备战2023年高考英语-考情分析原创新题预测——阅读理解（社会热点+科普）
展开阅读理解（社会热点+科普）
一、考情分析
◎政策文件
2014年4月8日教育部《关于全面深化课程改革落实立德树人根本任务的意见》中指出“要增强时代性，充分体现先进的教育思想和教育理念，根据社会发展新变化、科技进步新成果，及时更新教学内容。”
2019年11月22日教育部《关于加强和改进中小学实验教学的意见》中指出“拓展创新，不断将科技前沿知识和最新技术成果融入实验教学，丰富内容，改进方式；注重实效，强化学生实践操作、情境体验、探索求知、亲身感悟和创新创造，着力提升学生的观察能力、动手实践能力、创造性思维能力和团队合作能力，培育学生的兴趣爱好、创新精神、科学素养和意志品质。”
◎真题分析
实验研究型科普文在高考中考查频次为全国卷6年8考，新高考3年3考。近6年主要考查了对动植物的实验研究，对某个社会现象或社会需求的研究。
介绍说明型科普文在高考中考查频次为全国卷6年7考，新高考3年2考。近6年主要考查了介绍新发明，新科研项目和旧事物的新应用三种。
社会现象类论说文在高考中的考查方向主要有：说明文和议论文。说明文在高考中考查频次为全国卷6年7考，议论文为全国卷6年1考，新高考3年1考。
◎2023备考
实验研究型科普文虽然长难句多，涉及专业术语，但通常先引出实验主题，再介绍实验过程、实验结果、实验结论、实验原理，最后介绍实验的指导意义及未来的研究方向，而且命题点也有特定的规律。了解此类语篇的行文逻辑和命题点后，学生在阅读文章时，可以有重点地进行阅读。此外，文章标题是此话题的高频考点，且这类题常可通过文章首尾段进行解题。
介绍说明型科普文内容抽象复杂，长难句多，还会涉及一些专业术语，学生理解起来会比较晦涩，但一般来说，行文逻辑比较相似，而且命题点常常是特定的一些信息。因此，解答此类语篇的关键在于掌握行文逻辑及命题点，有重点地进行寻读或跳读。
社会现象类论说文多以分析某一社会现象的利弊或某一社会问题标准的演变为主，通常会提出一个问题/现象，接着摆出论点，进行论证、最后得出结论。社会现象类论说文常会使用举例子、列数字等手法，且设题点也有规律可循，写作手法处经常会被命题。因此，熟悉文章的行文逻辑和设题点是解题的关键。此外，社会现象议论文的结论处常会涉及主旨题，因此，考生阅读文章时，除了有重点的阅读外，需要注意尾段的内容。
二、腾远原创新题
◎试题呈现
A
Eager for a quick escape from busy city life, more and more people are beginning to grow their own vegetables in the countryside. In recent years, shared vegetable plots have been shooting in some suburban districts of Shanghai as more white-collar workers turn to farming to unwind and escape the pressures of city life.
Among these individuals is Yang Rui, who, on weekends, drives his family from their home in downtown Shanghai to the All-Happy City, a shared ecological farm in Minhang, where he has rented a 20-square-meter vegetable plot for 1,600 yuan per year. The family tends radish, lettuce and other vegetables they have planted. When they aren’t around during the week, professionals on farm perform whatever chores are needed.
Founded by Chen Yougui, this farm has about 200 members, some of whom even raise chickens and ducks in the fields. According to Chen, the monitoring system covering the entire farmland allows members to view their vegetables and fields remotely through their phones. The farm also uses technology to ensure that the chickens and ducks don’t go missing or end up in someone else’s plot. To strengthen interactions between customers, Chen has made sure that the farming plots are located near one another. “This way, farming enthusiasts can share not just their experience with like-minded peers but their crops, too,’ says Chen.
Confident that the farming trend will only pick up, Chen is now planning to open four more farms in Shanghai this year. The farms, he adds, will be located only about 30 minutes from the city center. “When I was working at State-owned enterprises, my colleagues, friends and relatives would always discuss food quality and talk about how much they like organic produce. More people are paying attention to their health,” says Chen. “This has in part made farming popular because people can see for themselves where their vegetables come from and be assured of the quality.”
1. Why are more white-collar workers going to the countryside to work on farming?
A. To relieve stress.
B. To keep healthy diet.
C. To save some money.
D. To enjoy a good holiday.
2. What do we know about Yang Rui?
A. He pays the farm 1,600 yuan per month.
B. He cares for his vegetables on weekends.
C. He raises some chickens and ducks in the fields.
D. His family help him do farm work on weekdays.
3. Which word best describes the management methods of Chen Yougui’s farm?
A. Particular. B. Amusing.
C. Modernized. D. Economical.
4. What can be inferred from Chen’s future plan?
A. Urban farming is a growing trend.
B. Organic farming is increasingly popular.
C. The quality of food draw people’s attention.
D. People are aware of the importance of health.
B
Some fish can recognize their own faces in photos and mirrors, an ability usually attributed to humans and other animals with larger brains, considered particularly brainy, such as chimpanzees, scientists report.
In a new study by Kohda, an animal sociologist of Osaka Metropolitan University in Japan, cleaner fish that passed the mirror test were then able to distinguish their own faces from those of other cleaner fish in still photographs. This suggests that the fish identify themselves the same way humans are thought to — by forming a mental image of one’s face.
In their first mirror test studies, Kohda’s team exposed wild-caught cleaner fish in separate tanks to mirrors for a week. The researchers then injected brown dye just beneath the scales on the fish’s throats, making a mark that resembles the parasites (寄生虫) these fish eat off the skin of larger fish in the wild. When the marked fish saw themselves in a mirror, they began striking their throats on rocks or sand in the bottom of the tank, apparently trying to remove the marks.
In the new study, 10 fish that passed the mirror test were then shown a photo of their own face and a photo of an unfamiliar cleaner fish face. All the fish acted aggressively toward the unfamiliar photo, as if it were a stranger, but were not aggressive toward the photo of their own face. When another eight fish that had spent a week with a mirror but had not previously been marked were shown a photo of their own face with a brown mark on the throat, six of them began scraping their throats just like the fish that passed the mirror test. But they did not scrape when shown a photo of another fish with a mark.
Kohda’s lab has more experiments planned to continue to figure out what’s going on in the brain of the cleaner fish.
1. How can identify themselves?
A. By getting the instructions by humans.
B. By being trained over and over again.
C. By comparing themselves with others.
D. By developing a mental image of their face.
2. Why did the marked fish strike their throats on rocks?
A. To reduce the pain.
B. To kill the parasites.
C. To get rid of the marks.
D. To draw researchers’ attention.
3. What does Kohda plan to find out about the cleaner fish in the further tests?
A. What is going on in their brains.
B. Why they act aggressively to a stranger.
C. How they pick out the familiar photos.
D. Whether they are as intelligent as larger animals.
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. People Have to Rethink a Usual Assumption
B. Fish can Recognize Themselves in Photos
C. New Studies Prove the Intelligence of Fish
D. Researchers Make a New Discovery
◎答案解析
A
【主旨大意】本文是一篇新闻报道类的说明文。文章主要讲述近年来，随着越来越多的白领转向务农，以缓解城市生活的压力，上海一些郊区开始出现共享菜地。文章旨在说明越来越多的人们回归自然健康的生活方式，从农业生产劳动中体验生活的快乐。
1. A【考查点】考查考生识别和理解具体信息。
【解析】本题问及为什么越来越多的白领去农村务农。根据题干中的关键词“white-collar workers”，可将解题线索定位到第一段第二句话“...more white-collar workers turn to farming to unwind and escape the pressures of city life.”越来越多的白领转向务农，以缓解城市生活的压力。对比选项知选A。
2. B【考查点】考查考生识别和理解具体信息。
【解析】本题问及关于Yang Rui我们能了解到什么。根据题干中的关键词“Yang Rui”，可将解题线索定位到第二段。第二段讲述了Yang Rui在周末开车带着家人从上海市中心的家来到闵行的共享生态农场All Happy City，在那里他以每年1600元的价格租下了一块20平方米的菜地，一家人照料他们种植的萝卜、生菜和其他蔬菜，当他们一周不在的时候，农场里的专业人员会做任何需要的杂活。对比选项知选B。
3. C【考查点】考查学生根据文中的信息进行归纳概括和推理。
【解析】本题问及哪个词最能描述Chen Yougui农场的管理方法。根据题干中的关键词“Chen Yougui’s farm”,可将解题线索定位到第三段第二、三句话“According to Chen, the monitoring system covering the entire farmland allows members to view their vegetables and fields remotely through their phones. The farm also uses technology to ensure that the chickens and ducks don’t go missing or end up in someone else’s plot.”可知在Chen的农场覆盖整个农田的监控系统允许成员通过手机远程查看他们的蔬菜和田地，农场还使用技术来确保鸡和鸭不会失踪或落入他人的田地。可以判断出Chen采用现在化的农场管理模式。对比选项知选C。
4. A【考查点】考查考生根据文中的信息作出判断和推理。
【解析】本题问及从Chen的未来计划可以推断出什么。根据题干中的关键词“Chen”以及“plan”可将解题线索定位到最后一段第一句话“Confident that the farming trend will only pick up, Chen is now planning to open four more farms in Shanghai this year. ”Chen相信农业趋势只会好转，他计划今年在上海再开四家农场。可以推断出城市农业是一种日益增长的趋势。对比选项知选A。
B
【主旨大意】本文是一篇科普类的说明文。文章主要讲述科学家的一项研究成果：一些鱼类可以在照片和镜子中识别自己的脸，这一能力通常归因于人类和其他大脑较大的特别聪明的动物。文章旨在说明科学研究可以揭开人们过去的一些认知上的局限和偏见，鼓励研究者从事更多的研究去揭开人类更多未知的东西。
1. D【考查点】考查考生识别和理解具体信息。
【解析】本题问及鱼如何识别自己。根据第二段最后一句话“This suggests that the fish identify themselves the same way humans are thought to — by forming a mental image of one’s face.”可知，鱼的自我识别方式与人类的认知方式相同——通过在脑海中形成脸的图像。对比选项知选D。
2. C【考查点】考查考生识别和理解具体信息。
【解析】本题问及为什么被标记的鱼会把喉咙撞到岩石上。根据题干中的关键词“marked fish”以及“striking their throats on rocks”把解题线索定位到第三段最后一句话“When the marked fish saw themselves in a mirror, they began striking their throats on rocks or sand in the bottom of the tank, apparently trying to remove the marks.”可知，当被标记的鱼在镜子里看到自己时，它们开始用喉咙击打水箱底部的岩石或沙子，显然是想去除标记。对比选项知选C.
