2023届高考英语二轮复习非谓语动词学案

专题五: 非谓语动词

基础知识过关

一、定义及分类

非谓语动词主要指在句中不能充当谓语, 而是充当其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。

二、基本用法

(一)不定式

1. 形式

　　注意:

　　①不定式有两种形式: 带to的不定式及不带to的不定式。

②否定形式not +动词不定式: not (to) do

③不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。

When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.

他进来时, 我碰巧正在桌子旁边读书。

I’m sorry to have broken your glasses.

对不起, 我打碎了你的眼镜。

2. 句法功能

(1)作主语。动词不定式作主语时, 往往用it作形式主语。

It is very important to learn English well.

学好英语很重要。

(2)作宾语。动词不定式作宾语时, 有时用it作形式宾语。

I find it interesting to stay with you.

我发现与你待在一起很有趣。

(3)作表语。

The important thing is to save lives. 救人要紧。

(4)作宾语补足语。

①带to的不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有: advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, want等。

My father encourages me to major in English in college.

我爸爸鼓励我在大学主修英语。

②不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有: have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe等, 但它们变为被动语态时, 不定式的to不能省略。

The boss made the workers do the work all day. (=The workers were made to do the work all day. )

老板迫使工人们整天干活。

③help后接宾语补足语时to可省略也可不省略。

(5)作定语。

He is always the first student to come to school.

他总是第一个到校的学生。

(6)作状语。

不定式作状语, 可表示动作的目的、结果、原因、条件和方式。

①作目的状语时, 常用to do/so as to do/in order to do。

To catch the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.

为了赶上早班航班, 我们提前预订了出租车并很早就起床了。

②作原因状语时, 常和表情绪的形容词连用。

这类形容词有: easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。

We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.

我们惊讶地发现, 这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。

③作结果状语时, 表出乎意料的结果, 常与only, just连用。自然而然的结果状语, 要用现在分词doing。

Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.

汤姆乘出租车去了机场, 结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。

(7)疑问词+不定式。

“疑问词+不定式” 在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。

I find it difficult to decide what to do at the moment.

我发现一时很难决定该做什么。(宾语)

When to start has not been decided. 何时动身还未定。(主语)

(二)动名词

1. 形式

注意:

①否定形式not+动名词结构

②动名词的完成式表示动名词动作发生在谓语动作之前。

He didn’t mention having met me. 他没提见到了我。

2. 句法功能

(1)作主语。

在一些句型中常用doing作真正的主语, 用it作形式主语。

Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting experience.

沿古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次有趣的经历。

It’s no use complaining without taking action.

只抱怨不采取行动是没有用的。

(2)作宾语。

常接doing作宾语的动词有: finish, practice, enjoy, mind, deny, forbid, permit, allow, escape, avoid, appreciate, imagine等。

注意部分动词接doing和to do意思有区别:

I regret to tell you that he didn’t take your application into consideration. 我很遗憾地告诉你他没有考虑你的申请。

I regret making rude comments on your appearance.

我很后悔对你的外表做了粗鲁的评论。

(3)作表语。

My favourite winter sport is skiing.

我最喜欢的冬季运动是滑雪。

(4)作定语。

I’m afraid that you have to smoke in the smoking room.

恐怕你不得不在吸烟室里吸烟。

(三)分词

1. 形式

(1)现在分词形式。

 (2)过去分词形式: done。

注意:

①过去分词的否定形式not+过去分词: not+done

②现在分词的完成式表示现在分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

2. 句法功能

(1)作表语。

现在分词作表语, 用来说明主语的性质和特征, 相当于形容词, 其主语通常是物; 过去分词作表语表示主语的感受或所处的状态。

The news was disappointing. 这个消息令人失望。

We are all disappointed. 我们都感到失望。

(2)作定语。

现在分词作定语表主动或进行; 过去分词作定语表被动或完成。

单个分词作定语, 一般放在被修饰词之前; 分词短语作定语, 通常放在被修饰词之后。

He was very shocked to learn the shocking news that his wife was killed in a traffic accident.

得知他的妻子在交通事故中死亡这一令人震惊的消息时, 他非常震惊。

(3)作状语。

现在分词作状语和句子主语构成主动关系; 过去分词作状语和句子主语构成被动关系。

The students rushed out of the classroom, laughing and talking. 学生们有说有笑地冲出教室。(表伴随)

(4)作宾语补足语。

现在分词与句子中的宾语是主动关系, 它所表示的动作往往正在进行; 过去分词与句子中的宾语是被动关系, 它所表示的动作往往已经完成。

I saw him climbing the fence just now.

我刚才看见他在爬栅栏。

A villager saw the little girl taken away by a middle-aged lady.

一位村民看见这个小女孩被一位中年妇女带走了。

通关训练

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

1. (2019·湖南学业水平考试真题) They try their best __________(protect) the environment.  

2. (2019·湖南学业水平考试真题) Some factories are damaging the environment by __________(pollute) rivers with chemical waste.  

3. (2018·湖南学业水平考试真题) When Coca-Cola was first brought into China in 1928,  it was hard for the company __________(translate) its name.  

4. I still remember __________(visit) a friend who has lived here for five years.  

5. It took him a long time __________(get) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.  

6. Ordinary soap, __________ (use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.  

7. I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph __________(take).  

8. Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time __________(spend)with his students.  

9. __________ (bury) in heavy school work,  most senior three students have no free time to do what they want.  

10. She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant,  __________(wait) to be served.  

Ⅱ. 语法小语段

(1)

　　It is said that a Chinese ruler 1. __________(call) Shen Nong was the first

2. __________(discover) tea as a drink nearly 5, 000 years ago. One day Shen Nong was boiling 3. __________(drink) water. Some leaves from a tea plant fell

4. __________ the water. With a nice smell 5. __________(produce),  one of the world’s favorite drinks was invented.  

(2)

　　I think it is important for children 1. __________(learn) how to help their parents with housework. Too many children depend 2. __________ their parents too much. They’re always asking their parents 3. __________(do) everything for them. But in fact 4. __________(do) housework can teach them how 5. __________(look) after themselves.  

(3)

　　Our town used 1. __________(be) very quiet. But these days something strange is happening in our town. We hear strange noises 2. __________(appear) outside our windows every night. Some people think it could be 3. __________ animal,  and some people think it must be teenagers 4. __________(have) fun. The policemen

5. __________(come) yesterday, but they found nothing.  

(4)

With the homework 1. __________ (finish) last Sunday,  I went to the countryside 2. __________ (see) my grandfather. At about 9,  I set off and arrived at his home after an hour. When 3. __________ (see) me,  he felt very excited and welcomed me warmly. I quickly handed him the fresh fruit 4. __________ (buy) in the supermarket and he gave me some candies. Then he took me to a river nearby and taught me how 5. __________ (catch) fish there. 6. __________ (fix) our attention on fishing,  we almost forgot 7. __________ (have) lunch. It was not long before we caught a lot of fish. 8. __________ (bring) the fish home,  my grandfather cooked some for me. After lunch,  I helped him 9. __________ (clean) the house and he praised me with a big smile. When it was time for me 10. __________ (leave),  my grandfather hugged me and gave me some gifts. It was such a beautiful day that I would remember it forever.  

参考答案

Ⅰ. 1. to protect　2. polluting　3. to translate　4. visiting　5. to get

6. used　7. taken　8. spent

9. Buried　10. waiting

Ⅱ.

(1)

1. called　2. to discover　3. drinking

4. into　5. produced

(2)

1. to learn　2. on　3. to do　4. doing

5. to look

(3)

1. to be　2. appear　3. an　4. having

5. came

(4)

1. finished　2. to see　3. seeing

4. bought　5. to catch　6. Fixing

7. to have　8. Bringing　9. (to) clean　10. to leave