专题06 阅读理解IV 词义猜测题 考点2 短语猜测题 2022年英语二轮复习讲 练 测 -练案

专题05 阅读理解III  词义猜测题  

考点2  短语猜测题--讲•练•测---练案

时间：30分钟  满分：30

1. 【广东省肇庆市2021-2022学年高三上学期第二次模拟】

Mangroves are trees that typically grow in saltwater along coasts. But some red mangroves end up deep in the rainforests of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula. These plants live in freshwater along the San Pedro Martir River. That’s nearly 200 kilometers from the sea. Scientists wanted to know how these mangroves got trapped so far inland. Carlos Burelo was among them. He became curious about these mangroves on a childhood fishing trip there 35 years ago. Burelo saw that the roots of the mangroves grew above ground. This was different from the other trees.

Burelo’s team first investigated where the freshwater mangroves came from. They started by collecting their leaves and then compared their DNA to the leaves from coastal mangroves which were growing along the Gulf of Mexico. The DNA helped identify the origins of the mangroves on the San Pedro Martir River. They had started along the Gulf of Mexico, some 170 kilometers away from the river. The team discovered other evidence that this ecosystem had once been coastal. They discovered 112 other species in this region that are typically found near coasts.

The researchers looked at the soil too. “These sediments (沉积物)near the mangroves revealed exactly what we expected,” says Exequiel Ezcurra, an ecologist at the University of California. In all, the researchers turned up coastal stones, shells of sea snails and clay sediments rich in shell fragments (碎片). These led the researchers to conclude the area used to be part of the ocean long ago.

Computer models of how sea level has changed over time confirmed those findings. The models showed that when sea levels were higher in the past, the ocean merged with the lower basin of the San Pedro Martir River. That would have been around 150,000 to 130,000 years ago. This pushed red mangroves and other species inland.

“This discovery highlights how changes to the past climate have affected the world’s coastlines,” Ezcurra says. “It also offers a chance to better understand how future sea level rise may affect these ecosystems.”

1．What did Burelo notice as a child?

A．The changes of the sea water.

B．The problems facing the rainforest.

C．The unusual roots of some mangroves.

D．The influence of mangroves on fishing.

2．What can we infer about the freshwater mangroves and the coastal ones?

A．They are close in DNA． B．They have different leaves.

C．They have different origins. D．They both have many species.

5．What does the research of the soil show?

A．The composition of the soil is very complicated.

B．The freshwater mangroves once grew in the sea.

C．Sea creatures influence the growth of mangroves.

D．The sea level has little change over the past years.

4．What does the underlined phrase “merged with” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A．Developed from. B．Changed into.

C．Depended on. D．Combined with.

【答案】1．C2．A3．B4．D

【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了红树这种生长在沿海的生物在淡水地区被发现。科研人员们通过研究发现，这些红树生长的淡水地区在历史上曾经是海洋。

1．细节理解题。据文章第一段中 “Burelo saw that the roots of the mangroves grew above ground. This was different from the other trees.（Burelo看到红树林的根长在地面上。这与其他树不同）”可知，Burelo注意到的是一些红树不寻常的根。故选C。

2．推理判断题。据文章第二段中第二、三、四句 “They started by collecting their leaves and then compared their DNA to the leaves from coastal mangroves which were growing along the Gulf of Mexico. The DNA helped identify the origins of the mangroves on the San Pedro Martir River. They had started along the Gulf of Mexico, some 170 kilometers away from the river. （他们首先收集了它们的叶子，然后将它们的DNA与生长在墨西哥湾沿岸的红树林的叶子进行了比较。DNA帮助确定了圣佩德罗马尔蒂尔河红树林的起源。他们是沿着墨西哥湾出发的，距离这条河大约170公里）”可知它们的DNA很接近。故选A。

3．推理判断题。根据第三段第三、四句“In all, the researchers turned up coastal stones, shells of sea snails and clay sediments rich in shell fragments （碎片）. These led the researchers to conclude the area used to be part of the ocean long ago.（总之，研究人员发现了海岸石头、海螺壳和富含贝壳碎片的粘土沉积物。这使得研究人员得出结论，这片区域在很久以前曾是海洋的一部分）”可知对土壤的研究表明了淡水红树林曾经生长在海里。故选B。

4．短语猜测题。根据第四段第二句“ The models showed that when sea levels were higher in the past （模型显示，过去海平面较高的时候）”可知过去海平面较高，再结合第四段最后两句“That would have been around 150,000 to 130,000 years ago. This pushed red mangroves and other species inland.（那应该是在15万到13万年前。这将红树和其他物种推向内陆）”可知，曾经海平面较髙的时候，把the San Pedro M4rtir River的低洼地区吞并，与之结合。即划线部分意为“与……结合”。故选D。

 2.【江苏省苏州市张家港市2021-2022学年高三下学期开学考试】

Jackhorn Kentucky, a small village in the Appalachian Mountains, is deep in coal country. But with coal jobs disappearing and unemployment at record highs, this community has found a reason to hope. A bakeshop with an unusual name, Black Sheep Brick Oven Bakery, is providing steady employment and job training skills to local residents.

The bakery is a community-owned social enterprise that is focused on providing jobs for workers displaced(免职)by the coal mining industry,people in recovery,and others who need a new start in life. It started as a volunteer driven initiative(倡议)as part of the successful “Back to Our Appalachian Roots” project. Through the project, workers can learn traditional mountain skills like blacksmithing, quilting, and mountain cooking.

“There is nothing like bread baked in the hearth,” Gwen Johnson, the co-founder and manager of the bakery said.“It feeds the body and seems familiar even if you have never before tasted it.” The name of the bakery and catering company was borrowed from a local shop according to Johnson. But the shop didn’t mind it.

The reasons why the community needs the social enterprise go back to the beginning of coal mining in America. Generations of Appalachian residents worked in the coal mines and it was a source of pride as well as the primary employer in the area. But coal mining is back-breaking work with a huge amount of injuries, accidents and diseases like black lung. Today, there are very few coal jobs left in the area due to automation and the reduction of power plants that are coal-fed. Poverty has become a major problem in the area.

The Black Sheep Brick Oven Bakery is working to turn this around. It is a model of giving people second chances and has become a successful business. Johnson said “We have created an inclusive place of love and belonging for whoever wants to come. I was always a black sheep in my family, which gave me a heart for others.”

1．What is the bakery intended to do according to Paragraph 2?

A．To offer bread to displaced miners. B．To develop workers’ mountain skills.

C．To replace the traditional coal industry. D．To help the locals in need earn a living

2．How did the bakery get its name?

A．The bakery was named after its co-founder. B．The bakery adopted the community’s name.

C．The name was an inspiration from a local shop. D．The name was voted by the community workers.

3．What does the underlined word “back-breaking” probably mean?

A．Tough. B．Popular. C．Worthy. D．Urgent.

4．What could be the best title for the text?

A．The Secret of a Man’s Success B．A Bakery Brings Hope to a Village

C．The Popularity of a New Enterprise D．Coal Jobs are Disappearing in America

【答案】1．D2．C3．A4．B

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。Jackhorn Kentucky是一个盛产煤的村庄，随着煤矿工作岗位的消失和失业率达到历史新高，一家名为“Black Sheep Brick Oven Bakery”的面包店正在为当地居民提供稳定的就业和职业培训技能，给村庄带来新的希望。

1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The bakery is a community-owned social enterprise that is focused on providing jobs for workers displaced by the coal mining industry, people in recovery, and others who need a new start in life. (这家面包店是一家社区所有的社会企业，专注于为被煤矿工业免职的工人、康复中的人们和其他需要新生活开始的人提供就业机会。)”可知，面包店为一些失业人员等提供工作，解决了他们的生计问题，所以D选项“帮助有需要的当地人谋生”符合文意。故选D。

2．细节理解题。根据第三段“The name of the bakery and catering company was borrowed from a local shop according to Johnson.(据约翰逊说，面包店和餐饮公司的名称是从当地一家商店借来的。)”可知，面包店的名字灵感来源于当地一家商店。故选C。

3．词义猜测题。根据第四段“But coal mining is back-breaking work with a huge amount of injuries, accidents and diseases like black lung. (但是煤矿开采是……的工作，有大量的伤害、事故和黑肺等疾病。)”可知，开采煤工作有风险，危害健康，是一项“艰苦的”工作。故选A。

4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A bakeshop with an unusual name, Black Sheep Brick Oven Bakery, is providing steady employment and job training skills to local residents.(一家名叫“黑羊砖烤炉”的面包店正在为当地居民提供稳定的就业机会和职业培训技能。)”及全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了Jackhorn Kentucky是一个盛产煤的村庄，随着煤矿工作岗位的消失和失业率达到历史新高，一家名为“Black Sheep Brick Oven Bakery”的面包店正在为当地居民提供稳定的就业和职业培训技能，给村庄带来新的希望。故选项B“面包店给村庄带来希望”符合文意。故选B。

 3.【安徽省阜阳市2021-2022学年高三上学期期末教学质量统测】

The 1930s and early 1940s were a good time to fish for sardines (沙丁鱼) off California. Centered on Monterey Bay, catches increased dramatically and supported the state’s economy. But the situation began to change in 1946, and sardine catches eventually fell from an average of 234,000 tons to just 24,000 tons. The industry went belly-up.

Scientists have guessed for decades about what caused this phenomenon, but they lacked data to test their theories. Now researchers have finally found one apparent cause: cycles of ocean upwelling, a defining feature of the West Coast sea environment in which deep, nutrient-rich water rises to the nutrient-poor surface and restores the food supply there. The key that unlocked this phenomenon turned out to be old seaweed specimens (标本) gathered around the U. S.

“Plants are just sitting there, recording data about the state of the ocean,” says Kyle Van Houtan, chief scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium and senior author of the new study. Van Houtan and others had suspected the impact of upwelling, but scientists only started measuring the process in Monterey Bay in 1946. Historic seaweed specimens, Van Houtan realized, might fill in the blanks for earlier years—similar to the way ice cores can help reconstruct CO2 levels from times before researchers started collecting real-time measurements.

For the new study, the scientists relied on the fact that deeper water near Monterey typically hosts more of a particular nitrogen isotope (氮同位素). Looking at modern upwelling data and recently collected seaweed, they found that higher levels of this nitrogen in the plants’ cells corresponded with periods of more upwelling. Next they measured the isotope levels in 70 historic specimens of the red seaweed Gelidium, gathered from Monterey as far back as 1878. The results suggested a gradual increase in upwelling and then a dramatic decrease, which lined up with the sardine population’s growth and decline.

“This paper is an excellent example of the creative detective work of historical ecology,” says Loren McClenachan, a marine ecologist at Colby College, who was not involved in the research. “There are thousands and thousands of similar specimens in collections around the world, and applying similar methods could teach us a great deal about long-term ocean change.”

1．What does the underlined part “went belly-up” in paragraph 1 mean?

A．Sprang up. B．Caught on. C．Crashed. D．Participated.

2．What does the author want to show by mentioning ice cores?

A．The significance of historic specimens.

B．The severity of global climate change.

C．The effectiveness of real-time measurements.

D．The necessity of sea level reconstruct ion.

3．How did the scientists carry out the new study?

A．By comparing different kinds of seaweed.

B．By analyzing historic and current data.

C．By recording the upwelling process.

D．By measuring the CO2 levels.

4．What can be the best title for the text?

A．The Rise and Fall of Red Seaweed Gelidium

B．Sardines Have Been Hard Hit by Overfishing

C．The Hidden History of Fisheries in the West Coast

D．Old Seaweed Reveals Secret of Monterey Sardine History

【答案】1．C2．A3．B4．D

【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国加州蒙特利湾的沙丁鱼数量变化这一现象的原因和测量方法。

1.词句猜测题。第一段前半部分关键句“Centered on Monterey Bay, catches increased dramatically and supported the state’s economy.”（以蒙特利湾为中心，捕鱼量大幅增加，支撑了该州的经济。）提到加州蒙特利湾的沙丁鱼捕获量大幅增加，支撑了该州的经济，紧接着用But一词转折，“But the situation began to change in 1946, and sardine catches eventually fell from an average of 234,000 tons to just 24,000 tons.”（但这种情况在1946年开始改变，沙丁鱼的捕获量最终从平均23.4万吨下降到只有2.4万吨。）指出沙丁鱼的数量锐减。由此可知，该行业遭受重创。belly-up中的belly意为“肚子”，描绘出“鱼肚皮朝天（即死亡）”的情形，常用go belly-up表示“破产、倒闭、失败”，与Crashed近义。故选C项。
2.推理判断题。根据文章第三段关键句““Plants are just sitting there, recording data about the state of the ocean,” says Kyle Van Houtan, chief scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium and senior author of the new study.”（蒙特利湾水族馆的首席科学家、这项新研究的资深作者Kyle Van Houtan说:“植物只是坐在那里，记录着海洋状态的数据。”）及“Historic seaweed specimens, Van Houtan realized, might fill in the blanks for earlier years—similar to the way ice cores can help reconstruct CO2 levels from times before researchers started collecting real-time measurements.”（Van Houtan意识到，历史上的海藻标本可能会填补早期的空白——类似于研究人员开始收集实时测量数据之前，冰芯可以帮助重建二氧化碳水平。）可知，提到冰芯是为了说明历史标本对科学研究的重要意义。故选A项。

3.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段关键句“Looking at modern upwelling data and recently collected seaweed, they found that higher levels of this nitrogen in the plants’ cells corresponded with periods of more upwelling. Next they measured the isotope levels in 70 historic specimens of the red seaweed Gelidium, gathered from Monterey as far back as 1878.”（通过研究现代上升流的数据和最近收集的海藻，他们发现，植物细胞中氮的水平越高，上升流的周期就越长。 接下来，他们测量了70种具有历史意义的红海藻石蒜标本的同位素水平，这些标本早在1878年就从蒙特利采集到了。）可知，科学家是通过分析新旧资料而开展这项研究的。故选B项。

4.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段关键句“Centered on Monterey Bay, catches increased dramatically and supported the state’s economy. But the situation began to change in 1946, and sardine catches eventually fell from an average of 234,000 tons to just 24,000 tons.”（以蒙特利湾为中心，捕鱼量大幅增加，支撑了该州的经济。但这种情况在1946年开始改变，沙丁鱼的捕获量最终从平均23.4万吨下降到只有2.4万吨。）提到沙丁鱼数量剧增和骤减这一现象及文章第二段关键句“The key that unlocked this phenomenon turned out to be old seaweed specimens gathered around the U. S.”（解开这一现象的关键是收集在美国周围的旧海藻标本。）并结合全文内容可知，文章围绕利用海藻标本揭秘蒙特利湾的沙丁鱼数量变化展开，D项内容“Old Seaweed Reveals Secret of Monterey Sardine History”（老海藻揭示蒙特利沙丁鱼历史的秘密）概括了文章主旨，为最佳标题。故选D项。

4.【四川省成都市石室中学2021-2022学年高三上学期专家联测卷（一）】

In autumn of 1975, two mothers in Lyme, Connecticut, were desperate for answers their doctors could not provide. Their families and others in the Lyme area were suffering from a mysterious illness. Two doctors from Yale, Allan Steere and Stephen Malawista, began an investigation that would result in a groundbreaking medical discovery.

The doctors began by conducting individual examinations of each patient. They found patients of all ages were suffering from a set of symptoms rarely observed together. Blood samples revealed no virus that offered a clue about the cause. However, they found fruitful information in their interviews with patients: one quarter of them recalled a skin rash (皮疹) with a bull's-eye pattern about four weeks before other symptoms arose.

Armed with this new clue, the Department of Health worked with the Yale doctors, conducting surveys to learn where the disease was most widely seen. It seemed that the majority of patients lived in heavily wooded areas, who spent a good deal of time outdoors, gardening, landscaping, or playing. The symptoms were nearly always experienced for the first time during summer. Crucially, some recalled having been bitten by a tick (蜱, 壁虱), which feeds mostly on the blood of mammals and birds.

By 1977, investigators confirmed that the deer tick was responsible. In 1982, a scientist named Willy Burgdorfer discovered a specific type of bacteria, carried by the deer tick, which was causing the disease. Scientists concluded that the bacteria passed from wildlife to ticks to humans. All lived closely among one another in the area.

How could a disease from a common parasite (寄生虫) spring up so suddenly? Many areas of the northeast, including Lyme, were once farmland. Gradually, the farmland was replanted with trees, then neighborhoods pushed deeper into the habitat of deer ticks and, more importantly, the wildlife they fed upon. As humans encountered more ticks, they became more likely to contract the disease.

One of the remaining mysteries about Lyme disease is where and when it truly began. This puzzle may never be solved. Today, Lyme disease—if caught early—is easily treated with antibiotics, thanks to the hard work of many scientists, doctors, and patients.

1．Which of the following method helped Dr. Steere and Dr. Malawista most?

A．Carrying out a field survey. B．Conducting patient interviews.

C．Offering patients' blood samples. D．Separating patients into age groups.

2．From the passage，we can conclude that ______________.

A．patients' memory of tick bites was vital to the medical discovery

B．Lyme disease spread because deer ticks and humans both fed on deer

C．one quarter of the patients got a skin rash after some symptoms had arose

D．Lyme disease is less common now because people spend less time outdoors

3．What does the underlined word phrase “spring up" in Paragraph 5 probably mean?

A．Worsen. B．Return. C．Appear. D．Decrease.

4．What is the best title for the passage?

A．A Scientific Study B．A Medical Mystery C．An Effective Treatment D．An Unsolved Puzzle

【答案】1．B2．A3．C4．B

【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了科学家们致力于研究一种神秘的疾病——莱姆病，最终找到这种疾病的来源、出现的原因及治疗方法。

1．细节理解题。根据第二段“However, they found fruitful information in their interviews with patients: one quarter of them recalled a skin rash (皮疹) with a bull's-eye pattern about four weeks before other symptoms arose.（然而，他们在病人的采访中发现了大量有效的信息：四分之一的人回忆起一种牛眼形状的皮疹，大约在其他症状出现的四周之前）”可知，采访病人这种方法对Dr.Steere和Dr. Malawista的研究起到了极大的帮助。故选B。

4．细节理解题。根据第三段“Crucially, some recalled having been bitten by a tick (蜱), which feeds mostly on the blood of mammals and birds.（重要的是，一些人回忆起了被蜱咬过，这种蜱多数以哺乳动物和鸟类的血液为食）”可知，病人回忆起被蜱咬过这件事对医学发现非常重要。故选A。

3．词句猜测题。根据第五段内容及关键句“As humans encountered more ticks, they became more likely to contract the disease.（随着人们遇到更多的蜱，他们变得更有可能感染这种疾病）”可知，第五段在解释这种疾病是如何出现的。推测划线词所在句子意为：一种来自普通寄生虫的疾病是怎样突然出现的呢?因此推测spring up意为“突然出现”。appear意为“出现”。故选C。

4．主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了科学家们致力于研究一种神秘的疾病——莱姆病，最终找到这种疾病的来源、出现的原因及治疗方法。根据第一段的关键词“mysterious illness”和最后一段的关键词“the remaining mysteries about Lyme disease”可知，本文最合适的标题是“一个医学之谜”。故选B。

5. 【安徽省淮北市2022届高三第一次模拟考试】

Frustrated by an increase in wild boar(野猪) attacks, officials in Hong Kong used bread to attract and trap some of the animals in a district close to the city, Press reported. Wild boars can be seen frequently along Hong Kong’s hiking trails. People often refuse to obey orders from authorities to stop feeding them because they can gather in large groups and pass along diseases. Attacks by wild boars have also become an increasingly common issue. In an attack last week, a wild boar knocked down a police officer and bit his leg last week before the animal fell from a residential car park and died.

Government data indicates that there are roughly 3,000 wild boars in Hong Kong. They are not a protected species. Though Hong Kong authorities have attempted to naturally cut down the boar population, the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department said it “could not effectively control the wild pig disturbance.” “A large group of wild pigs continued to wander and gather at the site, posing threats to members of the public and road users,” a statement from the department read.

Since the attack on the police officer, Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam has cautioned that the city could impose more severe punishment against people who continue to feed the boars. “I understand that a lot of Hong Kong people love the wetlands and nature. However, we also need to protect public safety. We can’t simply sit on our hands while things worsen,” she added.

Philanthropic group ADM Capital Foundation, the Hong Kong Veterinary Association and other animal rights organizations have since sent an open letter to the government criticizing its shift in policy to kill the boars. A request by groups including Hong Kong Animal Post and Hong Kong Wild Boar Concern Group said that the measures announced by the agriculture department to regularly capture and put down wild boars “ignore their right to live. This approach is extremely unreasonable and contradicts previous animal management policy principles.”

Hong Kong needs legislative reform to deal with the current gaps in existing laws, so that wildlife feeding is an illegal activity, punishment is severe and can be enforced effectively.

1．What do you know about the wild boars in Hong Kong?

A．They do not hurt human beings unless they are attacked.

B．They are endangered species with a very small population.

C．If gathering in groups it is easy for them to spread diseases.

D．They are seen frequently close to the city’s financial center.

2．What does the underlined phrase “sit on our hands” mean in paragraph 3?

A．Keep cautious. B．See before acting.

C．Take immediate actions. D．Look on indifferently.

3．What is the attitude of some animal rights organizations towards killing the boars?

A．Neutral. B．Worried C．Favorable. D．Disapproval.

4．What may be the most reasonable measure to take based on the whole text?

A．Making severe laws to ban wildlife feeding.

B．Naturally cutting down the boar population.

C．Regularly capturing and putting down wild boars.

D．Calling on citizens to keep distance from wild boars.

【答案】1．C2．D3．D4．A

【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要以“香港入侵城市的野猪”为话题展开了讨论，人们对野猪的投喂致使野猪来到城市寻找食物，并对人类产生了攻击性行为，文章对整治野猪的措施和各方态度进行了陈述。

1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“because they can gather in large groups and pass along diseases.(因为它们会成群聚集，传播疾病)”可知，野猪会成群聚集，传播疾病。故选C项。

2．词义猜测题。分析语境可知，划线单词所在的这句话“We can’t simply sit on our hands while things worsen.”应是对前文“However, we also need to protect public safety.(然而，我们也需要保护公共安全。)”的进一步解释，承接前文提及“要保护公众的安全”，划线句应是表明“要采取保护行动”，即“不能坐视不理”，对野猪伤人行为要采取行动。由此可推知，“sit on our hands”应是“坐视不理；无动于衷”含义，与D项“Look on indifferently.(袖手旁观)”表达含义一致。故选D项。

3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段内容“other animal rights organizations have since sent an open letter to the government criticizing its shift in policy to kill the boars(其他动物权利组织已经给政府发了一封公开信，批评其杀死野猪的政策转变)”以及在该段中这些动物保护组织评价政府行为“…ignores their right to live and considers. This approach is extremely unreasonable.(……忽视它们生存和思考的权利。这种做法是极不合理的)”可推知，他们不仅仅是担忧而是立场鲜明地坚决反对杀死野猪。故选D项。

4．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“Hong Kong needs legislative reform to deal with the current gaps in existing laws, so that wildlife feeding is an illegal activity, punishment is severe and can be enforced effectively.(香港需要立法改革，以解决现有法律的不足，使野生动物喂食成为一种非法活动，惩罚严厉，并能有效执行。)”可知，对于“喂食野生动物”行为进行严惩才能避免人们因为投喂野生动物而导致的自身受伤或被攻击。因此，选项A“Making severe laws to ban wildlife feeding.(制定严厉的法律禁止野生动物喂食。)”使可采取的最合理的措施。故选A项。