高考英语语法复习学案 非谓语动词


高考英语语法复习学案
非谓语动词


非谓语动词在句中作状语依然是考查重点，但作其他成分近年来也成了测试点，并呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度多样化”的趋势。
高考热点：不定式在句中作目的状语或产生某种情绪的原因状语；分词在句中作时间、伴随、让步等状语；现在分词、过去分词作定语；不定式的时态变化用在固定结构上，如sb. / sth. is ＋ v．－ed to do sth. ; 分词的完成式作原因状语。

要点储备一：非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成
非谓语形式
构成
特征和作用
时态和语态
否定式
复合结构
不定式
to do
to be doing
to have done
to be done
to have been done
在非谓语动词前加not
for sb.to do sth.
具有名词，副词和形容词的作用
在句中作主语、宾语定语、表语、和状语
分词
现在分词
doing having done
being done
having been done

具有副词和形容词的作用
在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语
过去分词
done


动名词
doing
having done
being done
having been done
sb’s doing
具有名词的作用
在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语

要点储备二：作宾语的非谓语动词比较
情况
常用动词(短语)
接不定式作宾语
agree, offer，learn, intend, want, long, plan, demand, ask, promise, help, prepare, decide, determine, refuse, dare, manage, hope, wish, fail, expect, pretend, choose, afford, happen
巧记：同意提出学会打算，要求答应来帮忙。准备决定遭拒绝，敢于设法有希望。未能做到莫假装，选择破釜沉舟当自强
接动名词作宾语
consider, advise/recommend/suggest, look forward to, excuse/pardon, admit, delay/postpone/put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep (on), practise, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, prevent/forbid, imagine, risk, can't help, mind，allow/permit, escape巧记：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
dislike, resist, oppose/be opposed to/object to, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to, come close to, be reduced to
注意：介词的宾语一般用v.－ing，但在介词but, except后需跟不定式作宾语(是否带to可参照 “前do后不to”原则) 试比较：He said nothing but to smoke. He did nothing but smoke.
接
动
名
词
和
不
定
式
作
宾
语
均
可
意义基本相同
begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)
need, want, require, deserve(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式)
意义不同
stop to do sth.(停止去做另一件事)
stop doing sth.(停止正在做的事)
go on to do sth.(接着做另外一件事)
go on doing sth.(接着做同一件事)
remember/forget/regret to do
(指动作尚未发生)
remember/forget/regret doing
(指动作已经发生)
mean to do(打算做，企图做)
mean doing(意识是，意味着)
try to do(设法，努力去做，尽力)
try doing(试试去做，看有何结果)
can't help to do(不能帮忙做)
can't help doing (忍不住要做)
it作形式宾语
find/think/feel/believe/take/consider/make/...＋it＋n./adj.＋to do sth./doing sth.
We consider it our duty to help each other when in trouble.
The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of space.
They consider it a waste of time and money to go on with the project.
The development of science and technology has made it much easier to communicate with each other even if we live apart.
We all find it useless arguing with her about it.
要点储备三：非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别

常见动词(短语)
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念
例句
不定式
ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want，wish, encourage, force, invite, wait for, depend on, call on, long for,
主谓关系，强调动作将发生
They required me not to let out the secret.
I persuaded him to stop smoking.
They long for their holiday to begin.
notice, see，observe, watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel, let, make, have, help (省略不定式符号to)
巧记：宾补省“to”：五看二听一感觉，三个使役紧跟着，一个帮助两均可，如若主动变被动，该to一定要跟着
强调动作将发生或完成
His mum made him repeat his word.

现在
分词
observe，notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel, get, catch, send, leave
主谓关系(主动关系)，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成
I found her listening to the radio.
The girl was caught cheating in the exam.
过去
分词
notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel, get, catch, leave
动宾关系，动作已经完成
We found the village changed.
to be
结构
think, consider, think, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove
宾语与宾补是主谓关系，表宾语的状态或性质
He imagined himself to be an able man. They found the answer to be wrong.
要点储备四：非谓语动词作定语的区别

区别
举例
动名词
通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系
Shall we go to the swimming pool？
不定式
与被修饰词存在动宾关系，一般式表示将来，to do表动作由句中逻辑主语来完成，to be done表与被修饰词为被动关系。一些抽象名词，如chance, ability, ambition, attempt, offer, decision, way等后常用不定式作定语
I have a lot of papers to type. (逻辑主语是I )
The boss has a lot of papers to be typed.(逻辑主语是a lot of papers)
The ability to live by oneself is very important.
现在
分词
与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生；如表被动用being done结构
The topic dealing with housing problems refers to us all.
The topic being discussed now refers to us all.
过去
分词
与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成，也表“被动＋完成”或仅表“完成”
The topic discussed just now referred to us all.
The topic to be discussed tomorrow refers to us all.
要点储备五：非谓语动词作主语和表语的区别

区别
举例
不定式
多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，作主语时可以借助it把不定式移到句子后面，作表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语(dream, purpose, aim, goal, wish, idea, plan, duty, task作主语时，表语常用不定式)
My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important. What we should do is (to) work even harder than before.
动名词
与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it作形式主语，作表语时可以和主语互换位置
It is no use/ no good / usless saying that again.Teaching is my job.
分词
无名词的性质，不能作主语，但是有形容词的性质，可以作表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰
现在分词多含有“令人……”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物，过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到……”之意，主语多为人(常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其－ed形式)
The situation is encouraging.
The book is well written.
要点储备六：不定式与分词作状语时的区别
不
定
式
目的状语
动词不定式作目的状语时，可用in order to do, so as to do，in an attempt to do代替，so as to do不可放句首
She had to work harder in order / so as / in an attempt to catch up with the others.
原因状语
放在表喜怒哀乐等情绪形容词之后
Sorry to hear about your failure in the exam.
结果状语
never to do / to be done表未曾发生
too＋adj./adv. to do sth.(太……以至于不……)
adj./adv. enough to do (足够……)
such＋n.＋as to do /so＋adj./adv.＋as to do sth.(如此……以至于……)
(only) to do sth. / to be done放句子后，表出乎主语意料的、非本意的结果
He left home one day, never to come back/ never to be heard from.
She was too tired to do the work.
He is old enough to join the army.
He hurried to the station, only to be told the train had just left.
Would you be so kind as to help me with the bag？
He is so careful as not to notice the mistake.
分
词
时间、原因、条件、让步状语(可与相对应的状语从句互转)
1. 分词结构可放句首、句中或主句后
2. 表与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般式doing，或进行式being done(很少用)
3. 表比谓语动词先发生，往往与一段时间连用，用分词的完成式 having (been )done
4. 非谓语与主语是主谓关系(主动)，选用分词的主动式doing, having done; 非谓语与主语是动宾关系(被动)，选用分词的被动式done, having been done或being done(可与with结构或与and连接的并列句互转)
Encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in overcoming his shyness. (让步)
Not having made full preparations, we decided to put off the conference. (原因)
(While) waiting for the bus, I caught sight of her. (时间)
(If) given enough time, we could have finished the task. (条件)
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other countries in the world. (原因)
结果状语
往往放主句后，主动用doing，被动用done(可与with结构或与and连接的并列句互转)
He died, leaving his work unfinished.
＝He died, with his work unfinished.
＝He died, and left his work unfinished.
注意：分词或不定式作状语的基本原则：其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，即非谓语动词与句子主语有逻辑上的主动或被动关系，否则一般不能用非谓语动词，只能用完整的状语从句表达相应含义

要点储备七：作插入语的常用非谓语动词结构
to tell you the truth(说老实话)，
to be frank＝to be honest(坦率地说),
to begin/start with(首先)，to be brief(简言之),
to make a long story short(长话短说),
to be exact＝ to be precise(精确地说),
to say nothing of(姑且不说)，
to conclude(总而言之),
to be sure(诚然、固然),
to do him justice(说句对他公道的话)，
so to speak(可以这么说，打个譬喻说)
To tell you the truth, I hate him.
To be frank, I don't agree with what you said.
To begin/start with, I'd like to say something about myself.
To be exact, you are wrong.
generally/honestly/ strictly / frankly speaking
(总的来说/老实说/严格地说/坦率地说)
talking / speaking of...(谈到/提到……)
supposing/suppose/assuming that从句
(假如……)
providing / provided ＋从句(倘若)
Seeing that从句(既然)
judging from/ by...(根据……判断)
considering ＋n./从句＝given＋n./从句(鉴于……；考虑到)
Judging from what he said, he was honest.
Judged as the best football player, he is very popular with young people.
Considering his age ＝ Taking his age into consideration, he has done well enough.
Considered to be interesting, the book sells well.
Given her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her.
Given more care, the tree will grow taller.
Provided/Providing the price is right, we'll buy everything you produce.

要点储备八：独立主格结构
功能
通常作状语，表条件、时间、原因、方式、伴随等
特点
独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，一般不指同一人或同一事，独立存在，但无连词；独立主格结构通常可置于句首，也可以放在句中或句尾
构成
1. n．/pron(主格) ＋

2. with＋
with结构除作状语外，还可作定语
例子
Weather permitting/If weather permits, we will go camping this weekend.
There being no transport last night/Because there was no transport last night, I had to walk home.
The old man sat on the chair, book in hand/with a book in his hand.
Class over/The moment the class was over, the students rushed out of the classroom.
She having been told the truth, we felt greatly relieved.
With so much rubbish to be collected, the street smells terrible.

重点突破遵循七原则
原则一：用作目的状语，原则上用不定式。(句首逗号，句尾无)
原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上用－ing。(常放主句后)
原则三：用作结果状语，可用－ing/ to do，原则区别是：－ing表示一定逻辑的结果，to do 表示非逻辑的结果。(常放主句后)
原则四：凡是有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词。如果动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动形式；如果动作正在进行，则用－ing的被动形式。
原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，原则上其逻辑主语应与主句主语保持一致。
原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，原则上要用完成式(－ing 的完成式或不定式的完成式)。
原则七：名词后作定语，原则上：不定式表示动作尚未发生；－ing表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示动作完成或被动。
总原则：不及物动词或及物动词后有宾语(除双宾动词)，在句中作状语、定语、补语时用主动形式；及物动词无宾语在句中作表语、定语、状语、补语时，常用过去分词短语(关键是能识别及物动词与不及物动词)。

1.【2015·湖南】30.When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, ________ whether to stay or leave.
A. wondering B. wonder C．to wonder D．wondered
【解析】考查非谓语动词。主句的主语she与动词wonder构成逻辑上的主动关系，因此用v.­ing形式作伴随状语，故选A。句意：当那个小职员看到一张善良的面孔泛起皱纹并歉意地一笑时，她像生了根一样站在那儿，不知道是走还是留。
2.【2015·北京】21._____the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
A. Catching. B. Caught. C. To catch. D. Catch
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了赶上早班的飞机，我们提前叫了出租车并且起得很早。这里逻辑主语是we，空中用不定式作目的状语，表示提前交出租车并且早起的目的。故选C。
3.【2015·北京】31.If ___for the job, you’ll be informed soon.
A .to accept B. accept C. accepting D. accepted
【解析】句意：如果录用你了，我们将很快通知你。本句条件状语从句中省略了主语you，与accept构成被动关系，用过去分词accepted。故选D。
4.【2015·重庆】6. ____ in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.
A. Being raised B. Raising C. Raised D. To raise
【解析】句意：他在格拉斯哥最穷的地方长大，要想成为足球明星还有很长的路要走。根据句意可知raise这个动词的主语是he，他在这个地方长大，两者之间是主谓关系，故选C项。
5.【2015·重庆】11. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way____ the sun and the stars.
A. used B. having used C. using D. use
【解析】句意：象古代的水手，鸟能利用太阳和星辰来找到他们的路。Using是伴随状语。 选C。
6.【2015·浙江】18. Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it live is quite another.
A. perform B. performing C. to perform D. being performed
【解析】句意：在家里面听音乐是一回事，去到现场听又是另一回事。hear sb/sth doing 表听到某人某物做某事。由于音乐是被演奏的，所以需要被动，所以选D。分析4个选项知道，答案所使用的是同一个动词，不同的是时态、语态或者是非谓语形式。 A是动词原形，B是非谓语现在分词形式，C是非谓语的不定式，D是非谓语的现在分词被动形式。分析句子结构以及用法，不难知道音乐是被演奏的，所以需要被动，所以选D。
7.【2015·天津】8. ______ for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.
A. To work B. Worked C. To be working D. Having worked
【解析】句意：工作了两天，Steve成功的按时完成了他的报告。句中的逻辑主语为Steve，与work之间为主动关系，故用现在分词，这里用having worked，表示动作的先后性。故选D。
8.【2015·天津】5. ______in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.
A. To absorb B. To be absorbed C. Absorbed D. Absorbing
【解析】句意：全神贯注于绘画中，约翰没有注意到晚上到了。短语be absorbed in全神贯注于，在句中作状语。故选C。
9.【2015·陕西】17. After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on all the people who had helped in her career.
A. to thank B. thanking C. having thanked D. to have thanked
【解析】句意：在获得奥斯卡最佳女配角后，Anne Benedict继续感谢所有帮助她演绎生涯的人。go on to do继续做不同的事情，所以选A。
10.【2015·陕西】18. Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother good care of at home.
A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken
【解析】句意：在非洲医疗援助两年回来后，Dr. Lee很高兴看见妈妈被照顾得很好。his mother和take care of是被动关系，用过去分词做宾语补足语，所以选B。
11.【2015·福建】28._________ more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
A. Learn B. Learned C. To learn D. To be learning
【解析】考查非谓语动词。这里是动词不定式形式的非谓语动词做目的状语。该句意思为：为了更多了解到中国文化，杰克决定选择中国传统音乐作为选修课。故选C
12.【2015·福建】33.In recent years an English word "infosphere" has appeared, _______the sense of “information” and " atmosphere".
A. combine B. combined C. combing D. being combined
【解析】考查非谓语动词。非谓语动词主要有动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词形式。其中现在分词表示主动的关系，而过去分词通常表示被动的关系。根据该句意思：最近几年，一个叫做infosphere的英语单词出现了，结合了“信息”和“气氛”这两个单词。这里的结合与前面新出现的单词的关系是主动的，所以故选C
13.【2015·江苏】24.Much time _____ sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.
A. being spent B. having spent C. spent D. spending
【解析】句意：上班族们坐在办工座前太久，一般会受到健康问题的困扰。分析句子结构可知，分词的逻辑主语和后面主句的主语不一致，应用独立主格结构。分词主语和分词动作之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且动作已完成，故用过去分词。故选C项。
14.【2015·安徽】27.______ the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored

15.【2015·湖南】34.Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students ______ what is bothering them.
A. to talk over B. talked over C．talk over D．having talked over
【解析】句意：有时我充当了倾听同学们谈论烦心事的对象。此处不定式表示目的。故选A。

一、用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. The team, ____________(attempt) to climb the world's second tallest mountain twice, finally decided to give up.
2. Mr. Wang told us that he would devote all the time he could spend to ________ (improve)his oral English before going abroad.
3. ________ (give)the answer, the kid, who asked the question, still stood with his hand raised.
4. Days of snowstorms have left the city ________ (trap) under thick layers of ice and some 50，000 homes without power.
5. More highways have been built in China, ________ (make) it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
6. If any employee is found ________ (leak) information regarding applicants and staff, he or she will be fired immediately.
7. The museum is built in honor of the explorer who is believed ________ (discover) the island.
8. There ________(be) a lot of visitors in his house, he has no time to talk with you.
9. After getting his ticket from the window, he reached down for his suitcase, only ________ (find) it was not there.
10. Monica was on her business trip for several days. When she got back, there was a pile of mail __________ (wait) for her.
二、下面的句子均有一处错误，请改正过来。
1. The workers were made work twelve hours a day with low pay.

2. When Mary realized that she was being made fun, she became very angry.

3. My watch doesn’t work and it needs being repaired.

4. The music band which was consisted of five cool boys was always warmly welcome no matter where it performed.

5. This suitcase won’t be locked because it is too full.

6. As long as you study hard, your dream of becoming doctor will be come true.

7. She is looking forward to go to Europe after she has finished her studies at the university.

8. I’ve been busy with my research work recently, so I’m sorry for having not replied your email in time.

9. There are two gas station nearby, so we don’t allow to smoke here.

10. Seattle, which has a very famous museum called Museum of Flight, is worth being visited.


参考答案：
一、1. having attempted　 2. improving 3. Given 4. trapped
5. making　6. leaking　7. to have discovered 8. being 9. to find　 10. waiting
二、1. fall前加to 2. fun后加of 3. being repaired改为repairing或to be repaired
4. 去掉第一个was 5. won’t be locked改为won’t lock 6. 去掉be 7. go改为going
8. having not replied改为not having replied 9. to smoke改为smoking
10. being visited改为visiting




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