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专题10 阅读理解之猜词题 -2022年高考英语毕业班二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练（新高考专用）
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一、思维导图
二、方法点拨
1. 设问方式
The underlined wrd “ … ” refers t/ (prbably) means .
“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as…
What d yu think the expressin “…” stands fr?
What des the underlined wrd “…” refer t in the last paragraph?
Which f the fllwing wrds can take the place f the wrd “ … ”?
The underlined wrd “…” culd best be replaced by…
Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the wrd “ … ”?
What des the authr mean by “…” in paragraph 2?
2. 七大技巧
1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
例子1
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natinstate and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
29．Which f the fllwing best explains “dminant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Cmplex. B．Advanced.
C．Pwerful. D．Mdern.
[分析] 根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选C项pwerful (强大的，有影响力的)。
【真题小练 】 (浙江2019.6 阅读理解B）
Mney with n strings attached. It’s nt smething yu see every day. But at Unin
Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth, a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with
pins and a sign that read, "Give What Yu Can, Take What Yu Need."
( )What des the expressin "mney with n strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean?
A.Mney spent withut hesitatin. B.Mney nt legally made.
C.Mney ffered withut cnditins. D.Mney nt tied tgether.
2.根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
例子2
I am Peter Hdes, a vlunteer stem cell curier. Since March 2012, I've dne 89 trips — f thse, 51 have been abrad. I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little bx because I've gt tw ice packs and that's hw lng they last. In all, frm the time the stem cells are harvested frm a dnr (捐献者) t the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've gt 72 hurs at mst. S I am always cnscius f time.
29．Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “curier” in Paragraph 1?
A．prvider B．delivery man
C．cllectr D．medical dctr
[分析] “a vlunteer stem cell curier”是“Peter Hdes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little bx”可知，Peter Hdes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed fr children 2 t 10，” Anacleri said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense f drama based n a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
②Perhaps, we can see sme pssibilities fr next fifty years. But the next hundred?
pssibility是pssible的同根名词，据此可以判断pssibility的意思是“可能性”。
例子3
A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness, uneasiness,_r wrry.
[分析] 根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
(全国II 2014 阅读理解A）
My husband rushed t their hme t find a kind family hlding all papers and dcuments. Their yung daughter had gne t the trash can and fund a pile f unfamiliar last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephne number t a friend. That family nt nly returned the imprtant dcuments t us that day, but als restred ur faith and trust in peple. We still remember their kindness and ften send a warm wish their way.
( )What des the underlined wrd “restred” in the last paragraph mean?
shwed. B. sent ut. C. delivered. D. gave back
4.根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
例子4
If yu have a_juicer,_yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sftserve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children's party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A cntainer. D．A machine.
[分析] 该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句， “yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a ‘sftserve’ creamy dessert, t be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：
例子5
[2]Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U．S.the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.
[3]It's Jasn Mran's jb t help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser fr jazz, Mran hpes t widen the audience fr jazz, make the music mre accessible, and preserve its histry and culture.
…
29．What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A．Jazz becming mre accessible.
B．The prductin f jazz grwing faster.
C．Jazz being less ppular with the yung.
D．The jazz audience becming larger.
[分析] 根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U．S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选)
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre_is_mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
例子6…
32．What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．The mre, the better.
B．Enugh is enugh.
C．Mre mney, mre wrries.
D．Earn mre and spend mre.
[分析] 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定mre is mre呢？由此推知，这里的 mre is mre与前面的 flded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。故选A。
7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, hwever, therwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party desn't have t be a hassle;_it can be a basket f fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket f fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prmpt fr all her class, but tday she arrived in the middle f her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
③The players in the Wrld Cup are prfessinals, while thse wh play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是prfessinals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
例子7…
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
…
29．What des the underlined wrd “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Frced ut. D．Tracked dwn.
[分析] 画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选择C项。
三、高考真题
2021新高考1卷C篇
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans have taken care f these precius natural resurses wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl（水禽）were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat（栖息地）.
2.What des the underlined wrd "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Exprt. C.Destry. D.Distribute.
2021.6全国乙卷B篇
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter (29%) rely nly n their smartphnes, accrding t a survey（调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
2What des the underlined wrd "cncede" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.
2021.6浙江卷B篇
In the past few years, an increasing number f peple and rganisatins have begun cming up with plans t cunter this trend. A cuple f years ag, film-maker David Bnd realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached t screens t the pint where he was able t say "chclate" int his three-year-ld sn's ear withut getting a respnse. He realised that smething needed t change, and, being a Lndn media type, appinted himself "marketing directr fr Nature". He dcumented his jurney as he set abut treating nature as a brand t be marketed t yung peple. The result was Prject Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth f the Wild Netwrk, a grup f rganisatins with the cmmn gal f getting children ut int nature.
3.Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd "charts" in paragraph 2?
A.recrds B.predicts C.delays D.cnfirms
2020全国卷I B 篇
Returning t a bk yu’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend. There’s a welcme familiarity — but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth, and thus the relatinship. But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register. It’s true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all abut the present. It’s abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw, because reading is a give and take between authr and reader. Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually. The first, which I take t reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway’s A Mveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris. The language is almst intxicating (令人陶醉的 ), an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time. Anther is Annie Dillard’s Hly the Firm, her petic 1975 ramble ( 随 笔 ) abut everything and nthing. The third bk is Juli Crtázar’s Save Twilight: Selected Pems, because petry. And because Crtázar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifts, which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember, it’s yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
26. ( )What des the underlined wrd “currency” in paragraph 4 refer t?
A. Debt. B. Reward. C. Allwance. D. Face value.
2020全国卷II C 篇
When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn’t crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin (时装) enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria (海狸鼠).
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have shwcased nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur — unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year,” says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species (物种). It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us,” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it’s nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn’s jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there’s Righteus Fur and its unusual fashins. Mdel Paige Mrgan says, “T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them — I think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk.” Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She’s trying t cme up with a label t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.
30. ( )What des the underlined wrd “cllapsed” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Bmed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.
2020全国卷III B 篇
When “Rise f the Planet f the Apes” was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren’t there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks fr nt using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used mtin-capture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet “Apes” is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment f animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2,000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including “Water fr Elephants,” “The Hangver Part II” and “Zkeeper,” have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the States.
26. ( )What des the underlined phrase “keeping tabs n” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Listing cmpletely.B. Directing prfessinally.
C. Prmting successfully.D. Watching carefully.
2020江苏卷 C 篇
Fr thse wh can stmach it, wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first, accrding t a study f meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have lng knwn that meal timing affects perfrmance. Hwever, far less has been knwn abut hw meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
T find ut, British scientists cnducted a study. They first fund 10 verweight and inactive but therwise healthy yung men, whse lifestyles are, fr better and wrse, representative f thse f mst f us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metablic (新陈代谢的) rates and tk samples (样品) f their bld and fat tissue.
Then, n tw separate mrning visits t the scientists’ lab, each man walked fr an hur at an average speed that, in thery, shuld allw his bdy t rely mainly n fat fr fuel. Befre ne f these wrkuts, the man skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised n a cmpletely empty stmach after a lng vernight fast (禁食). On the ther ccasin, they ate a rich mrning meal abut tw hurs befre they started walking.
Just befre and an hur after each wrkut, the scientists tk additinal samples f the men’s bld and fat tissue.
Then they cmpared the samples. There were cnsiderable differences. Mst bviusly, the men displayed lwer bld sugar levels at the start f their wrkuts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned mre fat during walks n an empty stmach than when they had eaten first. On the ther hand, they burned slightly mre calries (卡路里), n average, during the wrkut after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the mst significant, the researchers fund. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending n whether smene had eaten r nt befre walking. Many f these genes prduce prteins ( 蛋白质) that can imprve bld sugar regulatin and insulin ( 胰岛素) levels thrughut the bdy and s are assciated with imprved metablic health. These genes were much mre active when the men had fasted befre exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implicatin f these results is that t gain the greatest health benefits frm exercise, it may be wise t skip eating first.
61. ( ) The underlined expressin “stmach it” in Paragraph 1 mst prbably means “ ”.
A. digest the meal easilyB. manage withut breakfast
C. decide wisely what t eatD. eat whatever is ffered
2020山东卷 C 篇
In the mid-1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea: Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam, his translatr, a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
This is a quick lk at life in Uzbekistan, made f friendliness and warmth, but als its darker side f sciety. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wnders, while n his way t Bukhara he gets a taste f plice methds when suspected f drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a muntain funeral (葬礼) fllwed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust strms, diseases and fishing bats stuck miles frm the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully rganizes histrical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-runded picture f Uzbekistan, seen frm Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stmach. As the authr explains, this is neither a travel nr a histry bk, r even a piece f reprtage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid descriptin f the purest f Central Asian traditins.
9. ( )What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Develping a serius mental disease. B. Taking a guided tur in Central Asia.
C. Wrking as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. D. Writing an article abut the Aral Sea.
2020浙江卷B篇
The traffic signals alng Factria Bulevard in Bellevue, Washingtn, generally dn’t flash the same length f green twice in a rw, especially at rush hur. At 9:30am, the full red / yellw / green signal cycle might be 140 secnds. By 9:33am, a burst f additinal traffic might push it t 145 secnds. Less traffic at 9 : 37am culd push it dwn t 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-grwing city just east f Seattle, uses a system that is gaining ppularity arund the US: intersectin (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time t traffic cnditins. These lights, knwn as adaptive signals, have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed,” says Alex Stevanvic, a researcher at Flrida Atlantic University.
Fr all f Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are nt a cure-all fr jammed radways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transprtatin Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial fr sme cities, thers are s jammed that nly a sharp reductin in the number f cars n the rad will make a meaningful difference. “It’s nt ging t fix everything, but adaptive signals have sme benefits fr smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch t adaptive signals has been a lessn in the value f welcming new appraches. In the past, there was ften an autmatic reactin t increased traffic: just widen the rads, says Mark Pch, the Bellevue Transprtatin Department’s traffic engineering manager. Nw he hpes that ther cities will cnsider making their streets run smarter instead f just making them bigger.
25.（ ）What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Increased length f green lights.B. Shrtened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing f traffic signals.D. Smth traffic flw n the rad.
答案解析
CAABD DBDC
2021新高考1卷C篇
词义猜测题。根据题干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. 根据Unfrtunately（不幸地是）可知，此处与前文 "taken care f" 形成对比，故此处应表示 "损害、毁坏" 。原文译为：不幸地是，这些探险者和定居者只花了几十年的时间就毁掉了这些资源的很大一部分。故选C。
2021.6全国乙卷B篇
词义猜测题。根据题干信息cncede，定位到第三段Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme… Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary…。分析可知，虽然55%的人的家中都还有座机，但他们中的三分之一的人认为座机其实并不十分必要。由此我们可以推测，这些人在说it's nt necessary的时候是在承认这件事。故选A。
2021.6浙江卷B篇
猜词题。根据第二段最后一句话句意”结果是 Prject Wild Thing，一部描绘了 Wild Netwrk 诞生的电影，Wild Netwrk 是一组以让孩子们融入大自然为共同目标的组织。“可知，本句主要阐述作者拍摄的纪录片Prject Wild Thing记录下了组织Wild Netwrk的诞生，因此recrd（记录、记载）与所猜词汇最为接近，故选A。
2020全国卷I B 篇
词义猜测题。根据第四段第二句的内容 "But I imagine that, while mney is… is the highest currency a reader can pay them." 可知，作者认为虽然金钱确实是美好的，也是必要的，但是重读作家的作品是读者能够支付给他们的最高currency。A. debt 借款；B. reward 报酬；C. allwance 津贴；D. face value（邮票、钱币、票等的）票面价值。结合选项可知，B选项的reward符合语境，指 "支付给他们的最高报酬" 。故选：B。
2020全国卷II C 篇
词义猜测题。根据第五段"but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy."可知，只有在海狸鼠市场倒闭或者崩溃之后，海狸鼠才开始疯狂扩大数量，cllapse为崩溃的意思。故选D。
2020全国卷III B 篇
词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子"One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment"（一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇）以及下文Already, a number f films, … them haven't been treated prperly.（许多电影，包括 "大象的眼泪" , "宿醉Ⅱ" 和 "管理员" , 引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。）由此可知，其中一家监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是 "密切关注" 。故选D项。
2020江苏卷 C 篇
词句猜测题。根据下文wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼更健康，可知，这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推测画线词部分与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。
2020山东卷 C 篇
代词指代题。根据第一段最后一句A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.（几年后，仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章）可知，that指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事。故选D。
2020浙江卷B篇
文章大意：本文主要讲了华盛顿Bellevue信号灯时间调整的原因以及研究过程。词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句"Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes"可知that指代的是信号灯时间的灵活变化，故选C。
四、模拟演练
（1）
An advertisement is just like a Smebdy Else says qutatin(引语) in a news stry. The newspaper des nt say that what the advertiser says is true. All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.” T find ut whether it is true r nt will be left t the reader. All the statements in the ads are the advertiser’s statements, nt the paper’s.
Q: What des “Smebdy Else” in the paragraph refer t?
A. The editr f the paper. B. The reader f the paper.
C. The authr f the passage. D. The advertiser f the ads.
（2）
Emma had never read it, nr had she ever purchased a cpy. But, when she pened it up, she was flred t see her wn name and address inside the cver, in her wn handwriting. It turned ut that the summer befre, at a cncert back in Mntreal, Emma had met a Califrnian wh was in twn visiting friends. They decided t exchange addresses, but neither f them had any paper. The man had pened up a bk he was carrying in his backpack and asked Emma t write her name and address inside. When he returned t Califrnia, he left the bk behind in Mntreal, and his friend Alex kept it. When Alex later relcated t Jerusalem, he tk the nw-treasured bk alng.
Q: What des the underlined wrd “flred” in the paragraph mean?
A. interested B. shcked C. frightened D. excited
（3）
Oxygen is vital t life; it is needed by the bdy cells f all animals. It is als very useful in industry. The methd Priestley used prduces nly small quantities. The large amunts needed fr industry are prduced in a different way. Air is put int cntainers under great pressure. This turns it int liquid and makes it very cld. It is then gradually warmed up and each substance evaprates at a different temperature. The biling pint f xygen is -183°C. It is caught and stred in strng steel cylinders at a pressure f 136 atmspheres. The prcess is knwn as fractinal distillatin.
Q: Which wrd has the rugh meaning f “vital”?
A. imprtant B. useful C. helpful D. interesting
（4）
These different kinds f learning disabilities are knwn by different names. Fr example, a persn wh has difficulty reading may have dyslexia. Smene wh cannt d mathematics may have a disrder called dyscalculia(计算困难).
Q: The underlined wrd “dyslexia” in the paragraph prbably means _______.
A. difficulty in seeing B. prblem in reading
C. truble in listening D. brain disrder
（5）
A child’s birthday party desn’t have t be a hassle; it can be a basket f fun, accrding t Beth Anacleri, an Evastn mther f tw, ages 4 and 18 mnths.
Q: What des the underlined wrd “hassle” prbably mean in the paragraph?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thught
C. a situatin causing difficulty r truble
D. a demand made by guests
（6）
And if yu’ve gathered yur friends arund yu t rebuild a happy family atmsphere(气氛), yu may fear that saying n will bring back the kind f cnflict yu grew up with— r destry the nice atmsphere yu nw enjy.
Q: The underlined wrd “cnflict” in the paragraph means .
A. dependent lifeB. fierce fightC. bad mannersD. painful feeling
（7）
“She is ashamed and embarrassed but desn’t really have any explanatin why she did this,” Miss Duff said. “She didn’t intend t steal when she went int the stre. She is at a lss t explain it. She is therwise a very respectable and intelligent yung lady .She went t her dctr and asked fr advice because she wants t knw if there is anything in particular that caused her t d this.”
Q: What des the underlined sentence “She is at a lss t explain it” mean?
A. In her pinin it was a lss t the clthes shps where she stle things.
B. She desn’t have any idea why she has the desire t steal frm shps.
C. She thinks it is a lss fr her t explain why she stle things frm shps.
D. Persnally she feels ashamed and embarrassed fr her shplifting actins.
（8）
One f the best-knwn sayings must be “Early t bed and early t rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wisdm”. The prmises f health, wealth, and wisdm t thse wh jin the teams f early retirees and rises must be particularly pleasing t many peple in ur mdern sciety.
Q: The underlined wrd “ retiree” here refers t_________.
A. peple wh give up their wrk B. peple wh have a lt f free time
C. peple wh g t bed D. peple wh live in a quiet place
（9）
The reasns fr a visit t lighthuse are nt all s backward-lking(思想过时的) in time. It is true that lighthuses were built in ut-f-the-way places. But n a pleasant sunny summer day, this very islatin has a natural beauty that many peple will lve t experience.
Q: The underlined phrase “ut-f-the-way” prbably means __________.
A. far-away B. dangerus C. ancient D. secret
（10）
Our wn native language and culture are s much a part f us that we take them fr granted. When we travel t anther cuntry, it’s as if we carry alng with ur passprts. We view the new envirnment using ur wn culture as the standard, and althugh nt purpsely, ur ways f thinking and acting ften get in the way f ur understanding ther languages and cultures. The ability and willingness t change lenses(视角) when we lk at a different culture is bth the cure and preventin fr such cultural blindness. Studying a new language prvides us the pprtunities t practise changing lenses when we als learn the cntext r the culture t which it belngs.
Q: The underlined wrd “it” in the last sentence refers t __________.
A. the cntext B. the culture C. the language D. the pprtunity
答案与解析：
（1）D。根据下文中All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.”可推知，文章中的Smebdy Else指的是做广告的人。
（2）B。从上文可知，在一个从未到过的地方，在一本从未读过的书的封面，看到自己亲笔写的姓名和地址，当然感到“震惊”。此处“But”是关键提示。
（3）A。根据下句“氧是所有动物细胞所必不可少的元素”的内容，判断出氧非常“重要”。
（4）B。由下句“Smene wh cannt d mathematics may have a disrder called dyscalculia(计算困难).”不能做数学题的人可能患有一种被称为计算困难的疾病可以推断dyslexia的意思为“阅读困难”。
（5）C。通过上下句A child’s birthday party desn’t have t be a hassle; it can be a basket f fun.可以看出，hassle和a basket f fun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断，答案为C。
（6）B。由破折号后的r可知，前后两句的意思相近，她不想失去或破坏这个友好氛围，否则就又让她回到以前的“冲突”中。答案为B。
（7）B。从上文中她进入商店时并没打算偷窃，以及下文谈到她去看医生可以推知她不知道自己为什么会有偷窃的欲望可知答案为B。
（8）C。根据谚语“Early t bed and early t rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wisdm”以及retirees和risers的对比关系不难猜出retiree是“睡觉的人”。
（9）A。由合成词ut-f-the-way的字面意思和下句中的islatin一词可知，灯塔通常“孤零零”地呆在一个地方，因此答案为A。
（10）C。本段主要讲述语言和文化的关系。结合最后一句话可知，学习一门新的语言给我们提供一个崭新的视觉，从而使得我们更好地把握语言依附的文化环境。由此知道这里的it指代语言。
一、思维导图
二、方法点拨
1. 设问方式
The underlined wrd “ … ” refers t/ (prbably) means .
“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as…
What d yu think the expressin “…” stands fr?
What des the underlined wrd “…” refer t in the last paragraph?
Which f the fllwing wrds can take the place f the wrd “ … ”?
The underlined wrd “…” culd best be replaced by…
Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the wrd “ … ”?
What des the authr mean by “…” in paragraph 2?
2. 七大技巧
1.根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如：
例子1
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisatin, the develpment f the natinstate and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
29．Which f the fllwing best explains “dminant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Cmplex. B．Advanced.
C．Pwerful. D．Mdern.
[分析] 根据画线词所在句子可知，人类社会发展的很多因素导致许多语言消失，而逐渐被英语、西班牙语、汉语等语言取代，画线词前后的解释暗示了这些语言逐渐占主导地位，故选C项pwerful (强大的，有影响力的)。
【真题小练 】 (浙江2019.6 阅读理解B）
Mney with n strings attached. It’s nt smething yu see every day. But at Unin
Statin in Ls Angeles last mnth, a bard went up with dllar bills attached t it with
pins and a sign that read, "Give What Yu Can, Take What Yu Need."
( )What des the expressin "mney with n strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean?
A.Mney spent withut hesitatin. B.Mney nt legally made.
C.Mney ffered withut cnditins. D.Mney nt tied tgether.
2.根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词义或句意进行猜测。例如：
例子2
I am Peter Hdes, a vlunteer stem cell curier. Since March 2012, I've dne 89 trips — f thse, 51 have been abrad. I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little bx because I've gt tw ice packs and that's hw lng they last. In all, frm the time the stem cells are harvested frm a dnr (捐献者) t the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've gt 72 hurs at mst. S I am always cnscius f time.
29．Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “curier” in Paragraph 1?
A．prvider B．delivery man
C．cllectr D．medical dctr
[分析] “a vlunteer stem cell curier”是“Peter Hdes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little bx”可知，Peter Hdes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。故选择B项。
3.根据构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如：
①“Our parties are aimed fr children 2 t 10，” Anacleri said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense f drama based n a subject.”
文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。
②Perhaps, we can see sme pssibilities fr next fifty years. But the next hundred?
pssibility是pssible的同根名词，据此可以判断pssibility的意思是“可能性”。
例子3
A silence in a cnversatin may als shw stubbrnness, uneasiness,_r wrry.
[分析] 根据构词法知识我们可知，un为否定前缀，ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可猜测uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
(全国II 2014 阅读理解A）
My husband rushed t their hme t find a kind family hlding all papers and dcuments. Their yung daughter had gne t the trash can and fund a pile f unfamiliar last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephne number t a friend. That family nt nly returned the imprtant dcuments t us that day, but als restred ur faith and trust in peple. We still remember their kindness and ften send a warm wish their way.
( )What des the underlined wrd “restred” in the last paragraph mean?
shwed. B. sent ut. C. delivered. D. gave back
4.根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：
例子4
If yu have a_juicer,_yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sftserve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children's party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A．A dessert. B．A drink.
C．A cntainer. D．A machine.
[分析] 该段第一句含有一个if引导的条件状语从句，若满足该条件，则产生的结果是第一句的后半句和第二句， “yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a ‘sftserve’ creamy dessert, t be eaten right away.” 即“将冰冻香蕉和其他莓类、水果片放进去，出来的是奶油状甜品”。由此因果关系可推知juicer指的是榨汁机。故选择D项。
5.根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测
文章中的代词it, that, he, him或them可以指代上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指代一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时也需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。例如：
例子5
[2]Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U．S.the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.
[3]It's Jasn Mran's jb t help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser fr jazz, Mran hpes t widen the audience fr jazz, make the music mre accessible, and preserve its histry and culture.
…
29．What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A．Jazz becming mre accessible.
B．The prductin f jazz grwing faster.
C．Jazz being less ppular with the yung.
D．The jazz audience becming larger.
[分析] 根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despite the celebratins, thugh, in the U．S. the jazz audience cntinues t shrink and grw lder, and the music has failed t cnnect with yunger generatins.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选C。
6.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
[例] (2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D节选)
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre_is_mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
例子6…
32．What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A．The mre, the better.
B．Enugh is enugh.
C．Mre mney, mre wrries.
D．Earn mre and spend mre.
[分析] 根据该段第一句“Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects.”可知，作者认为成年人都理解物质过剩的那种感觉，后面又用反问句提出了问题：但是，说到孩子们和他们的物品，我们为什么通常又认定mre is mre呢？由此推知，这里的 mre is mre与前面的 flded with为近义呼应，指“越多越好”。故选A。
7.根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
根据上下句的连接词，如but, hwever, therwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：
①A child's birthday party desn't have t be a hassle;_it can be a basket f fun.
从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket f fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。
②She is usually prmpt fr all her class, but tday she arrived in the middle f her first class.
but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
③The players in the Wrld Cup are prfessinals, while thse wh play in the Olympics must be amateurs.
由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是prfessinals(专业人士)的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。
例子7…
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
…
29．What des the underlined wrd “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Tested. B．Separated.
C．Frced ut. D．Tracked dwn.
[分析] 画线词的前句说明在黄石公园和美洲大部分地区曾有许多的灰狼，连词but转折了句子意义，后来由于人类的发展，灰狼数量逐渐减少，几乎消失，由此可推断出画线词的意思为“被迫离开”，故选择C项。
三、高考真题
2021新高考1卷C篇
When the explrers first set ft upn the cntinent f Nrth America, the skies and lands were alive with an astnishing variety f wildlife. Native Americans have taken care f these precius natural resurses wisely. Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. Millins f waterfwl（水禽）were killed at the hands f market hunters and a handful f verly ambitius sprtsmen. Millins f acres f wetlands were dried t feed and huse the ever-increasing ppulatins, greatly reducing waterfwl habitat（栖息地）.
2.What des the underlined wrd "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Exprt. C.Destry. D.Distribute.
2021.6全国乙卷B篇
Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme and nly just ver a quarter (29%) rely nly n their smartphnes, accrding t a survey（调查）. Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case f emergencies. I think my hme falls int that categry.
2What des the underlined wrd "cncede" in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue. C.Remember. D.Remark.
2021.6浙江卷B篇
In the past few years, an increasing number f peple and rganisatins have begun cming up with plans t cunter this trend. A cuple f years ag, film-maker David Bnd realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached t screens t the pint where he was able t say "chclate" int his three-year-ld sn's ear withut getting a respnse. He realised that smething needed t change, and, being a Lndn media type, appinted himself "marketing directr fr Nature". He dcumented his jurney as he set abut treating nature as a brand t be marketed t yung peple. The result was Prject Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth f the Wild Netwrk, a grup f rganisatins with the cmmn gal f getting children ut int nature.
3.Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd "charts" in paragraph 2?
A.recrds B.predicts C.delays D.cnfirms
2020全国卷I B 篇
Returning t a bk yu’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an ld friend. There’s a welcme familiarity — but als smetimes a slight suspicin that time has changed yu bth, and thus the relatinship. But bks dn’t change, peple d. And that’s what makes the act f rereading s rich and transfrmative.
The beauty f rereading lies in the idea that ur bnd with the wrk is based n ur present mental register. It’s true, the lder I get, the mre I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all abut the present. It’s abut the nw and what ne cntributes t the nw, because reading is a give and take between authr and reader. Each has t pull their wn weight.
There are three bks I reread annually. The first, which I take t reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway’s A Mveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memir f 1920s Paris. The language is almst intxicating (令人陶醉的 ), an aging writer lking back n an ambitius yet simpler time. Anther is Annie Dillard’s Hly the Firm, her petic 1975 ramble ( 随 笔 ) abut everything and nthing. The third bk is Juli Crtázar’s Save Twilight: Selected Pems, because petry. And because Crtázar.
While I tend t buy a lt f bks, these three were given t me as gifts, which might add t the meaning I attach t them. But I imagine that, while mney is indeed wnderful and necessary, rereading an authr’s wrk is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best bks are the nes that pen further as time passes. But remember, it’s yu that has t grw and read and reread in rder t better understand yur friends.
26. ( )What des the underlined wrd “currency” in paragraph 4 refer t?
A. Debt. B. Reward. C. Allwance. D. Face value.
2020全国卷II C 篇
When yu were trying t figure ut what t buy fr the envirnmentalist n yur hliday list, fur prbably didn’t crss yur mind. But sme eclgists and fashin (时装) enthusiasts are trying t bring back the market fr fur made frm nutria (海狸鼠).
Unusual fashin shws in New Orleans and Brklyn have shwcased nutria fur made int clthes in different styles. “It sunds crazy t talk abut guilt-free fur — unless yu understand that the nutria are destrying vast wetlands every year,” says Cree McCree, prject directr f Righteus Fur.
Scientists in Luisiana were s cncerned that they decided t pay hunters $5 a tail. Sme f the fur ends up in the fashin shws like the ne in Brklyn last mnth.
Nutria were brught there frm Argentina by fur farmers and let g int the wild. “The ecsystem dwn there can’t handle this nn-native species (物种). It’s destrying the envirnment. It’s them r us,” says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check fr decades, but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Bilgist Edmnd Mutn runs the nutria cntrl prgram fr Luisiana. He says it’s nt easy t cnvince peple that nutria fur is green, but he has n dubt abut it. Hunters bring in mre than 300,000 nutria tails a year, s part f Mutn’s jb these days is trying t prmte fur.
Then there’s Righteus Fur and its unusual fashins. Mdel Paige Mrgan says, “T give peple a guilt-free ptin that they can wear withut smene thrwing paint n them — I think that’s ging t be a massive thing, at least here in New Yrk.” Designer Jennifer Andersn admits it tk her a while t cme arund t the pinin that using nutria fur fr her creatins is mrally acceptable. She’s trying t cme up with a label t attach t nutria fashins t shw it is ec-friendly.
30. ( )What des the underlined wrd “cllapsed” in paragraph 5 prbably mean?
A. Bmed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.
2020全国卷III B 篇
When “Rise f the Planet f the Apes” was first shwn t the public last mnth, a grup f excited animal activists gathered n Hllywd Bulevard. But they weren’t there t thrw red paint n fur-cat-wearing film stars. Instead, ne activist, dressed in a full-bdy mnkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks fr nt using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used mtin-capture (动作捕捉) technlgy t create digitalized animals, spending tens f millins f dllars n technlgy that recrds an actr’s perfrmance and later prcesses it with cmputer graphics t create a final image (图像). In this case, ne f a realistic-lking ape.
Yet “Apes” is mre exceptin than the rule. In fact, Hllywd has been ht n live animals lately. One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment f animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs n mre than 2,000 prductins this year. Already, a number f films, including “Water fr Elephants,” “The Hangver Part II” and “Zkeeper,” have drawn the anger f activists wh say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated prperly.
In sme cases, it’s nt s much the treatment f the animals n set in the studi that has activists wrried; it’s the ff-set training and living cnditins that are raising cncerns. And there are questins abut the films made utside the States, which smetimes are nt mnitred as clsely as prductins filmed in the States.
26. ( )What des the underlined phrase “keeping tabs n” in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Listing cmpletely.B. Directing prfessinally.
C. Prmting successfully.D. Watching carefully.
2020江苏卷 C 篇
Fr thse wh can stmach it, wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first, accrding t a study f meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have lng knwn that meal timing affects perfrmance. Hwever, far less has been knwn abut hw meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
T find ut, British scientists cnducted a study. They first fund 10 verweight and inactive but therwise healthy yung men, whse lifestyles are, fr better and wrse, representative f thse f mst f us. They tested the men’s fitness and resting metablic (新陈代谢的) rates and tk samples (样品) f their bld and fat tissue.
Then, n tw separate mrning visits t the scientists’ lab, each man walked fr an hur at an average speed that, in thery, shuld allw his bdy t rely mainly n fat fr fuel. Befre ne f these wrkuts, the man skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised n a cmpletely empty stmach after a lng vernight fast (禁食). On the ther ccasin, they ate a rich mrning meal abut tw hurs befre they started walking.
Just befre and an hur after each wrkut, the scientists tk additinal samples f the men’s bld and fat tissue.
Then they cmpared the samples. There were cnsiderable differences. Mst bviusly, the men displayed lwer bld sugar levels at the start f their wrkuts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned mre fat during walks n an empty stmach than when they had eaten first. On the ther hand, they burned slightly mre calries (卡路里), n average, during the wrkut after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the mst significant, the researchers fund. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending n whether smene had eaten r nt befre walking. Many f these genes prduce prteins ( 蛋白质) that can imprve bld sugar regulatin and insulin ( 胰岛素) levels thrughut the bdy and s are assciated with imprved metablic health. These genes were much mre active when the men had fasted befre exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implicatin f these results is that t gain the greatest health benefits frm exercise, it may be wise t skip eating first.
61. ( ) The underlined expressin “stmach it” in Paragraph 1 mst prbably means “ ”.
A. digest the meal easilyB. manage withut breakfast
C. decide wisely what t eatD. eat whatever is ffered
2020山东卷 C 篇
In the mid-1990s, Tm Bissell taught English as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven mnths, physically brken and having lst his mind. A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.
His visit, hwever, ended up invlving a lt mre than that. Hence this bk, Chasing the Sea: Lst Amng the Ghsts f Empire in Central Asia, which talks abut a rad trip frm Tashkent t Karakalpakstan, where millins f lives have been destryed by the slw drying up f the sea. It is the stry f an American travelling t a strange land, and f the peple he meets n his way: Rustam, his translatr, a lvely 24-year-ld wh picked up his clrful English in Califrnia, Oleg and Natasha, his hsts in Tashkent, and a string f freign aid wrkers.
This is a quick lk at life in Uzbekistan, made f friendliness and warmth, but als its darker side f sciety. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wnders, while n his way t Bukhara he gets a taste f plice methds when suspected f drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a muntain funeral (葬礼) fllwed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust strms, diseases and fishing bats stuck miles frm the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully rganizes histrical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-runded picture f Uzbekistan, seen frm Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stmach. As the authr explains, this is neither a travel nr a histry bk, r even a piece f reprtage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid descriptin f the purest f Central Asian traditins.
9. ( )What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Develping a serius mental disease. B. Taking a guided tur in Central Asia.
C. Wrking as a vlunteer in Uzbekistan. D. Writing an article abut the Aral Sea.
2020浙江卷B篇
The traffic signals alng Factria Bulevard in Bellevue, Washingtn, generally dn’t flash the same length f green twice in a rw, especially at rush hur. At 9:30am, the full red / yellw / green signal cycle might be 140 secnds. By 9:33am, a burst f additinal traffic might push it t 145 secnds. Less traffic at 9 : 37am culd push it dwn t 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-grwing city just east f Seattle, uses a system that is gaining ppularity arund the US: intersectin (十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time t traffic cnditins. These lights, knwn as adaptive signals, have led t significant declines in bth the truble and cst f travels between wrk and hme.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed,” says Alex Stevanvic, a researcher at Flrida Atlantic University.
Fr all f Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are nt a cure-all fr jammed radways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transprtatin Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial fr sme cities, thers are s jammed that nly a sharp reductin in the number f cars n the rad will make a meaningful difference. “It’s nt ging t fix everything, but adaptive signals have sme benefits fr smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch t adaptive signals has been a lessn in the value f welcming new appraches. In the past, there was ften an autmatic reactin t increased traffic: just widen the rads, says Mark Pch, the Bellevue Transprtatin Department’s traffic engineering manager. Nw he hpes that ther cities will cnsider making their streets run smarter instead f just making them bigger.
25.（ ）What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Increased length f green lights.B. Shrtened traffic signal cycle.
C. Flexible timing f traffic signals.D. Smth traffic flw n the rad.
答案解析
CAABD DBDC
2021新高考1卷C篇
词义猜测题。根据题干信息first paragraph定位到第一段：Unfrtunately, it tk the explrers and the settlers wh fllwed nly a few decades t decimate a large part f these resurces. 根据Unfrtunately（不幸地是）可知，此处与前文 "taken care f" 形成对比，故此处应表示 "损害、毁坏" 。原文译为：不幸地是，这些探险者和定居者只花了几十年的时间就毁掉了这些资源的很大一部分。故选C。
2021.6全国乙卷B篇
词义猜测题。根据题干信息cncede，定位到第三段Still, 55 percent f Australians have a landline phne at hme… Of thse Australians wh still have a landline, a third cncede that it's nt really necessary…。分析可知，虽然55%的人的家中都还有座机，但他们中的三分之一的人认为座机其实并不十分必要。由此我们可以推测，这些人在说it's nt necessary的时候是在承认这件事。故选A。
2021.6浙江卷B篇
猜词题。根据第二段最后一句话句意”结果是 Prject Wild Thing，一部描绘了 Wild Netwrk 诞生的电影，Wild Netwrk 是一组以让孩子们融入大自然为共同目标的组织。“可知，本句主要阐述作者拍摄的纪录片Prject Wild Thing记录下了组织Wild Netwrk的诞生，因此recrd（记录、记载）与所猜词汇最为接近，故选A。
2020全国卷I B 篇
词义猜测题。根据第四段第二句的内容 "But I imagine that, while mney is… is the highest currency a reader can pay them." 可知，作者认为虽然金钱确实是美好的，也是必要的，但是重读作家的作品是读者能够支付给他们的最高currency。A. debt 借款；B. reward 报酬；C. allwance 津贴；D. face value（邮票、钱币、票等的）票面价值。结合选项可知，B选项的reward符合语境，指 "支付给他们的最高报酬" 。故选：B。
2020全国卷II C 篇
词义猜测题。根据第五段"but when the market fr nutria cllapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy."可知，只有在海狸鼠市场倒闭或者崩溃之后，海狸鼠才开始疯狂扩大数量，cllapse为崩溃的意思。故选D。
2020全国卷III B 篇
词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子"One nnprfit rganizatin, which mnitrs the treatment r animals in filmed entertainment"（一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇）以及下文Already, a number f films, … them haven't been treated prperly.（许多电影，包括 "大象的眼泪" , "宿醉Ⅱ" 和 "管理员" , 引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。）由此可知，其中一家监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是 "密切关注" 。故选D项。
2020江苏卷 C 篇
词句猜测题。根据下文wrking ut befre breakfast may be mre beneficial fr health than eating first早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼更健康，可知，这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推测画线词部分与B项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。
2020山东卷 C 篇
代词指代题。根据第一段最后一句A few years later, still attracted t the cuntry, he returned t Uzbekistan t write an article abut the disappearance f the Aral Sea.（几年后，仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章）可知，that指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事。故选D。
2020浙江卷B篇
文章大意：本文主要讲了华盛顿Bellevue信号灯时间调整的原因以及研究过程。词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句"Just like the traffic itself, the timing f the signals changes"可知that指代的是信号灯时间的灵活变化，故选C。
四、模拟演练
（1）
An advertisement is just like a Smebdy Else says qutatin(引语) in a news stry. The newspaper des nt say that what the advertiser says is true. All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.” T find ut whether it is true r nt will be left t the reader. All the statements in the ads are the advertiser’s statements, nt the paper’s.
Q: What des “Smebdy Else” in the paragraph refer t?
A. The editr f the paper. B. The reader f the paper.
C. The authr f the passage. D. The advertiser f the ads.
（2）
Emma had never read it, nr had she ever purchased a cpy. But, when she pened it up, she was flred t see her wn name and address inside the cver, in her wn handwriting. It turned ut that the summer befre, at a cncert back in Mntreal, Emma had met a Califrnian wh was in twn visiting friends. They decided t exchange addresses, but neither f them had any paper. The man had pened up a bk he was carrying in his backpack and asked Emma t write her name and address inside. When he returned t Califrnia, he left the bk behind in Mntreal, and his friend Alex kept it. When Alex later relcated t Jerusalem, he tk the nw-treasured bk alng.
Q: What des the underlined wrd “flred” in the paragraph mean?
A. interested B. shcked C. frightened D. excited
（3）
Oxygen is vital t life; it is needed by the bdy cells f all animals. It is als very useful in industry. The methd Priestley used prduces nly small quantities. The large amunts needed fr industry are prduced in a different way. Air is put int cntainers under great pressure. This turns it int liquid and makes it very cld. It is then gradually warmed up and each substance evaprates at a different temperature. The biling pint f xygen is -183°C. It is caught and stred in strng steel cylinders at a pressure f 136 atmspheres. The prcess is knwn as fractinal distillatin.
Q: Which wrd has the rugh meaning f “vital”?
A. imprtant B. useful C. helpful D. interesting
（4）
These different kinds f learning disabilities are knwn by different names. Fr example, a persn wh has difficulty reading may have dyslexia. Smene wh cannt d mathematics may have a disrder called dyscalculia(计算困难).
Q: The underlined wrd “dyslexia” in the paragraph prbably means _______.
A. difficulty in seeing B. prblem in reading
C. truble in listening D. brain disrder
（5）
A child’s birthday party desn’t have t be a hassle; it can be a basket f fun, accrding t Beth Anacleri, an Evastn mther f tw, ages 4 and 18 mnths.
Q: What des the underlined wrd “hassle” prbably mean in the paragraph?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thught
C. a situatin causing difficulty r truble
D. a demand made by guests
（6）
And if yu’ve gathered yur friends arund yu t rebuild a happy family atmsphere(气氛), yu may fear that saying n will bring back the kind f cnflict yu grew up with— r destry the nice atmsphere yu nw enjy.
Q: The underlined wrd “cnflict” in the paragraph means .
A. dependent lifeB. fierce fightC. bad mannersD. painful feeling
（7）
“She is ashamed and embarrassed but desn’t really have any explanatin why she did this,” Miss Duff said. “She didn’t intend t steal when she went int the stre. She is at a lss t explain it. She is therwise a very respectable and intelligent yung lady .She went t her dctr and asked fr advice because she wants t knw if there is anything in particular that caused her t d this.”
Q: What des the underlined sentence “She is at a lss t explain it” mean?
A. In her pinin it was a lss t the clthes shps where she stle things.
B. She desn’t have any idea why she has the desire t steal frm shps.
C. She thinks it is a lss fr her t explain why she stle things frm shps.
D. Persnally she feels ashamed and embarrassed fr her shplifting actins.
（8）
One f the best-knwn sayings must be “Early t bed and early t rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wisdm”. The prmises f health, wealth, and wisdm t thse wh jin the teams f early retirees and rises must be particularly pleasing t many peple in ur mdern sciety.
Q: The underlined wrd “ retiree” here refers t_________.
A. peple wh give up their wrk B. peple wh have a lt f free time
C. peple wh g t bed D. peple wh live in a quiet place
（9）
The reasns fr a visit t lighthuse are nt all s backward-lking(思想过时的) in time. It is true that lighthuses were built in ut-f-the-way places. But n a pleasant sunny summer day, this very islatin has a natural beauty that many peple will lve t experience.
Q: The underlined phrase “ut-f-the-way” prbably means __________.
A. far-away B. dangerus C. ancient D. secret
（10）
Our wn native language and culture are s much a part f us that we take them fr granted. When we travel t anther cuntry, it’s as if we carry alng with ur passprts. We view the new envirnment using ur wn culture as the standard, and althugh nt purpsely, ur ways f thinking and acting ften get in the way f ur understanding ther languages and cultures. The ability and willingness t change lenses(视角) when we lk at a different culture is bth the cure and preventin fr such cultural blindness. Studying a new language prvides us the pprtunities t practise changing lenses when we als learn the cntext r the culture t which it belngs.
Q: The underlined wrd “it” in the last sentence refers t __________.
A. the cntext B. the culture C. the language D. the pprtunity
答案与解析：
（1）D。根据下文中All the newspaper says is, “This is what the advertiser says.”可推知，文章中的Smebdy Else指的是做广告的人。
（2）B。从上文可知，在一个从未到过的地方，在一本从未读过的书的封面，看到自己亲笔写的姓名和地址，当然感到“震惊”。此处“But”是关键提示。
（3）A。根据下句“氧是所有动物细胞所必不可少的元素”的内容，判断出氧非常“重要”。
（4）B。由下句“Smene wh cannt d mathematics may have a disrder called dyscalculia(计算困难).”不能做数学题的人可能患有一种被称为计算困难的疾病可以推断dyslexia的意思为“阅读困难”。
（5）C。通过上下句A child’s birthday party desn’t have t be a hassle; it can be a basket f fun.可以看出，hassle和a basket f fun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断，答案为C。
（6）B。由破折号后的r可知，前后两句的意思相近，她不想失去或破坏这个友好氛围，否则就又让她回到以前的“冲突”中。答案为B。
（7）B。从上文中她进入商店时并没打算偷窃，以及下文谈到她去看医生可以推知她不知道自己为什么会有偷窃的欲望可知答案为B。
（8）C。根据谚语“Early t bed and early t rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wisdm”以及retirees和risers的对比关系不难猜出retiree是“睡觉的人”。
（9）A。由合成词ut-f-the-way的字面意思和下句中的islatin一词可知，灯塔通常“孤零零”地呆在一个地方，因此答案为A。
（10）C。本段主要讲述语言和文化的关系。结合最后一句话可知，学习一门新的语言给我们提供一个崭新的视觉，从而使得我们更好地把握语言依附的文化环境。由此知道这里的it指代语言。
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