专题06 阅读理解IV 词义猜测题 考点4 句子猜测题 2022年英语二轮复习讲 练 测 -练案

专题05 阅读理解III  词义猜测题  

考点4  猜测句意题--讲•练•测---练案

时间：30分钟  满分：30

1. 【山东省济南市2022届高三年级1月学情检测（一模）】

When people hear “Artificial Intelligence (AI),” many think of big data. The reason is that some of the most significant AI breakthroughs have relied on enormous data sets. But AI is not only about large data sets, and research in small data approaches in the past decade has grown extensively, with Transfer Learning (TL) (迁移学习) as an especially promising example, which is helpful in settings where you have few data on the task of interest but sufficient data on a related problem.

Small data approaches like TL offer numerous advantages over more data-intensive methods. By the use of AI with fewer data, they can facilitate progress in areas where few or no data exist, such as in forecasting natural disasters that occur relatively rarely. More importantly, TL is of great help in terms of generalization. A challenge in the use of AI is that models need to generalize beyond their training data—that is, to give good “answers” to a more general set of “questions” than what they were specifically trained on. TL models work by transferring knowledge from one task to another, so they are very helpful in improving generalization in the new task, even if only limited data are available.

AI experts such as Andrew Ng have stated that the approach will be the next driver of getting machine learning success in industry. There are some early signs of successful adoption and it has been applied for cancer discovery and much more.

Despite the increase in research, TL has received relatively little visibility. While many machine learning experts and data scientists are familiar with it, techniques such as TL do not seem to have reached the awareness of the broader space of policy makers and business leaders in positions of making important decisions about AI funding and adoption.

By acknowledging the success of small data techniques like TL and supporting their widespread use, we can help overcome some widespread misconceptions regarding the role of data in AI and promote innovation in new directions.

1．What does the author think of TL?

A．It is a potential technique.

B．It is of help in large data sets.

C．It is an important AI breakthrough.

D．It is a reliable solution to multitasks.

2．In which aspect does TL show its advantages?

A．Acquiring knowledge.

B．Discovering questions.

C．Collecting training data.

D．Improving generalization.

3．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A．TL has little value.

B．TL is a heated topic.

C．TL draws public attention.

D．TL is not well recognized.

4．What’s the purpose of this text?

A．To clarify some misconceptions.

B．To introduce a small data approach.

C．To predict the promising future of AI.

D．To emphasize the significance of data.

 2.【河北省衡水市冀州区第一中学2022届高三上学期期末】

The idea of low material desire, low consumption and refusing to work, marry and have children, concluded as a “lying down” lifestyle, recently struck a chord with many young Chinese who are eager to take pause to breathe in this fast-paced and highly-competitive society.

Many millennials (千禧一代) and generation Zs complained to the Global Times that burdens, including work stress, family disputes (纷争) and financial strains, have pushed them “against the wall”. They said they hate the “involution (内卷),” joking that they would rather give up some of what they have than get trapped in an endless competition against peers.

“Instead of always following the ‘virtues’ of struggle, endure and sacrifice to bear the stresses, they prefer a temporary lying down as catharsis (宣泄) and adjustment,” said a scholar. “It is no wonder that some young people, under the growing pressures from child-raising to paying the mortgage (按揭) today, would try to live in a simple way and leave the worries behind.”

Interestingly, the majority of millennials and Gen Zs reached by the Global Times, who claim to be big fans of the lying down philosophy, acknowledged that they only accept a temporary lying down as a short rest. It is true that with the great improvement of living conditions, some Chinese youth have partially lost the spirit of hardship and are not willing to bear too much hard work. But in fact, lying down is not entirely comfortable. Young people who lie down always feel guilty about their constant loss of morale (士气) far beyond their reach.

“Young people on campus have both aspirations and confusion about their future, but most of us have rejected setting ourselves up in chains to waste opportunities and challenges,” a postgraduate student told the Global Times. “It’s no use running away. I have to ‘stand up’ and face the reality sooner or later.”

1．What does the underlined phrase in paragraph 1 mean?

A．Warned. B．Criticized.

C．Touched. D．Amused.

2．What might have caused the “lying down” lifestyle among the young?

A．Improvements in living conditions.

B．Growing pressure from family and social life.

C．Increasing material possessions from families.

D．Temporary adjustment to failure in competitions.

3．What’s the scholar’s attitude toward the “lying down” group?

A．Understanding. B．Intolerant.

C．Supportive. D．Unclear.

4．What can be inferred about the young generation from the text?

A．They never really drop their responsibilities.

B．They really enjoy the “lying down” lifestyle.

C．They find their dreams far beyond their reach.

D．They would rather escape than take challenges.

3.【江西省七校2021-2022学年高三上学期第一次联考】

We’ve been hearing for decades about the complex intelligence of plants; but a new study, conducted by researchers at the University of Missouri, managed to figure out one new important element: plants can tell when they’re being eaten, and they don’t like it.

The word “intelligence”, when applied to any non-human animal or plant, is imprecise and sort of meaningless: research done to determine “intelligence” mostly just aims to learn how similar the inner workings of another organism is to a human thought process. But these studies do give us insight into how other organisms think and behave, whatever “think” might mean.

The researchers were seeking to answer an unusual question: does a plant know when it’s being eaten? To do that, the researchers had to first make a precise version of the vibrations (振动) that a caterpillar (毛虫) makes as it cats leaves. The theory is that it’s these vibrations that the plant can somehow feel or hear. In addition, the researchers also came up with other vibrations the plant might experience, like wind noise.

This particular study was on the thale cress. It actually produces some mustard oils (芥子油), which are mildly poisonous when eaten, and sends them through the leaves to stop caterpillars. And the study showed that when the plants felt or heard the vibrations made by caterpillars, they sent out extra mustard oils into the leaves. When they felt or heard other vibrations? Nothing. It’s a far more dynamic defense than scientists had realized: the plant is more aware of its surroundings and able to respond than expected.

There’s more research to be done; nobody’s quite sure by what mechanism the plant can actually feel or hear these vibrations. But it’s really promising research; there’s even talk of using sound waves to encourage crops to, say, grow faster, or send out specific defenses against attacks. Imagine knowing that a frost is coming, and being able to encourage plants to fruit faster by simply blasting them with music. That’s the kind of crazy sci-fi future this indicates.

1．What does the underlined part “other organisms” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．Intelligence of plants. B．Non-human living things.

C．Human thought processes. D．The inner workings of plants.

2．What is the role of mustard oils produced by the thale cress?

A．Keeping the plant’s surroundings safe. B．Acting as defenses to stop caterpillars.

C．Making the plant aware of the vibrations. D．Sending warnings against caterpillars’ coming.

3．What does the underlined word “Nothing” in Paragraph 4 indicate?

A．The plants failed to identify other vibrations.

B．The plants sent out more mustard oils into the leaves.

C．The plants could identify vibrations from caterpillars.

D．The plants prevented caterpillars from eating the leaves.

4．What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A．The plans for the study. B．The problems with the study.

C．The significance of the study. D．The achievements of the study.

4.【宁夏银川一中2021-2022学年高三上学期第五次月考】

I went with my husband to Roatan for our vacation, a tropical island off the north coast of Honduras, where tourists can swim with dolphins at Anthony’s Key Resort.

The Roatan dolphins are kept in a roped-off pen(围栏). The cheapest “swim” with the dolphins costs $ 89. Kissing costs extra. The tourists line up and, one after another, get photographed while being “kissed” by a dolphin. The tourist bends down a bit, the trainer lifts an arm, the dolphin comes up and for a few seconds holds its bottlenose to the tourist’s face. The picture is ready for purchase when the tourists exit through the gift shop.

These tourists must love dolphins, but what kind of love is that? At sea these highly intelligent creatures are always on the move, traveling thousands of miles. They are complex social creatures that need a lot of space to live in.

Yet Teri Bolton, the head trainer at Anthony’s Key Resort, defends the pen as a suitable habitat. “We feel this is the closest to keeping things as natural as possible”, she said. “You’re getting a window into how these animals really are.”

The discussion about this tourist behavior can be found on the Internet. Some people try to justify their desire, saying the fence of the pen is low; the dolphins could jump over it if they wanted to, and therefore they’re staying in captivity(圈养)by free will. One contributor to the discussion said, “Dolphins are social creatures. Jumping over the fence would mean leaving the females and their babies. Besides, by now they are used to captivity with three meals a day. Jumping over the fence would be like asking you to jump out of a spaceship alone onto Mars.”

But visiting any institution that keeps dolphins in captivity means supporting the concept of captivity. It’s like wearing a fur coat and then justifying it by saying it’s OK because the animals are already dead.

Remember that you cannot buy love, and if you try to buy dolphin love, you hurt the ones you love. In fact, a dolphin’s kiss has nothing to do with love, just as a dolphin’s smile has nothing to do with happiness. While many claim that dolphin encounters provide healing(治疗）)qualities and help you to feel better, the opposite is true for the supposed healers.

1．How much does a tourist pay for a dolphin’s kiss?

A．More than $ 89. B．Less than $ 89.

C．As much as $ 89. D．It’s free of charge.

2．What do some people on the Internet think of the pen for dolphins?

A．It’s like a prison. B．It’s like a spaceship.

C．It’s no fun for the dolphins. D．It’s suitable for the dolphins.

3．What do the underlined “the supposed healers” in the last paragraph refer to?

A．Dolphin lovers. B．Unhealthy people.

C．Dolphins in the wild. D．Dolphins in captivity.

4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A．Are Dolphins As Smart As Humans?

B．Swimming with Dolphins: Is It Love or Not?

C．Dolphins—Creatures with Feelings

D．Kissing—A New Way to Communicate with Dolphins

5. 【重庆市育才中学2021-2022学年高三下学期三月月考】

If you could travel in time, where would you go? Perhaps you would watch a performance of a Shakespeare’s play in Elizabethan England? What about hanging out with Laozi in the Spring and Autumn Period? Or maybe you’d voyage far ahead of the present day to see what the future holds.

The possibility of time travel is indeed appealing. Stories exploring the subject have been around for hundreds of years. Perhaps the best-known example is science fiction novel The Time Machine, written by H. G. Wells and published in 1895. It was adapted into at least two feature films of the same name, as well as two television versions, and a large number of comic book adaptations. It is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel using a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposefully and selectively. The term “time machine”, coined by Wells, is now universally referred to a vehicle transporting people into the far future.

But could time travel actually be possible? Some scientists say yes, in theory. They propose using cracks in time and space called “wormholes”, which could be used as shortcuts to other periods. Einstein’s theory of relativity allows time travel in extreme circumstances. And Stephen Hawking says you could travel into the future with a really fast spaceship-going at nearly the speed of light. Though building such a spaceship wouldn’t of course be simple.

Even if you could travel into the past, there is something called the “grandfather paradox”. It asks what would happen if a time traveler were to go back in time and have his own grandfather killed for some reason, and therefore prevent himself from being born. If the time traveler wasn’t born, how would he travel back in time?

And would you really like to visit the future? In H. G. Wells’ book, the main character travels into distant time where he arrives at a beach and is attacked by giant crabs. He then voyages 30 million years into the future where the only living thing is a black object with tentacles.

If that’s what’s in store, maybe we are better just living in the present day after all.

1．Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A．The Time Machine is one of the bestselling science fiction novels.

B．There are films, comic books and dramas adapted from the novel The Time Machine.

C．Works of Literature about time travel first appeared one hundred years ago.

D．It was H.G. Wells who invented the term “time machine”.

2．Einstein’s and Hawking’s theories________.

A．suggest the possibility of time travel

B．have been proved wrong by some time travelers

C．have similarities because both are based on experiments

D．have pushed the invention of the first spaceship

3．In Paragraph 4, “grandfather paradox” probably refers to the idea that________.

A．the reunion of the traveler and his grandfather brings happiness

B．the grandfather’s death makes the traveler’s birth impossible

C．the traveler goes back in time to seek for his grandfather

D．the traveler is prevented from meeting his grandfather

4．According to the passage what is probably the author’s attitude towards time travel？

A．Unclear. B．Supportive. C．Doubtful. D．Unconcerned.