Section Ⅳ　Discovering Useful Structures——过去分词作表语和状语

一、过去分词作表语

1.基本用法

[合作探究]

From now on I will not be much too discouraged at failures.

从现在开始，对于失败我不会太气馁。

On the first day of new term, we remained seated, excited, waiting for our new teacher turning up.

在新学期的第一天，我们兴奋地坐在教室里，等待着新老师的到来。

[自主发现1]

过去分词可放在连系动词be,__remain,__get, feel, seem, look, become等之后作表语，构成“主—系—表”结构，表示主语所处的状态。

[名师提醒]

很多作表语的过去分词已经具备了形容词的性质，如：tired, amused, pleased等。

2.过去分词作表语时与被动语态的区别

[合作探究]

The window is broken.窗户破了。(状态)

The window was broken by Tom.窗户被汤姆打破了。(动作)

[自主发现2]

过去分词作表语表示主语的状态，常常在be，get，remain等系动词后；而被动语态则表示被动的动作，通常由助动词be(有时也用get)构成，后面可由by引出动作的执行者。

[名师提醒]

(1)被动语态常由much，greatly等副词修饰，而系表结构常由very，quite，rather，too，so等副词修饰。

(2)当句中含有时间、地点或方式状语时多半是被动语态。

3.现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别

[合作探究]

At this very moment, my parents came back and were quite surprised to see all the rooms tidy and floors shining.

就在这时，我的父母回来了，他们十分吃惊地看到所有屋子很整洁，地板光亮。

His words were discouraging, which made many people discouraged.

他的话令人泄气，使得很多人灰心丧气。

[自主发现3]

英语中某些动词的现在分词多用来修饰物，意义为“令人……”而其过去分词多用来指人、人的声音或表情等，表示主语处于某种状态中。

二、过去分词作状语

1.过去分词作状语的功能和位置

[合作探究]

Built many centuries ago, the temple looks rather bad.

寺庙建于几个世纪之前，看起来很糟糕。

Discussed many times, the problem was settled.

经过多次讨论后，这个问题终于得到解决。

He rushed in，followed by his classmates.他闯了进来，后面跟着他的同学们。

[自主发现4]

(1)过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语常常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，即过去分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成动宾关系。

(2)过去分词作条件、原因及时间状语时，通常放于句首；作伴随状语时，通常放于句末；作方式状语时，一般放于句末，有时也放于句首；作让步状语时，一般放于句首，有时也可放于句末。

[名师提醒]

过去分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致时，需要加上自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。

He was listening attentively，his eyes fixed on the blackboard.

他专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

2.过去分词作状语的种类

[合作探究]

Asked what had happened(＝When he was asked what had happened)，he lowered his head.当被问到发生了什么事情的时候，他低下了头。

Absorbed in painting(＝As he was absorbed in painting), John didn’t notice evening approaching.由于在全神贯注地画画，约翰没有察觉到夜幕降临了。

Given another hour(＝If I am given another hour)，I can also work out this problem.如果再给我一个小时，我也能把这道题算出来。

Beaten by the opposite team(＝Though we were beaten by the opposite team)，we didn’t lose heart and encouraged each other.

虽然被对方的队打败了，但我们并没有灰心并且相互鼓励。

The woman scientist entered the lab，followed by her assistants.

这位女科学家进入了实验室，后面跟着她的助手。

[自主发现5]

(1)表示时间；相当于when, while等引导的时间状语从句。

(2)表示原因；相当于because, since, as等引导的原因状语从句。

(3)表示条件；相当于if引导的条件状语从句。

(4)表示让步；相当于although, though, even if, even though等引导的让步状语从句。

(5)表示方式或伴随。

3.过去分词和现在分词作状语时的区别

Seen at a distance, the painting seems much more beautiful.

从远处看，这幅画似乎要漂亮得多。(see与句子的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系)

Not knowing how to work out the difficult physics problem, he asked the teacher for help.由于不知道如何解这道物理难题，他向老师求助。(know与句子的主语是逻辑上的主谓关系)

[巩固内化1]

用所给动词的适当形式填空

①There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and ______ (disappoint).

②Yan’an，a city，which _______ (locate) in northern Shanxi Province，has seen great progress in its tourism industry over the past few years.

③While waiting for the opportunity to get _____ (promote), Henry did his best to perform his duty.

[巩固内化2]　对比填空

①The frightened look on her face suggested that she was______,__for the scene was ____.(frighten)

②The news was ______ and they were all _____at it.(excite)

③The news was_____and we all felt_____.(encourage)

④The film was ____ and the audience were all ____ to tears.(move)

[巩固内化3]

用所给词的适当形式填空

①_____ (raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.

②Children, when______ (accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.

③_____ (found) in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children’s love of art.

④_____ (translate) into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

[巩固内化4]　同义句转换

①When it is seen from the top of the hill, the town looks more beautiful.

→__________,__the town looks more beautiful.

②Because they were deeply moved by the film, the children began to cry.

→______________,__the children began to cry.

③If we were given more time, we could do it much better.

→_______________,__we could do it much better.

④The president of the company came to the factory, and he was followed by some workers.

→The president of the company came to the factory, _________________.

[巩固内化5]　对比填空

①When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed,______ (tell) me stories till I fell asleep.

②—Where is Jimmy?

—Just now I saw him sitting under the tree，_________ (absorb) in his video games.

Ⅰ.补全句子

1._____________ there will be a Chinese painting exhibition at the local gallery, I am writing to you in the hope of being accepted as a volunteer.

十分高兴得知在当地美术馆有一场中国绘画展览，我给您写信希望能被接受为志愿者。

2._____________ with our joint efforts we can undoubtedly get good results.

我确信在我们共同努力下，我们一定会取得好的结果。

3.Moreover，_________________,__with many well­known sightseeing spots.

另外，沿江风景令人叹为观止，拥有很多著名的观光景点。

4.I know ________________ and don’t know how to adapt yourself to the new environment.

我知道你在担心你的学习，不知道怎么样融入新的环境中。

5._______________ when we go to a new environment because we don’t know anything about the people around us.

当进入一个新的环境时，我们总是变得困惑，因为我们不了解周围的任何人。

6.__________________，I could finish writing the letter.

再给5分钟，我就会写完这封信。

7._______________,__he works harder.

被她的话鼓舞着，他更加努力地工作。

8.___________________,__he continued his study.

尽管被很多人嘲笑，他继续进行他的研究。

9.He came in，______________

他走进来，后面跟着他的女儿。

Ⅱ.用所给动词的适当形式完成下面短文

1.___(observe)on January 1 lunar month, Chinese Lunar New Year’s Day, also 2.____(call)the Spring Festival, is well 3.____(receive)by all the Chinese people all over the world.At the Spring Festival, most people have big meals, 4.____(cook)by themselves and chat with family members while others may take a trip to visit their friends or to spend their long holiday.Besides, people will say “Happy New Year” to express good wishes for the coming New Year.It is also a children’s festival, when they are 5.___(dress)in their favorite clothes and go to their relatives’ homes with their parents to get lucky money in red paper.