【暑假高三预备】新高考地区英语高二（升高三）暑假专项-第11讲 名词性从句 讲学案

第11讲 名词性从句讲与练

【学习目标】

1．了解名词性从句的几种类型。

2．正确识别并运用名词性从句。

【基础知识】

考点一 名词性从句的不同类型及其结构

名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，它是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。

1．主语从句

①That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.

这么长时间以来我听到的最好的消息就是你要来伦敦。

②What matters most in learning English is enough practice.

学习英语最重要的是足够的训练。

③It is none of your business what other people think about you. Believe yourself.

其他人怎么认为你，不关你的事，你尽管相信你自己。

④It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.

显而易见，学生应该为他们的未来做好充分准备。

[归纳]　主语从句的结构：

(1)(连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他)＋主句谓语＋其他。

(2)It(形式主语)＋主句谓语＋其他＋(连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他)。

2．宾语从句

①I'm afraid (that) I can't accept your invitation.

恐怕我不能接受你的邀请。

②Tom is a nice boy except that he is sometimes late for school.

汤姆除了有时候上学迟到外，是个很不错的男孩。

③I find it necessary that we should spend more time practising spoken English.

我发现花更多时间练习英语口语是必要的。

④I don't think that you should go abroad in the future.

我认为你将来不应该出国。

[归纳]　宾语从句的结构：

(1)及物动词(短语)/介词＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。

(2)及物动词＋it＋宾补＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。

(3)表示情感的形容词＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。

3．表语从句

①My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning.

我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。

②The reason for his absence is that his daughter suddenly fell ill.

他缺席的原因是他的女儿突然病了。

③As is known to us, China is no longer what she used to be.

众所周知，中国再也不是从前的样子了。

④One reason for her preference for city life is that she can have easy access to places like stores and restaurants.

她偏爱城市生活的一个原因是她可以很方便地进入像商店和饭店这样的地方。

[归纳]　表语从句的结构：

系动词＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。

4．同位语从句

①They made an official request that the meeting be postphoned.

他们已经正式请求将会议推迟。

②The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.

我们是否应该继续做实验的问题已经解决了。

③I have no idea when he will come back.

我不知道他将何时回来。

④I made a promise to myself that this year, my third year in Senior school, would be different.

我向自己保证：今年——我高中的第三年——将会是不同的一年。

[归纳]　同位语从句的结构：,名词＋连接词＋从句主语＋从句谓语＋其他。

[注意]　不难发现，同位语从句的结构与定语从句的结构极其相似，但同位语从句是对前面的表示抽象概念的名词的内容作进一步地解释说明，而定语从句是对前面的名词进行修饰、限制。

同位语从句常放在feeling， news， doubt， problem， promise， idea等名词后，而定语从句不受此限制。

试比较：

The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school. (同位语从句；that从句是对news内容的具体解释说明；that不作成分)

他们赢得比赛的消息很快传遍了整个学校。

The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing.(定语从句；that从句对news进行修饰限定；that在从句中作宾语，故可省略)

你昨天告诉我的消息真的令人失望。

考点二 名词性从句的连接词

名词性从句的常见连接词有：that, whether, what, which, who, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, when, where, why, how, how many, how much等，根据其在从句中的功能可分为三类：

1．从句中缺少主语或宾语时，选择以下连接词：what(ever), which(ever), who(ever), whom(ever)。通常情况下，which是在语境中提供了范围才会使用，否则，指事物时使用what(ever)。

①What was most important to her, she told me, was her family.(主语从句，what在从句中作主语)

她告诉我，对她来说最重要的是她的家人。

②The employers often give the job to whoever they believe has work experience with a strong sense of duty.(宾语从句，whoever在从句中作主语)

雇主们经常会把工作给他们认为有工作经验并且有强烈责任感的人。

③Whichever book he bought would be paid for.

无论他买了哪一本书，都要付款。

2．从句中不缺少主语或宾语，而是缺少状语成分，此时则用when, where, why, how, how many/much等带有语义的连接词。

①Some students even have no idea  why they are studying, so they waste much time playing.(同位语从句，缺语义，连接词在从句中作原因状语)

一些学生甚至都不知道为什么学习，所以他们浪费很多时间玩儿。

②She always thinks of how she can work well. (宾语从句，缺语义，连接词在从句中作状语)

她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。

③Where the English evening will be held hasn't yet been announced. (主语从句，缺语义，连接词在从句中作状语)

英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。

3．从句中既不缺少成分，又语义完整，则用连接词that。

①It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. (主语从句，不缺成分和语义)

已经决定将会议推迟到下周一。

②He gave us a suggestion that we should practise speaking English in class. (同位语从句，不缺成分和语义)

他建议我们在课堂上练习说英语。

③Tom has admired my daughter for a long time, but the question is that she doesn't love him at all.(表语从句，that不作任何成分，无语义，只起连接作用)

汤姆已经爱慕我女儿很久了，然而问题是我女儿一点也不爱他。

4．whether与if的用法

(1)表语从句和同位语从句常用whether引导，不用if；当主语从句放于句首时，也常用whether引导，不用if；当it作形式主语，主语从句放在后面时用whether或if引导均可，但是如果被后置的主语从句中含有表选择意义的or时，必须用whether；与or not直接连用时，也必须用whether。

①Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.(主语从句放于句首)

是否要开会仍然是个问题。

→The problem is whether the meeting will be held.(表语从句)

问题是是否将举行会议。

→I have no idea whether the meeting will be held.(同位语从句)

我不知道是否将举行会议。

②It is doubtful whether/if he will come here.(主语从句放于句末)

他是否要来这儿还令人怀疑。

③It makes no difference whether he comes or not.

他来不来无关紧要。

(2)whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，在口语或间接引语中两者可以互换使用，但在有些情况下，whether和if的用法有一定的区别。

a．在及物动词后

(×)I don't care whether he doesn't come.(whether从句中不能用否定式)

(√)I don't care whether he comes or not.

(√)I don't care whether or not he comes.

(×)I don't care if or not he comes.(if不与or not直接连用)

(√)I don't know whether to go there.(whether＋to do)

b．在介词后

在介词后常用whether，不用if。

④It depends on whether you can do the work well.

那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。

考点三 名词性从句的疑难点

1．that不可省略的情况

(1)that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时，that不可省略。

①That he failed in the exam made his parents disappointed.

他考试不及格，这使他父母很失望。

(2)that引导表语从句或同位语从句时，一般不可省略。

②The truth is that I didn't go there.

事实是我没有去那里。

③The news that our team has won is true.

我们队赢了的消息是真的。

(3)当that引导的从句作介词的宾语时，that通常不能省略。

④They share little in common except that they are from the same country.

除了来自同一个国家之外，他们几乎没有共同点。

(4)当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他的that不可省略。

⑤I believe (that) you've done your best and that things will get better.

我相信你已经尽力了，而且情况会好起来的。

(5)当it作形式宾语时，在that引导的宾语从句中，that也不可省略。

⑥He has made it clear that he will not give in.

他不会屈服的，他已经表明了这一点。

(6)当that引导的宾语从句与主句谓语动词之间有插入语或与从句主语之间有插入语时，that通常不可省略。

⑦He announced, believe it or not, that he would never forgive her.

信不信由你，他宣布他绝不会原谅她。

2．wh­ever和no matter wh­的区别

wh­ever既可以引导名词性从句，又可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter wh­只能引导让步状语从句。

①I will give this dictionary to whoever  wins the first prize in the English contest.(宾语从句)

我将把这本字典赠给在英语竞赛中获得一等奖的人。

②Whoever/No matter who wins the first prize in the English contest, I will give this dictionary to him.(状语从句)

不管谁在英语竞赛中获得一等奖，我都会把这本字典赠给他。

3．表示“要求，建议，命令；坚持”的词后跟名词性从句时，从句中的谓语动词用“should＋do”，其中should可以省略

①The boss ordered that the task (should) be completed by noon.(宾语从句)

老板命令(我们)在中午之前完成任务。

②The doctor's advice is that I (should) rest more and drink more.(表语从句)

医生建议我多休息、多喝水。

③It was proposed that this matter (should) be discussed at the next meeting.(主语从句)

有人提议这事在下次会议上讨论。

④The boss refused the demand that she (should) do the work alone.(同位语从句)

老板拒绝了她单独做那项工作的请求。

4．宾语从句的时态

(1)主句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。

①He says that he studies at school from Monday to Friday.

他说他从周一至周五都在学校学习。

②I know that she didn't tell you that she would go to America next month.

我知道她没有告诉你她下个月要去美国。

③He will tell us what happened to him during our absence.

他会告诉我们，我们不在期间他出了什么事。

(2)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，从句的谓语动词通常用相应的过去时。

④The boy said that there were no classes on Sunday afternoon.

那个男孩说周日下午没有课。

⑤My Chinese teacher asked me if I was reading the book Red and Black when he came in.

我的语文老师问我他进来时我是否在读《红与黑》这本书。

(3)如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管主句的谓语动词是何种时态，从句都要用一般现在时。

⑥As a child, I was told that the moon has no light of its own. I didn't believe it.

孩提时，人们告诉我月亮自身不会发光，我不相信。

5．as if/as though, because, why也可引导表语从句。

①It looked as if it was going to rain.

看起来天好像要下雨。

②That's because he didn't work hard enough.

那是因为他不够努力工作。

③That was why I asked for three days' leave.

那就是为什么我请了三天假。

[注意]　because引导表语从句时，主句主语不能是reason或cause，而且since和as不能引导表语从句。

【考点剖析】

考点一　连接代词或连接副词的误用

(1)【误】Sarah hopes to become a friend of who shares her interests.

【正】Sarah hopes to become a friend of whoever shares her interests.

[解析]　从句shares her interests缺少主语，此处表述“无论谁”，故用whoever引导宾语从句，并作从句主语。

(2)【误】The road is covered with snow. I can't understand how they insist on going by motorbike.

【正】The road is covered with snow. I can't understand why they insist on going by motorbike.

[解析]　句意：路上有积雪。我不理解他们为何坚持骑摩托车去。根据句意可知用why引导宾语从句。

[注意]　造成以上错误主要是因为对句意理解不到位。实际上，英语试题要做出正确的选择，对语意语境的理解是前提，因此在平时训练时，一定要多加注意。

考点二　名词性从句中that与what的误用

(1)【误】That caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

【正】What caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

[解析]　主语从句缺少主语，语意为“什么”，故用what引导主语从句，并作从句的主语。句意：什么原因导致了这次事故仍完全是一个谜。

(2)【误】Before the sales start, I make a list of that my kids will need for the coming season.

【正】Before the sales start, I make a list of what my kids will need for the coming season.

[分析]　宾语从句中谓语need缺少宾语，且在句中意为“……的事物(东西)”，故用what引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。

[注意]　造成以上错误主要是因为对that和what的语法功能区别不清。其区别如下：

that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在从句中要充当一定的句子成分。试比较：

It's a shame that he has made such a mistake.

很遗憾他犯了这样一个错误。

I will do what I can do to help him.

我将尽力帮他。

考点三　从属连词that/whether/if的误用

(1)【误】What the doctors really doubt is that my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

【正】What the doctors really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

[解析]　根据doubt一词可知，不确定的应是“是否”能很快恢复过来，故应用whether。

(2)【误】At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see when it got any better.

【正】At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see if/whether it got any better.

[解析]　根据句意“起初他讨厌这个新工作，但决定给自己几个月时间看看是否能感觉好点”可知，用whether/if引导宾语从句。

(3)【误】It is doubtful that the work can be completed on time.

【正】It is doubtful whether/if the work can be completed on time.

[解析]　在主语从句、同位语从句和表语从句中，要使用whether表示“是否”；当主语从句放在句末时，用whether或if引导均可。

[注意]　以上错误主要是因对whether和if的用法以及它们之间的区别认识不清，应加强对考点二第4点的学习。

误区四　同位语从句和定语从句的误用

(1)【误】Information has been put forward when more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities this year.

【正】Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities this year.

[解析]　此句中含有一个被分隔开的同位语从句，说明句子主语information的内容，从句成分和句意完整，用that引导同位语从句。

(2)【误】The fact which this country spends more on its military  than on education and health care combined is a serious and worrying thought.

【正】The fact that this country spends more on its military than on education and health care combined is a serious and worrying thought.

[解析]　从句句意完整，因此不是定语从句，故不能使用which。此处是that连接的一个同位语从句，具体解释说明fact的内容而非修饰限定。

(3)【误】We haven't yet settled the question that we are going to spend our honeymoon.

【正】We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our honeymoon.

[解析]　question后的从句是对question具体内容的陈述而非限定，故应为同位语从句而非定语从句。

[注意]　造成以上错误是因为没有确切弄清楚同位语从句和定语从句中引导词的功能和作用，下面就这两种从句的区别举例加以说明：

(1)同位语从句中的连接词that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句子成分；而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中作宾语或主语，与先行词有修饰关系。如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连接词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在一些具有抽象意义的名词后，解释说明名词的含义或内容，如以下名词：news， fact， suggestion， truth， plan， belief， doubt， possibility， idea等，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。试比较：

They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again.(同位语从句)

他们表示希望再次来访问中国。

The hope that they expressed is that they would come to visit China again.(定语从句)

他们表达的希望是再次来访问中国。

(2)when和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则为同位语从句。

This is the place where the accident happened.(定语从句)

这是发生那起事故的地方。

I have no idea when she will be back.(同位语从句)

我不知道她什么时候回来。

【真题演练】

1．(2020·江苏高考)It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time.

【答案】whether

【解析】本句考查主语从句，句意：我们是否会赢得这场战斗并不是一个问题，只是时间的问题。

2．(2020·天津高考)The student completed this experiment to make come true ________ Professor Joseph had said.

【答案】what

【解析】考查名词性从句，句意：这个学生完成了这个实验是为了使Professor Joseph所说的成真。

3．(2020·浙江高考)Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on ________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild,  and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.

【答案】what

【解析】考查宾语从句，从句中缺少主语。句意：几千年来，他们开始不再那么依赖从野外猎杀的食物，而是更多地依赖他们自己饲养的动物和自己种植的农作物。

4.(2018·北京高考)Without his support, we wouldn't be ________ we are now.

【答案】where 

【解析】考查表语从句，从句中缺少表语，句意：如果没有他的支持的话，我们不可能是现在的样子。

5．(2018·江苏高考)By boat is the only way to get here, which is ________ we arrived.

【答案】how

【解析】考查表语从句，句意：乘船是到达那里的唯一方式，这就是我们到达的方式。

名词性从句解题两步法

第1步　判断是否属于名词性从句

①若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那设空处考虑填关系词或从属连词，否则，句子结构就不完整。

②根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确定是并列句还是某种主从复合句。

第2步　根据名词性从句中所缺成分来确定连接词

若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，用连接代词；若缺少状语就用连接副词；如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if；如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。

【过关检测】

1.If you take a look around your kitchen or office, chances are ______ you’ll notice that you are surrounded by plastic water bottles, take-out cups, plastic grocery bags and food packages.

【答案】that

【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：如果你看看你的厨房或办公室，很有可能你会注意到你周围都是塑料水瓶、外卖杯、塑料购物袋和食品包装袋。结合句意表示“很有可能……”句型为chances are that…，that引导标语从句。故填that。

2.I found this extremely impressive since he hadn't asked me _____ I had come to see him.

【答案】why

【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：我觉得这非常令人印象深刻，因为他还没有问过我为什么来见他。在宾语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，且根据asked可知，此处是指询问“我”为什么来见他，所以应用连接副词why。故填why。

3.Well-made, long-lasting clothing is________ we should buy and wear.

【答案】what

【解析】考查表语从句。句意：我们应该购买和穿质量好，耐穿的衣物。分析句子可知，此处为表语从句，从句中的buy 和wear缺少宾语，故用连接代词what。

4.The book is of great help to ______ wants to do the job.

A. who B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoever

【答案】D

【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：这本书对任何想做这项工作的人都有很大的帮助。根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处单词引导的句子作介词to的宾语，句子为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，指人，表示“无论谁”，故应用whoever引导从句，who不符合语境，whomever应在从句中作宾语，no matter who只能引导让步状语从句，不用来引导宾语从句。故选D项。

5.I always read newspapers backwards because the back pages are ______ the sport is.

A. that B. where C. how D. what .

【答案】B

【解析】考察名词性从句。句意：我总是倒着看报纸，因为报纸的后页是关于运动的。分析句子可知，表语从句“______ the sport is”中缺少地点状语，故选B。

6.We've got a couple of participants in the team. The problem is      can complete this challenging task.

A. which B. what C. who D. that

【答案】C

【解析】考查表语从句。句意：我们队里有几个人。问题是谁能完成这项具有挑战性的任务。分析句子结构，可知空格位于be 动词之后为表语从句，从句中缺少连接词作主语，此处表示人，用who引导该从句。故选C。

7.Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and________ it is rough or smooth.

A. who B. whether C. bow D. what

【答案】B

【解析】考查宾语从句连接词。句意：大象有它们自己的方式来辨别物体的形状和是否粗糙或光滑。动词tell后面接两个宾语，一个是宾语the shape of an object，一个是宾语从句________ it is rough or smooth，结合or可知，此处表示“无论是……还是……”，所以用whether…or…引导宾语从句。故选B项。

8.One of the proudest moments in my life is ________ I was rewarded for my courage after saving a drowning child.

A. that B. when C. what D. which

【答案】B

【解析】考查表语从句连接词。句意：我一生中最值得骄傲的时刻之一，是在救了一个溺水儿童后，我的勇气得到了回报。本句为表语从句，从句中缺少时间状语，故用when引导。故选B。

9.______ makes our school famous is ______ more than 90% of the students have been admitted to universities.

A. What; that B. Which; because C. That; what D. What; because

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：使我们学校出名的是，超过90%的学生都被大学录取了。分析可知，句子为“主系表”结构，分别用主语从句和表语从句做相应的句子成分，主语从句中缺主语且表示“什么”的含义，所以用what引导；表语从句中引导词在句中不做任何成分，没有实际意义，所以用that引导。故选A项。

10.________is the most important in life is that we should always be confident about the future.

A. Who B. Which C. That D. What

【答案】D

【解析】

考查主语从句。句意：生活中最重要的是我们总是要对未来充满信心。分析句子可知，空处引导一个主语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，表示“最重要的事情”，应用连接代词what引导。故选D项。

11.Pick yourself up. Courage is doing _______ you are afraid to do.

A. whether B. which C. how D. what

【答案】D

【解析】考查宾语从句连词。句意：振作起来，勇气就是做你害怕做的事。A. whether是否；B. which 哪一个；C. how怎样；D. what什么。根据句意及句子结构可知，Courage is doing后跟宾语从句，而宾语从句中缺少宾语，且意为“......的事情”，应用连接代词what。故选D项。

12.He did not see the film last night. That is _______ he had to help his little sister with her homework.

A. why B. because C. that D. how

【答案】B

【解析】考查表语从句连接词。句意：他昨晚没有看电影。那是因为他得帮他妹妹做作业。A.why 为什么；B.because 因为（表原因）；C.that 那个；D.how 怎样。根据该空前的“That is”可知，这是一个主系表结构，因此，该空后句子是表语从句，根据句意，该从句表示原因，因此，应该用连接词because引导。故选B项。

13.Evolution is the answer to ________ new species of plants and animals come to exist.

A. what B. when C. which D. how

【答案】D

【解析】考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：进化是新的动植物物种如何出现的答案。A. what什么；B. when何时；C. which哪一个；D. how怎么，如何。分析可知空格所在的句子是一个宾语从句，且从句的主干成分完成，故用连接副词，排除A、C两项，根据句意此处指动植物是如何进化出来的，故用连接副词how。故选D。

14.Now that the big fire has been put out, the firefighters are ready to clear away ______ remains of the burnt building and potential dangers.

A. those B. that C. what D. which

【答案】C

【解析】考查宾语从句引导词。句意：现在大火已经被扑灭，消防队员准备清除被烧毁的建筑物的残骸和潜在的危险。介词 away 后接宾语从句，从句缺乏主语，指“什么”，用连接代词what。故选C项。

15.To be honest, I am not the person deserving the honor; it should be given to _____ we think has made the greatest contribution.

A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever

【答案】C

【解析】考查宾语从句连接词。句意：老实说，我不是一个应该得到这个荣誉的人，应该把它送给我们认为作出最大贡献的人。介词to后接宾语从句，而宾语从句 we think has made the greatest contribution其中we think是插入语，可知从句不完整，缺主语成分，意为“无论谁、不管什么人”，用引导词whoever。故选C项。

16.Patience is a good virtue and that’s ______ it takes to do anything well.

A. where B. which C. what D. how

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词性从句引导词。句意：耐心是一种美德，这是做好任何事情所需要的。分析句子可知，空格处引导表语从句，结合句意，应用连接代词what引导从句，在从句中作动词takes的宾语，意为“……的事物”，符合句意。故选C项。

17.Have you asked him ____he is going to the party tonight with us?

A. which B. whether C. what D. that

【答案】B

【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：你问过他今晚是否和我们一起去参加聚会了吗？此处为宾语从句，从句中不缺少成分，表示“是否”应用whether或if。故选B。

18.The science competition is a good opportunity to show students ______ creativity can add new value to their school life.

A. where B. whose C. when D. how

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：科学竞赛是一个展示学生创造力如何为学校生活增添新价值的好机会。分析句子可知，本题考查宾语从句，从句中缺少方式状语，所以用how引导。故选D。

19.---I called your office at about ten this morning, but there was no reply．

---Oh, that was probably __________ I was paying a visit to a friend in hospital．

A. when B. why C. what D. that

【答案】A

【解析】考查表语从句。句意：—我今天早上十点左右给你办公室打电话，但没有人接。—哦，那可能是我去看望住院的朋友的时候。A.when ……时候；B.why 为什么；C.what 什么；D.that那……。分析句子结构结合句意可知，空处引导一个表语从句，表示“……的时候”，故选A项。

20.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ______ others actually understand.

A. why B. that C. which D. what

【答案】D

【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：你本来想通过一些话语传达的信息，可能让其他人听起来是相反的含义。what在名词性从句中做主语或宾语。根据介词后是名词性从句，而且从句中动词缺少宾语， 故选D。