来举例引出本文的主要内容——介绍IAU组织及其给星球命名的活动。故选B项。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Actually, the only organization that owns official naming rights is the International Astronomical Union, or the IAU. It was founded in 1919 and based in Paris, France. It is where astronomers and other professionals have reached the agreements and is the official record-keeping body for all discoveries in space.”（事实上，唯一拥有官方命名权的组织是国际天文学联合会，简称IAU。它成立于1919年，总部设在法国巴黎。它是天文学家和其他专业人士达成协议的地方，也是所有太空发现的官方记录保存机构。）可知，从文章中我们可以了解到关于IAU，它有权为星星命名。故选D项。
【29题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The competition, named “Stars Worlds”, is open next Thursday, January 20th. It’s the third such contest the IAU has held, and the purpose is to get the public more interested in science as well as the organization. The competition also helps to break centuries of European dominance when it comes to naming things in the night sky. So people around the world can share the joy of discovery and make their mark in history.”（这场名为“群星世界”的比赛将于1月20日（下周四开）幕。这是国际天文学联合会第三次举办这样的比赛，目的是让公众对科学和该组织更感兴趣。这项竞赛还有助于打破欧洲在夜空天体命名方面几个世纪以来的主导地位。这样世界各地的人们就可以分享发现的喜悦，并在历史上留下自己的印记。）可知，最后一段主要讲的是活动举办的目的。故选A项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段中的“The competition, named ‘Stars Worlds’, is open next Thursday, January 20th.”（这场名为“群星世界”的比赛将于1月20日（下周四）开幕。）可知，本文介绍了真正拥有行星命名权的组织机构，本文时效性较强，应该是从报刊杂志上节选出来的。故选D项。
D
Teens have a reputation for making some not-so-smart decisions and being easily distracted. Researchers have blamed it on the immaturity of the prefrontal cortex(前额叶皮质). But scientists now find the answer may be the attraction of rewards. Rewards, even small ones, affect teens more than adults. And teens tend to be distracted by things they once found rewarding, even after the actual payoff is long gone.
Psychologist Zachary Roper and his team worked with two groups of volunteers: 13-to 16-year olds and 20-to 35-year-old adults. During a training stage, a computer displayed six circles, each a different color. The players had to find the red or green circle and would be provided with a 10-cent or 2-cent reward. By the end of this training, volunteers had realized the value of each color but they didn’t know it. Then came the testing time. Again, groups of six symbols, one diamond and five circles, appeared on a computer screen. The researchers measured how long it took people to find the diamond and recorded their answers.
When no red or green circles appeared, both adults and teens responded quickly. But when a red or green circle showed up, both groups took a bit longer initially. Adults, though, quickly stopped paying attention to the red or green circles. Teens took longer to respond whenever a red or green circle appeared. Clearly, the red and green circles were distracting teens even though they brought no reward.
“The study demonstrates that the attention of adolescents is especially drawn to rewarding information,” says Zachary Roper. “These data may help explain why teens engage in risky behaviors.”
Some behaviors, such as texting or using social media, start the brain’s reward system. Once the teenage brain has linked a behavior to that reward, it continues to seek it again and again. That’s why teens are likely to use social media when they should be studying. Or why they respond to texts while driving. So researchers suggest physically removing distractions whenever possible.
31. Why do teens tend to make some not-so-smart decisions?
A. The appeal of rewards affects their decision making.
B. Their skills to respond wisely have not been well trained.
C. Their prefrontal cortexes have been improperly developed.
D. The tendency to keep doing things prevents them thinking clearly.
32. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 2?
A. The red or green circle. B. The end of the training.
C. The value of each color. D. The awareness of the color value.
33. What can we learn from the study conducted by Zachary Roper and his team?
A. Adults were not affected by the red or green circles at all.
B. Teens were attracted by the red or green circles because of the high rewards.
C. Teens were distracted by the rewarding information even after the reward was gone.
D. Adults were drawn to the rewarding information only after they were tested repeatedly.
34. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. The Brain Response System B. The Effects of Rewards
C. The Distracted Teenage Brain D. The Harm of Risky Behaviors
【答案】31. A 32. D 33. C 34. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员进行了一项研究，研究结果显示了奖赏的吸引力会让年轻人看起来容易冲动、容易分心。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Teens have a reputation for making some not-so-smart decisions and being easily distracted. Researchers have blamed it on the immaturity of the prefrontal cortex(前额叶皮质). But scientists now find the answer may be the attraction of rewards. Rewards, even small ones, affect teens more than adults.(青少年以做出一些不那么明智的决定和容易分心而闻名。研究人员将其归咎于前额皮质的不成熟。但科学家们现在发现，答案可能是奖赏的吸引力。奖励，即使是很小的奖励，对青少年的影响也比成年人大。)”可知，青少年倾向于做出一些不那么明智的决定，是因为奖励的吸引力会影响他们的决策。故选A。
【32题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词前半句“By the end of this training, volunteers had realized the value of each color (在训练结束时，志愿者已经意识到每种颜色的价值)”和转折词but可知，这些志愿者自己并不知道颜色价值的意识。所以it代指前半句中的“The awareness of the color value( 对颜色价值的意识)”。故选D。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“And teens tend to be distracted by things they once found rewarding, even after the actual payoff is long gone. (青少年往往会被他们曾经认为有回报的事情分心，即使在实际回报早已不复存在之后。)”和第三段“Clearly, the red and green circles were distracting teens even though they brought no reward.(很明显，红色和绿色的圆圈会分散青少年的注意力，尽管它们没有带来任何奖励。)”可知，即使在奖励消失后，青少年也会被奖励信息分散注意力。故选C。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Teens have a reputation for making some not-so-smart decisions and being easily distracted. Researchers have blamed it on the immaturity of the prefrontal cortex(前额叶皮质). But scientists now find the answer may be the attraction of rewards. (青少年以做出一些不那么明智的决定和容易分心而闻名。研究人员将其归咎于前额皮质的不成熟。但科学家们现在发现，答案可能是奖赏的吸引力。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员进行了一项研究，研究结果显示了奖赏的吸引力会让年轻人看起来容易冲动、容易分心。所以“The Distracted Teenage Brain(分心的青少年大脑)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Everyone feels anxious or nervous at times. Feelings like these can surface when you face a challenge. ___35___ You might feel anxious when it’s your turn to speak in class. These feelings can be uncomfortable, but you can manage with the help of the following tips.
●Start with a growth mindset (思想倾向).
Some people have a fixed mindset. They might think, “This is how I am. I get anxious before speaking in class. So I don’t raise my hand.” With a fixed mindset, people don’t think things can change. But people with a growth mindset know they can get better at just about everything — with effort and practice. ___36___
●Notice what anxiety feels like for you.
Get to know the body feelings that are part of anxiety. When you’re anxious, do you feel “butterflies”? Shaky hands? A faster heartbeat? Know that these feelings are part of the body’s normal response to a challenge. ___37___ Next time they happen, try to notice the feelings without getting upset. Accept them and let them be there.
●___38___
When you’re anxious, it’s common to tell yourself things like, “I can’t do this.” Or “What if I mess this up?” Instead, tell yourself something that could help you face the moment with a bit of courage, “It’s OK to feel anxious. I can do this anyway.” It’s facing the anxiety that helps you manage it. This is called exposure.
Learning to cope with anxiety takes time and patience. Most of all, it takes practice and willingness to face it. It starts with one small step. ___39___
A. Give it all of your attention.
B. That includes dealing with anxiety.
C. Talk yourself through anxiety and face it.
D. They’re not harmful and they fade on their own.
E. It can help you “reset” and be ready to move forward.
F. For example, you might feel nervous before taking big exams.
G. The more you practice the better you’ll get at managing anxiety.
【答案】35. F 36. B 37. D 38. C 39. G
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。从三个方面就如何应对紧张焦虑提供一些建议。
【35题详解】
上文“Feelings like these can surface when you face a challenge.(当你面临挑战时，像这样的感受会浮现) ”空格处是对面临挑战的进一步举例说明。F选项中的“before taking exams”和“face a challenge”一致。是对上文的进一步解释说明。故选F。
【36题详解】
上文“But people with a growth mindset know they can get better at just about everything— with effort and practice. (但是那些有成长思维方式的人知道他们可以做好一切，只要肯努力和练习)”B选项中的that指代上文的“can get better at just about everything— with effort and practice.”这一切事情也包括应对焦虑这件事。故选B。
【37题详解】
上文“Know that these feelings are part of the body’s normal response to a challenge.(知道那些感受是你的身体应对挑战的正常反应。)”和D选项中的They前后一致，they指代上文的“these feelings”这些感受是正常反应是没有害处的。故选D。
【38题详解】
下文“Instead, tell yourself something that could help you face the moment with a bit of courage. It’s facing the anxiety that helps you manage it.(反而要告诉你自己勇敢些能帮你面对这一瞬间.正是面对焦虑才能帮你应对它。)”此空为小标题。根据下文可知本段在表达要面对焦虑。C选项中的face it和下文的要面对它保持一致。故选C。
【39题详解】
上文“Most of all, it takes practice and willingness to face it. It starts with one small step.(最重要的是，它需要练习以及愿意面对它。)”G选项的“ The more you practice”练习的越多，越能战胜焦虑，和上文保持一致。故选G。
第三部分书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节(共4小题;第40、41小题各2分，第42小题3分，第43小题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Humpback whales (座头鲸)are among the world’s most endangered whales. The main threats humpback whales face are strikes from ships and getting caught in fishing and waste equipment. Recently, scientists have developed a technology-powered mapping tool to prevent ships from hitting whales in areas off America’s west coast. The system is called Whale Safe. It uses equipment placed in the ocean to identify the presence of whales in the surrounding area.
Whale Safe was recently launched to the north in San Francisco Bay. There is a problem in the bay with ships hitting whales. Wildlife officials reported that a humpback whale washed ashore in the San Francisco Bay with injuries suggesting the animal was killed in a ship strike. It was the fifth whale to be killed by a ship strike in the area in 2022. However, the actual number of whales killed by ships is likely much higher because the bodies of the dead animals are rarely discovered.
The system uses three methods to identify and protect several different whale species. First, it uses flotation devices — known as buoys (浮标) — to record sounds the whales make. Second, it uses computer model s to process current and historical ocean data to pre dict where the whales are most likely to be. Third, it permits trained observers and citizens to report whale sightings through a mobile app. The tool also records shipping activity and ship speeds. The collected data isthen sent by satellite to scientists who examine it and seek to provide guidance to ship operators.
The Whale Safe project is supported by the Marine Mammal Center and the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory. Officials from the Marine Mammal Center say they have plans to expand the system to other areas where whales face a high risk of being hit by ships. “The system combines the latest technology with thoughtful conservation efforts to create a solution to reduce risk to whales. This is where technology meets Mother Nature for the benefit of marine life,” said Jeff Boehm, a leader of the Marine Mammal Center.
40. What is the new tool intended for?
______________________________________________________________________
41. Why was Whale Safe recently launched to the north in San Francisco Bay?
______________________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The system collected data by buoys, computer models and trained observers and citizens, then sent data to ship operators.
______________________________________________________________________
43. What suggestions could you give on protecting marine animals (海洋动物)?(In about 40 words)
______________________________________________________________________
【答案】40. The new tool is intended for preventing ships from hitting whales/protecting whales from ship strikes. /Preventing ships from hitting whales/protecting whales from ship strikes.
41. Because there is a problem in the bay with ships hitting whales.
42. The system collected data by buoys computer models and trained observers and citizens, then sent data to ship operators.
According to the passage, the collected data is then sent by satellite to scientists who examine it and seek to provide guidance to ship operators.
43. We should reduce overfishing, reduce plastic pollution and ban the fishing of endangered species.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家们开发了一种名为“鲸鱼安全”的技术驱动的测绘工具，以防止船只在美国西海岸附近海域撞击鲸鱼。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第一段中“Recently, scientists have developed a technology-powered mapping tool to prevent ships from hitting whales in areas off America’s west coast.(最近，科学家们开发了一种技术驱动的测绘工具，以防止船只在美国西海岸附近海域撞击鲸鱼)”可知，新工具的目的是防止船只在美国西海岸附近海域撞击鲸鱼。故答案为The new tool is intended for preventing ships from hitting whales/protecting whales from ship strikes. /Preventing ships from hitting whales/protecting whales from ship strikes.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第二段“Whale Safe was recently launched to the north in San Francisco Bay. There is a problem in the bay with ships hitting whales.(鲸鱼安全组织最近在旧金山湾北部启动。海湾里有船只撞鲸鱼的问题)”可知，Whale Safe在旧金山湾北部下水，是因为海湾里有船只撞鲸鱼的问题。故回答案为Because there is a problem in the bay with ships hitting whales.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第三段“The system uses three methods to identify and protect several different whale species. First, it uses flotation devices — known as buoys (浮标) — to record sounds the whales make. Second, it uses computer model s to process current and historical ocean data to pre dict where the whales are most likely to be. Third, it permits trained observers and citizens to report whale sightings through a mobile app. The tool also records shipping activity and ship speeds. The collected data isthen sent by satellite to scientists who examine it and seek to provide guidance to ship operators.(该系统使用三种方法来识别和保护几种不同的鲸鱼物种。首先，它使用被称为浮标的漂浮装置来记录鲸鱼发出的声音。其次，它使用计算机模型来处理当前和历史海洋数据，以预测鲸鱼最有可能出现的地方。第三，它允许训练有素的观察员和公民通过移动应用程序报告看到的鲸鱼。该工具还记录航运活动和船舶速度。然后，收集到的数据通过卫星发送给科学家，由他们进行检查，并试图为船舶操作员提供指导)”中所给描述“The system collected data by buoys, computer models and trained observers and citizens, then sent data to ship operators.(该系统通过浮标、计算机模型以及训练有素的观察员和公民收集数据，然后将数据发送给船舶运营商)”可知，错误部分是“then sent data to ship operators”，应是收集到的数据通过卫星发送给科学家，由他们进行检查，并试图为船舶操作员提供指导。故答案为The system collected data by buoys, computer models and trained observers and citizens, then sent data to ship operators. According to the passage, the collected data is then sent by satellite to scientists who examine it and seek to provide guidance to ship operators.
【43题详解】
开放性问题。言之有理，注意词数限制。例如，为了保护海洋动物，我们应该减少过度捕捞，减少塑料污染以及禁止捕捞濒危物种。故答案为We should reduce overfishing, reduce plastic pollution and ban the fishing of endangered species.
第二节(20分)
44. 假如你是李华,你的美国朋友David上个月在杭州旅游期间品尝了西湖龙井茶,对中国茶文化表现出了非常浓厚的兴趣。回国后他发来邮件,希望你介绍中国茶文化, 请你写一份邮件,内容主要包括:
1.中国茶文化历史悠久、茶叶种类丰富;
2.茶在中国人生活中的重要性;
3.希望世界上有更多的人品尝中国茶,了解中国文化。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可适当发挥想象,增加细节,以使行文连贯。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear David,
I am very glad to learn that you are very fond of Chinese tea. I am pleased to introduce something about Chinese tea culture to you.
Chinese tea has a very long history, and it has been very popular since ancient times. As an important part of our country’s cultural heritage, Chinese tea has various kinds and flavors, such as green tea, black tea and white tea, of which Pu'er and Longjing are the most famous, and there are many tea houses in which people get together to get relaxed.
I hope more and more friends all over the world like Chinese tea and learn about Chinese culture.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求写一封信。
【详解】第1步：根据提示可知，本篇为一封信件；假如你是李华，你的美国朋友David上个月在杭州旅游期间品尝了西湖龙井茶，对中国茶文化表现出了非常浓厚的兴趣。回国后他发来邮件，希望你介绍中国茶文化，请你写一份邮件，内容主要包括：1.中国茶文化历史悠久、茶叶种类丰富；2.茶在中国人生活中的重要性；
3.希望世界上有更多的人品尝中国茶，了解中国文化。人称使用第三人称。时态应为一般现在时。
第2步：根据写作要求，确定关键词（组），如：be fond of（喜欢），Chinese tea culture（中国茶文化），have a very long history（历史悠久），various kinds and flavors（茶叶种类丰富）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【点睛】范文内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式，如宾语从句I am very glad to learn that you are very fond of Chinese tea.介词加关系代词引导的定语从句As an important part of our country’s cultural heritage, Chinese tea has various kinds and flavors, such as green tea, black tea and white tea, of which Pu'er and Longjing are the most famous, and there are many tea houses in which people get together to get relaxed.另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
大兴区2022～2023学年度第二学期期末检测试卷
高二英语
考生须知
1．本试卷共10页，满分100分。考试时间90分钟。
2．在试卷和答题卡上准确填写学校名称、班级、姓名和准考证号。
3．试题答案一律填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
4．在答题卡上，选择题用2B铅笔作答,其他题用黑色字迹签字笔作答。
第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)
第一节完形填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My running coach McGarry taught us we could always withstand(承受)more. It wasn’t until much later that I ___1___ all that he meant.
An accident had left him in a ___2___ What he always said when we seemed unable to continue was “You can always withstand more.”
I headed for college in northern New England. Then I went to work in Rwanda, land of a thousand hills. Working there was a great ___3___ me because I was a flatlander(平地居民). Over the years it was running that sustained me.
For years I’d planned to write to Mr. McGarry and thank him for his ___4___ impact on my life. But the incidents in my daily life ___5___ me. One day, word came that he had died unexpectedly. Yet the sad news ___6___ for me his encouragement to dig deeper within ourselves.
Three years ago, caught in a ___7___ in my life, I flew to Greenland. Greenland was facing a severe crisis: climate change is destroying traditional livelihood of a population so ___8___ on ice for survival and communities have to create a new way of life.
I started a run on the hills of Greenland’s capital. Cold rain pattered on my arms. That’s when I was ___9___ by another more important lesson Mr. McGarry had taught me. I realized that he was training us to change our lives, to turn over a new leaf. A disastrous injury had ____10____ him unable to run, but he managed to influence another generation of runners as a coach.
1. A. held B. remembered C. grasped D. rejected
2. A. nursery B. bed C. car D. wheelchair
3. A. bonus B. challenge C. blessing D. gain
4. A. positive B. negative C. enthusiastic D. pessimistic
5. A. inspired B. arrested C. hired D. stopped
6. A. recalled B. reviewed C. reformed D. reflected
7. A. stage B. state C. dilemma D. situation
8. A. focused B. dependent C. based D. keen
9. A. impressed B. cheated C. beaten D. struck
10. A. pushed B. found C. left D. proved
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者的教练McGarry对作者人生的重要影响。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：直到很久以后，我才完全明白他的意思。A. held举行；B. remembered记得；C. grasped理解；D. rejected拒绝。根据上文“My running coach McGarry taught us we could always withstand ore.(我的跑步教练McGarry告诉我们，我们总是可以承受的)”此处指作者很久以后才理解教练说的话，应用grasp。故选C。
【2题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：一场事故使他坐在轮椅上。A. nursery托儿所；B. bed床；C. car汽车；D. wheelchair轮椅。根据上文“An accident had left him in a”以及选项，可知是事故让他受伤，坐了轮椅。后文“him unable to run”也是提示。故选D。
【3题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在那里工作对我来说是一个巨大的挑战，因为我是一个平地人。A. bonus奖金；B. challenge挑战；C. blessing祝福；D. gain获得。根据上文“Then I went to work in Rwanda, land of a thousand hills.(然后我去了卢旺达工作，那是一个千山之国)”可知，作者去的地方山很多，而作者是生活在平地上的人，所以是巨大的挑战。故选B。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：多年来，我一直计划给麦克加里先生写信，感谢他对我生活的“积极”影响。A. positive积极的；B. negative消极的；C. enthusiastic热情的；D. pessimistic悲观的。根据上文“Over the years it was running that sustained me.(这么多年来，是跑步支撑着我)”可知，作者写信给教练感谢对自己的积极影响。故选A。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是我日常生活中的事件阻止了我。A. inspired鼓舞；B. arrested逮捕；C. hired雇用；D. stopped停止。根据上文“But the incidents in my daily life”中but表示转折，可推测作者的日常琐事阻止了作者写信。故选D。
【6题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，这个悲伤的消息让我想起了他的鼓励，让我更深入地挖掘自己。A. recalled回想起；B. reviewed复习；C. reformed改革；D. reflected反思。根据后文“for me his encouragement”可知，教练去世的消息让作者想起了他的鼓励。故选A。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：三年前，我陷入了人生的困境，我飞到了格陵兰岛。A. stage阶段；B. state状态；C. dilemma困境；D. situation情况。根据上文“dig deeper within ourselves”可推测作者是因为遇到了困境，才想去格陵兰岛挖掘自己。故选C。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：格陵兰岛正面临着一场严重的危机：气候变化正在摧毁依赖冰生存的人口的传统生计，社区必须创造一种新的生活方式。A. focused集中；B. dependent依赖的；C. based以……为基础的；D. keen渴望的。根据后文“on ice for survival and communities have to create a new way of life”可知，之前格陵兰岛的人口依赖冰生存。故选B。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：就在那时，我被麦克加里先生教给我的另一个更重要的教训打动了。A. impressed使印象深刻；B. cheated欺骗；C. beaten打败；D. struck给（某人以…）印象。根据后文“by another more important lesson Mr. McGarry had taught me.”指被教练的另一个教训打动，故选D。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一场灾难性的伤病使他无法跑步，但他作为教练成功地影响了另一代跑步者。A. pushed推；B. found找到；C. left让…处于；D. proved证明。根据后文“him unable to run”可知，指一场灾难性的伤病使他无法跑步，应用leave+宾语+形容词结构。故选C。
第二节语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The term “metaverse” (元宇宙) is the latest buzzword (流行词) to capture the tech industry’s ____11____ (imagine) — so much so that one of the best-known Internet platforms, Facebook, is changing its name to signal its embrace of the futuristic idea, which perhaps has been the ____12____(big) thing to happen to the metaverse since science fiction writer Neal Stephenson ____13____(create) the term for his 1992 novel Snow Crash.
【答案】11. imagination
12. biggest
13. created
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了元宇宙这一词的由来。
【11题详解】
考查名词。句意：“元宇宙”一词是捕捉科技行业想象力的最新流行语，以至于最知名的互联网平台之一Facebook正在改名，以表明其对未来概念的接受，这可能是自科幻作家尼尔·斯蒂芬森在1992年的小说《雪崩》中创造这个词以来，超宇宙发生的最大变化。分析句子结构可知，空前是名词所有格，所以空处应填名词形式，imagine的名词形式是imagination。故填imagination。
【12题详解】
考查形容词最高级。句意：同上。分析句子结构可知，空后是名词，所以空处应填形容词，再由空格前的定冠词the和句意可知，此处应是“最大的”之意，应用最高级。故填biggest。
【13题详解】
考查时态。句意：同上。分析句子结构可知，本句是since引导的时间状语从句，从句中缺少谓语，所以create作本句谓语，根据时间状语1992，应用一般过去时。故填created。
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When choosing a career, you should consider all the aspects of a job. Some jobs may seem dull ____14____ are important to society, while others can appear exciting but are actually difficult and boring. One example is the so-called “cool job” of being a model or ____15____ actor. These people seem to be living a better life than others. Actually, they have to make far greater ____16____(effort) than ordinary people and only a few of them are successful. Meanwhile, those who are successful and famous have to deal with constant media attention.
【答案】14. but
15. an 16. efforts
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了在选择职业时，你应该考虑工作的各个方面。
【14题详解】
考查连词。句意：有些工作看起来很枯燥，但对社会很重要，而另一些工作看起来很令人兴奋，但实际上却很困难和无聊。根据句意可知，“Some jobs may seem dull”和“are important to society”两句是转折关系，应该用but连接。故填but。
【15题详解】
考查冠词。句意：其中一个例子就是模特或演员这种所谓的“酷工作”。分析句子结构可知，空处和前文的a model并列，所以空处应填不定冠词，actor为元音音素开头，用an。故填an。
【16题详解】
考查名词。句意：事实上，他们必须付出比普通人更大的努力，只有少数人是成功的。分析句子结构可知，空前是形容词，所以空处应填名词作宾语，effort意为“努力”为可数名词，此处应用复数形式。故填efforts。
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The number of adults worldwide ____17____ dementia(痴呆症)could rise from about 57. 4 million in 2019 to 152.8 million by 2050, ____18____(drive)by factors like midlife obesity, smoking and social isolation, according to a study published Thursday by the Lancet.
While improvements in education are forecast ____19____(reduce) dementia cases by 6.2 million in 2050, researchers said this would be canceled out by trends in obesity, high blood sugar and smoking, ____20____ are estimated to cause an additional 6.8 million cases, the Guardian reported.
【答案】17. with
18. driven 19. to reduce
20. which
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了受中年肥胖、吸烟和社会孤立等因素的影响全球患有痴呆症的成年人数量将会大增。
【17题详解】
考查介词。句意：《柳叶刀》周四发表的一项研究显示，受中年肥胖、吸烟和社会孤立等因素的影响，到2050年，全球患有痴呆症的成年人数量可能会从2019年的约5740万增加到1.528亿。分析句子结构可知，空处表示“患有痴呆症的成年人数量”之意，应用介词with。故填with。
【18题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：《柳叶刀》周四发表的一项研究显示，受中年肥胖、吸烟和社会孤立等因素的影响，到2050年，全球患有痴呆症的成年人数量可能会从2019年的约5740万增加到1.528亿。分析句子结构可知，本句已有谓语动词could rise，所以drive应该用非谓语形式，根据后文的by可知，应该用过去分词表被动。故填driven
【19题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：据《卫报》报道，据预测，到2050年，教育水平的提高将使痴呆症病例减少620万，但研究人员表示，肥胖、高血糖和吸烟的趋势将抵消这一效果，据估计，这些趋势将导致680万例痴呆症病例。分析句子结构可知，此处考查固定搭配：be forecast to do意为“预计”。故填to reduce。
【20题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：据《卫报》报道，据预测，到2050年，教育水平的提高将使痴呆症病例减少620万，但研究人员表示，肥胖、高血糖和吸烟的趋势将抵消这一效果，据估计，这些趋势将导致680万例痴呆症病例。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前文提到的事，在从句中作主语，用which引导。故填which。
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Visiting a library may not seem fun or interesting, but the ones below might be the most beautiful and attractive around the globe.
Widener Library, Massachusetts, the United States
As Harvard’s flagship library, the Widener Library was built in 1912. The library was named after Harry Elkins Widener, a 1907 Harvard graduate who donated 3, 300 books, invaluable paintings and money. The length of shelves reaches 91 kilometers. Today, it is known as a “silent library”, with two floors of quiet study rooms and five floors of underground literary resources.
Biblioteca Joanina, Coimbra, Portugal
The Biblioteca Joanina was named after its founder, King John V of Portugal, who started building the library in 1717. The library, located at the University of Coimbra, houses 300, 000 book collections. Many of the books were printed before the 1800s. The library is a huge tourist draw because of its decorative dark-wood arches and shelves.
Trinity College Old Library, Dublin, Ireland
Located in the center of Dublin, the Trinity College Old Library was constructed in 1712. With its two stories of dark-wood arches, the library is not only one of the world’s oldest libraries, but one of the most famous ones. The Long Room in the library is 65 meters long, filled with 200, 000 books and sculptures of great writers associated with the college.
Tianjin Binhai Library, Tianjin, China
Unlike the other libraries on our list, this one is practically new. As a cultural landmark of Tianjin, the Binhai Library officially opened to the public in 2017. Its breathtaking design was described by Time magazine as a “ziggurat” and has received a lot of attention from the public. The 33, 700 square-meter building can hold 1. 35 million books. Built in just five years, it has become a tourist attraction since it was finished.
21. What do the four libraries have in common?
A. The areas of the buildings. B. The dates when they were built.
C. The admiration from the public. D. The number of book collections.
22. Which library was built in honor of a university graduate?
A. Widener Library. B. Biblioteca Joanina.
C. Trinity College Old Library. D. Tianjin Binhai Library.
23. How is Tianjin Binhai Library different from the other three libraries?
A. It was named after King of Portugal. B. Its books are before the 18th century.
C. It is a new one with the shortest history. D. It has a room with books and sculptures.
【答案】21. C 22. A 23. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。向读者介绍了全球四大知名图书馆。这些图书馆不仅因藏书闻名遐迩，而且其卓越的建筑风格吸引了来自世界各地的游客。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Visiting a library may not seem fun or interesting, but the ones below might be the most beautiful and attractive around the globe.”（参观图书馆可能看起来并不有趣，但下面的图书馆可能是世界上最美丽、最吸引人的）及各图书馆的具体描述可以看出，文中四大图书馆的共同之处在于它们对于游客的强大吸引力。故选C项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据Widener Library, Massachusetts, the United States中“The library was named after Harry Elkins Widener, a 1907 Harvard graduate who donated 3, 300 books, invaluable paintings and money.”（该图书馆以哈利·埃尔金斯·怀德纳的名字命名，怀德纳是1907年哈佛大学的毕业生，他捐赠了3300本书、无价的画作和金钱）可知，魏德纳图书馆是为了纪念一位大学毕业生而建的。故选A项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。据文章对最后一家图书馆Tianjin Binhai Library, Tianjin, China中“Unlike the other libraries on our list, this one is practically new. As a cultural landmark of Tianjin, the Binhai Library officially opened to the public in 2017.”（与我们列表上的其他图书馆不同，这个图书馆实际上是新的。作为天津的文化地标，滨海图书馆于2017年正式对外开放）可知，天津滨海图书馆是文章中四大图书馆里最新建造的，历史最短。故选C项。
B
Selena Evans had been down for days because she had no idea how to please those two girls. At first, Elizabeth Moretz just wouldn’t hide her disdain (鄙视) for her. About a month ago, when Selena ran into her near a coffee shop, she called her name from afar. However, Elizabeth didn’t show any kindness; instead, she scolded her, “You scared the hell out of me”. To apologize, for several days in a row, Selena would buy some coffee and stand at the door of the cafe, waiting for Elizabeth to come, and then pass the coffee to her and say friendly, “This is for you!” ut every time, Elizabeth would look at her doubtfully and then reject it.
But one day before a math class, Elizabeth sat down right next to her and said, You know, I always speak out of turn without thinking. Sometimes it might hurt people. But you’ll realize I’m a good person soon. Please forgive my rudeness.”Then she passed her a cup of coffee, “This is for you.” elena couldn’t believe it was happening. She took the coffee excitedly.
But soon she discovered she shouldn’t have been happy like that because the coffee wasn’t even for her. It was for Sara Crawford. Sara didn’t show up that day, so Elizabeth gave it to her instead.
Should I try to be one of a group where I don’t belong?
“No, I will spare no efforts to be their friend!”
The next day Selena went to the bakery and bought three loafs of bread, one for herself, one for Elizabeth and one for Sara. As she was walking to the cafe, she saw Elizabeth sitting at an outdoor table of the cafe, pouring some water from her thermos into a coffee cup. After that, she put the cup lid back really quickly and then looked around alertly.
Selena paused a little, and then called her loudly in the distance, “Morning!”
Following the sound, Elizabeth saw Selena. She put the thermos back into her pack really quickly and stood up with that coffee in her hand.
Selena ran to her and passed her a loaf of bread “This is for you.”
“Oh, I…” Elizabeth waved her hand, “I don’t like bread.”
“Then, what do you like?” Before Selena could finish, Elizabeth had runaway with that coffee.
Selena had been feeling down for two classes. The third class was lab course. She went to the Girls’ room before that and when she came back to the lab, Elizabeth walked to her with a cup of coffee. She dragged Selena, shoved the coffee into her hand and turned away.
24. What did the underlined part probably mean?
A. Selena was in a dilemma what to do next.
B. Selena would continue to make them happy.
C. Selena found them difficult to get along with.
D. Selena was determined not to make friends with them.
25. Why did Elizabeth put the thermos back into her pack quickly on seeing Selena?
A. She wanted to pass coffee to Selena.
B. She wanted to accept the loaf of bread.
C. She hid from Selena the fact of filling the coffee cup with water.
D. She was so excited to see Selena that she was at a loss what to do.
26. What made Selena upset before the lab course?
A. Elizabeth hated being with her.
B. Elizabeth didn’t hand her the coffee at first.
C. She was concerned about the coming lab course.
D. Try as she might, it seemed hard for her to please Elizabeth.
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了赛琳娜努力讨好其他两个女孩故事。
【24题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第五段“No, I will spare no efforts to be their friend!(不，我会不遗余力地做她们的朋友)”以及第六段“The next day Selena went to the bakery and bought three loafs of bread, one for herself, one for Elizabeth and one for Sara.(第二天，赛琳娜去面包店买了三条面包，一条给自己，一条给伊丽莎白，一条给萨拉)”可知，赛琳娜在继续想办法讨好那两个女孩，可知，划线句子表示赛琳娜会继续让她们开心。故选B项。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据第六段“As she was walking to the cafe, she saw Elizabeth sitting at an outdoor table of the cafe, pouring some water from her thermos into a coffee cup.(当她走向咖啡馆时，她看到伊丽莎白坐在咖啡馆的一张户外桌子旁，从保温瓶里往咖啡杯里倒了些水)”可知，伊丽莎白往咖啡杯里倒了水，所以她一见到赛琳娜就迅速把保温瓶放回背包里是因为她想向赛琳娜隐瞒自己往咖啡杯里倒水这一事实。故选C项。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Elizabeth waved her hand, I don’t like bread.'(伊丽莎白挥了挥手，“我不喜欢面包。”)”以及倒数第三段“Then, what do you like? Before Selena could finish, Elizabeth had run away with that coffee.(“那么，你喜欢什么？”赛琳娜还没来得及说完，伊丽莎白就带着咖啡跑了)”可推知，赛琳娜在实验课之前心烦意乱是因为伊丽莎白拒绝了她的讨好，尽管赛琳娜努力了，但是讨好伊丽莎白很难。故选D项。
C
Do you know the websites that let you name a star after your beloved one, your kid or your dog for a small fee? Yeah, those are all fake— you could pay me to “name” a star for $50, and I’ll take your money and show the name online. I’ll even send you a fancy certificate! It seems that you’ve named a star, but it just doesn’t count.
Actually, the only organization that owns official naming rights is the International Astronomical Union, or the IAU. It was founded in 1919 and based in Paris, France. It is where astronomers and other professionals have reached the agreements and is the official record-keeping body for all discoveries in space.
Recently they do open up an opportunity for the public to name a dozen of planets outside the solar system. These planets will be among the first to be studied with the James Webb Space Telescope. However, they currently only have boring and complicated documents that were used to find them. That’s why the IAU is looking for something more interesting.
But before you start naming the planets, you should know the rules. First, nothing is rude or annoying. Second, the name should be less than 16 characters long and pronounceable in at least one language with no commercial or business names and nothing is named after a living individual or a pet.
The competition, named “Stars Worlds”, is open next Thursday, January 20th. It’s the third such contest the IAU has held, and the purpose is to get the public more interested in science as well as the organization. The competition also helps to break centuries of European dominance when it comes to naming things in the night sky. So people around the world can share the joy of discovery and make their mark in history.
27. How does the author introduce the topic of the passage?
A. By listing figures. B. By taking an example.
C. By offering a solution. D. By showing differences.
28. What can we know about the IAU from the passage?
A. It was founded by France. B. It studies the space telescope.
C. It organizes trips to the space. D. It has the right to name the stars.
29. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. Why the competition is held. B. How the competition develops.
C. What to expect in the competition. D. How to take part in the competition.
30. Where is this passage most likely taken from?
A. A novel. B. A textbook. C. A diary. D. A magazine.
【答案】27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为说明文。文章介绍了拥有行星命名权的官方机构——国际天文学联盟、该机构举办的第三届给星球命名的公众活动及活动规则。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Yeah, those are all fake— you could pay me to “name” a star for $50, and I’ll take your money and show the name online. I’ll even send you a fancy certificate! It seems that you’ve named a star, but it just doesn’t count.”（是的，这些都是假的——你可以花50美元给我“命名”一个行星，我会拿着你的钱在网上展示这个名字。我甚至会给你寄一份精美的证书！看起来你已经命名了一颗行星，但这并不算数。）可知，为了让读者对骗子网站的操作一目了然，作者以自己可以随意给行星命名来举例引出本文的主要内容——介绍IAU组织及其给星球命名的活动。故选B项。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Actually, the only organization that owns official naming rights is the International Astronomical Union, or the IAU. It was founded in 1919 and based in Paris, France. It is where astronomers and other professionals have reached the agreements and is the official record-keeping body for all discoveries in space.”（事实上，唯一拥有官方命名权的组织是国际天文学联合会，简称IAU。它成立于1919年，总部设在法国巴黎。它是天文学家和其他专业人士达成协议的地方，也是所有太空发现的官方记录保存机构。）可知，从文章中我们可以了解到关于IAU，它有权为星星命名。故选D项。
【29题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The competition, named “Stars Worlds”, is open next Thursday, January 20th. It’s the third such contest the IAU has held, and the purpose is to get the public more interested in science as well as the organization. The competition also helps to break centuries of European dominance when it comes to naming things in the night sky. So people around the world can share the joy of discovery and make their mark in history.”（这场名为“群星世界”的比赛将于1月20日（下周四开）幕。这是国际天文学联合会第三次举办这样的比赛，目的是让公众对科学和该组织更感兴趣。这项竞赛还有助于打破欧洲在夜空天体命名方面几个世纪以来的主导地位。这样世界各地的人们就可以分享发现的喜悦，并在历史上留下自己的印记。）可知，最后一段主要讲的是活动举办的目的。故选A项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段中的“The competition, named ‘Stars Worlds’, is open next Thursday, January 20th.”（这场名为“群星世界”的比赛将于1月20日（下周四）开幕。）可知，本文介绍了真正拥有行星命名权的组织机构，本文时效性较强，应该是从报刊杂志上节选出来的。故选D项。
D
Teens have a reputation for making some not-so-smart decisions and being easily distracted. Researchers have blamed it on the immaturity of the prefrontal cortex(前额叶皮质). But scientists now find the answer may be the attraction of rewards. Rewards, even small ones, affect teens more than adults. And teens tend to be distracted by things they once found rewarding, even after the actual payoff is long gone.
Psychologist Zachary Roper and his team worked with two groups of volunteers: 13-to 16-year olds and 20-to 35-year-old adults. During a training stage, a computer displayed six circles, each a different color. The players had to find the red or green circle and would be provided with a 10-cent or 2-cent reward. By the end of this training, volunteers had realized the value of each color but they didn’t know it. Then came the testing time. Again, groups of six symbols, one diamond and five circles, appeared on a computer screen. The researchers measured how long it took people to find the diamond and recorded their answers.
When no red or green circles appeared, both adults and teens responded quickly. But when a red or green circle showed up, both groups took a bit longer initially. Adults, though, quickly stopped paying attention to the red or green circles. Teens took longer to respond whenever a red or green circle appeared. Clearly, the red and green circles were distracting teens even though they brought no reward.
“The study demonstrates that the attention of adolescents is especially drawn to rewarding information,” says Zachary Roper. “These data may help explain why teens engage in risky behaviors.”
Some behaviors, such as texting or using social media, start the brain’s reward system. Once the teenage brain has linked a behavior to that reward, it continues to seek it again and again. That’s why teens are likely to use social media when they should be studying. Or why they respond to texts while driving. So researchers suggest physically removing distractions whenever possible.
31. Why do teens tend to make some not-so-smart decisions?
A. The appeal of rewards affects their decision making.
B. Their skills to respond wisely have not been well trained.
C. Their prefrontal cortexes have been improperly developed.
D. The tendency to keep doing things prevents them thinking clearly.
32. What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 2?
A. The red or green circle. B. The end of the training.
C. The value of each color. D. The awareness of the color value.
33. What can we learn from the study conducted by Zachary Roper and his team?
A. Adults were not affected by the red or green circles at all.
B. Teens were attracted by the red or green circles because of the high rewards.
C. Teens were distracted by the rewarding information even after the reward was gone.
D. Adults were drawn to the rewarding information only after they were tested repeatedly.
34. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. The Brain Response System B. The Effects of Rewards
C. The Distracted Teenage Brain D. The Harm of Risky Behaviors
【答案】31. A 32. D 33. C 34. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员进行了一项研究，研究结果显示了奖赏的吸引力会让年轻人看起来容易冲动、容易分心。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Teens have a reputation for making some not-so-smart decisions and being easily distracted. Researchers have blamed it on the immaturity of the prefrontal cortex(前额叶皮质). But scientists now find the answer may be the attraction of rewards. Rewards, even small ones, affect teens more than adults.(青少年以做出一些不那么明智的决定和容易分心而闻名。研究人员将其归咎于前额皮质的不成熟。但科学家们现在发现，答案可能是奖赏的吸引力。奖励，即使是很小的奖励，对青少年的影响也比成年人大。)”可知，青少年倾向于做出一些不那么明智的决定，是因为奖励的吸引力会影响他们的决策。故选A。
【32题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词前半句“By the end of this training, volunteers had realized the value of each color (在训练结束时，志愿者已经意识到每种颜色的价值)”和转折词but可知，这些志愿者自己并不知道颜色价值的意识。所以it代指前半句中的“The awareness of the color value( 对颜色价值的意识)”。故选D。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“And teens tend to be distracted by things they once found rewarding, even after the actual payoff is long gone. (青少年往往会被他们曾经认为有回报的事情分心，即使在实际回报早已不复存在之后。)”和第三段“Clearly, the red and green circles were distracting teens even though they brought no reward.(很明显，红色和绿色的圆圈会分散青少年的注意力，尽管它们没有带来任何奖励。)”可知，即使在奖励消失后，青少年也会被奖励信息分散注意力。故选C。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Teens have a reputation for making some not-so-smart decisions and being easily distracted. Researchers have blamed it on the immaturity of the prefrontal cortex(前额叶皮质). But scientists now find the answer may be the attraction of rewards. (青少年以做出一些不那么明智的决定和容易分心而闻名。研究人员将其归咎于前额皮质的不成熟。但科学家们现在发现，答案可能是奖赏的吸引力。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员进行了一项研究，研究结果显示了奖赏的吸引力会让年轻人看起来容易冲动、容易分心。所以“The Distracted Teenage Brain(分心的青少年大脑)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选C。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Everyone feels anxious or nervous at times. Feelings like these can surface when you face a challenge. ___35___ You might feel anxious when it’s your turn to speak in class. These feelings can be uncomfortable, but you can manage with the help of the following tips.
●Start with a growth mindset (思想倾向).
Some people have a fixed mindset. They might think, “This is how I am. I get anxious before speaking in class. So I don’t raise my hand.” With a fixed mindset, people don’t think things can change. But people with a growth mindset know they can get better at just about everything — with effort and practice. ___36___
●Notice what anxiety feels like for you.
Get to know the body feelings that are part of anxiety. When you’re anxious, do you feel “butterflies”? Shaky hands? A faster heartbeat? Know that these feelings are part of the body’s normal response to a challenge. ___37___ Next time they happen, try to notice the feelings without getting upset. Accept them and let them be there.
●___38___
When you’re anxious, it’s common to tell yourself things like, “I can’t do this.” Or “What if I mess this up?” Instead, tell yourself something that could help you face the moment with a bit of courage, “It’s OK to feel anxious. I can do this anyway.” It’s facing the anxiety that helps you manage it. This is called exposure.
Learning to cope with anxiety takes time and patience. Most of all, it takes practice and willingness to face it. It starts with one small step. ___39___
A. Give it all of your attention.
B. That includes dealing with anxiety.
C. Talk yourself through anxiety and face it.
D. They’re not harmful and they fade on their own.
E. It can help you “reset” and be ready to move forward.
F. For example, you might feel nervous before taking big exams.
G. The more you practice the better you’ll get at managing anxiety.
【答案】35. F 36. B 37. D 38. C 39. G
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。从三个方面就如何应对紧张焦虑提供一些建议。
【35题详解】
上文“Feelings like these can surface when you face a challenge.(当你面临挑战时，像这样的感受会浮现) ”空格处是对面临挑战的进一步举例说明。F选项中的“before taking exams”和“face a challenge”一致。是对上文的进一步解释说明。故选F。
【36题详解】
上文“But people with a growth mindset know they can get better at just about everything— with effort and practice. (但是那些有成长思维方式的人知道他们可以做好一切，只要肯努力和练习)”B选项中的that指代上文的“can get better at just about everything— with effort and practice.”这一切事情也包括应对焦虑这件事。故选B。
【37题详解】
上文“Know that these feelings are part of the body’s normal response to a challenge.(知道那些感受是你的身体应对挑战的正常反应。)”和D选项中的They前后一致，they指代上文的“these feelings”这些感受是正常反应是没有害处的。故选D。
【38题详解】
下文“Instead, tell yourself something that could help you face the moment with a bit of courage. It’s facing the anxiety that helps you manage it.(反而要告诉你自己勇敢些能帮你面对这一瞬间.正是面对焦虑才能帮你应对它。)”此空为小标题。根据下文可知本段在表达要面对焦虑。C选项中的face it和下文的要面对它保持一致。故选C。
【39题详解】
上文“Most of all, it takes practice and willingness to face it. It starts with one small step.(最重要的是，它需要练习以及愿意面对它。)”G选项的“ The more you practice”练习的越多，越能战胜焦虑，和上文保持一致。故选G。
第三部分书面表达(共两节，32分)
第一节(共4小题;第40、41小题各2分，第42小题3分，第43小题5分，共12分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。
Humpback whales (座头鲸)are among the world’s most endangered whales. The main threats humpback whales face are strikes from ships and getting caught in fishing and waste equipment. Recently, scientists have developed a technology-powered mapping tool to prevent ships from hitting whales in areas off America’s west coast. The system is called Whale Safe. It uses equipment placed in the ocean to identify the presence of whales in the surrounding area.
Whale Safe was recently launched to the north in San Francisco Bay. There is a problem in the bay with ships hitting whales. Wildlife officials reported that a humpback whale washed ashore in the San Francisco Bay with injuries suggesting the animal was killed in a ship strike. It was the fifth whale to be killed by a ship strike in the area in 2022. However, the actual number of whales killed by ships is likely much higher because the bodies of the dead animals are rarely discovered.
The system uses three methods to identify and protect several different whale species. First, it uses flotation devices — known as buoys (浮标) — to record sounds the whales make. Second, it uses computer model s to process current and historical ocean data to pre dict where the whales are most likely to be. Third, it permits trained observers and citizens to report whale sightings through a mobile app. The tool also records shipping activity and ship speeds. The collected data isthen sent by satellite to scientists who examine it and seek to provide guidance to ship operators.
The Whale Safe project is supported by the Marine Mammal Center and the Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory. Officials from the Marine Mammal Center say they have plans to expand the system to other areas where whales face a high risk of being hit by ships. “The system combines the latest technology with thoughtful conservation efforts to create a solution to reduce risk to whales. This is where technology meets Mother Nature for the benefit of marine life,” said Jeff Boehm, a leader of the Marine Mammal Center.
40. What is the new tool intended for?
______________________________________________________________________
41. Why was Whale Safe recently launched to the north in San Francisco Bay?
______________________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The system collected data by buoys, computer models and trained observers and citizens, then sent data to ship operators.
______________________________________________________________________
43. What suggestions could you give on protecting marine animals (海洋动物)?(In about 40 words)
______________________________________________________________________
【答案】40. The new tool is intended for preventing ships from hitting whales/protecting whales from ship strikes. /Preventing ships from hitting whales/protecting whales from ship strikes.
41. Because there is a problem in the bay with ships hitting whales.
42. The system collected data by buoys computer models and trained observers and citizens, then sent data to ship operators.
According to the passage, the collected data is then sent by satellite to scientists who examine it and seek to provide guidance to ship operators.
43. We should reduce overfishing, reduce plastic pollution and ban the fishing of endangered species.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家们开发了一种名为“鲸鱼安全”的技术驱动的测绘工具，以防止船只在美国西海岸附近海域撞击鲸鱼。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第一段中“Recently, scientists have developed a technology-powered mapping tool to prevent ships from hitting whales in areas off America’s west coast.(最近，科学家们开发了一种技术驱动的测绘工具，以防止船只在美国西海岸附近海域撞击鲸鱼)”可知，新工具的目的是防止船只在美国西海岸附近海域撞击鲸鱼。故答案为The new tool is intended for preventing ships from hitting whales/protecting whales from ship strikes. /Preventing ships from hitting whales/protecting whales from ship strikes.
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第二段“Whale Safe was recently launched to the north in San Francisco Bay. There is a problem in the bay with ships hitting whales.(鲸鱼安全组织最近在旧金山湾北部启动。海湾里有船只撞鲸鱼的问题)”可知，Whale Safe在旧金山湾北部下水，是因为海湾里有船只撞鲸鱼的问题。故回答案为Because there is a problem in the bay with ships hitting whales.
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第三段“The system uses three methods to identify and protect several different whale species. First, it uses flotation devices — known as buoys (浮标) — to record sounds the whales make. Second, it uses computer model s to process current and historical ocean data to pre dict where the whales are most likely to be. Third, it permits trained observers and citizens to report whale sightings through a mobile app. The tool also records shipping activity and ship speeds. The collected data isthen sent by satellite to scientists who examine it and seek to provide guidance to ship operators.(该系统使用三种方法来识别和保护几种不同的鲸鱼物种。首先，它使用被称为浮标的漂浮装置来记录鲸鱼发出的声音。其次，它使用计算机模型来处理当前和历史海洋数据，以预测鲸鱼最有可能出现的地方。第三，它允许训练有素的观察员和公民通过移动应用程序报告看到的鲸鱼。该工具还记录航运活动和船舶速度。然后，收集到的数据通过卫星发送给科学家，由他们进行检查，并试图为船舶操作员提供指导)”中所给描述“The system collected data by buoys, computer models and trained observers and citizens, then sent data to ship operators.(该系统通过浮标、计算机模型以及训练有素的观察员和公民收集数据，然后将数据发送给船舶运营商)”可知，错误部分是“then sent data to ship operators”，应是收集到的数据通过卫星发送给科学家，由他们进行检查，并试图为船舶操作员提供指导。故答案为The system collected data by buoys, computer models and trained observers and citizens, then sent data to ship operators. According to the passage, the collected data is then sent by satellite to scientists who examine it and seek to provide guidance to ship operators.
【43题详解】
开放性问题。言之有理，注意词数限制。例如，为了保护海洋动物，我们应该减少过度捕捞，减少塑料污染以及禁止捕捞濒危物种。故答案为We should reduce overfishing, reduce plastic pollution and ban the fishing of endangered species.
第二节(20分)
44. 假如你是李华,你的美国朋友David上个月在杭州旅游期间品尝了西湖龙井茶,对中国茶文化表现出了非常浓厚的兴趣。回国后他发来邮件,希望你介绍中国茶文化, 请你写一份邮件,内容主要包括:
1.中国茶文化历史悠久、茶叶种类丰富;
2.茶在中国人生活中的重要性;
3.希望世界上有更多的人品尝中国茶,了解中国文化。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可适当发挥想象,增加细节,以使行文连贯。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear David,
I am very glad to learn that you are very fond of Chinese tea. I am pleased to introduce something about Chinese tea culture to you.
Chinese tea has a very long history, and it has been very popular since ancient times. As an important part of our country’s cultural heritage, Chinese tea has various kinds and flavors, such as green tea, black tea and white tea, of which Pu'er and Longjing are the most famous, and there are many tea houses in which people get together to get relaxed.
I hope more and more friends all over the world like Chinese tea and learn about Chinese culture.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求写一封信。
【详解】第1步：根据提示可知，本篇为一封信件；假如你是李华，你的美国朋友David上个月在杭州旅游期间品尝了西湖龙井茶，对中国茶文化表现出了非常浓厚的兴趣。回国后他发来邮件，希望你介绍中国茶文化，请你写一份邮件，内容主要包括：1.中国茶文化历史悠久、茶叶种类丰富；2.茶在中国人生活中的重要性；
3.希望世界上有更多的人品尝中国茶，了解中国文化。人称使用第三人称。时态应为一般现在时。
第2步：根据写作要求，确定关键词（组），如：be fond of（喜欢），Chinese tea culture（中国茶文化），have a very long history（历史悠久），various kinds and flavors（茶叶种类丰富）等。
第3步：根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第4步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【点睛】范文内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式，如宾语从句I am very glad to learn that you are very fond of Chinese tea.介词加关系代词引导的定语从句As an important part of our country’s cultural heritage, Chinese tea has various kinds and flavors, such as green tea, black tea and white tea, of which Pu'er and Longjing are the most famous, and there are many tea houses in which people get together to get relaxed.另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
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