第13讲 情态动词和虚拟语气 精讲精练2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练

第13讲 情态动词和虚拟语气   精讲精练2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练

考点一情态动词

情态动词主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等。情态动词本身虽有一定的意义，但它必须和动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化（但have to除外），后接动词原形。常用的情态动词有：can,could,may,might ,must,have to,will shall,should, need等。

一 表能力

(1) 一般能力用can或be able to都可, 均有过去时的变化。

(2) was / were able to除表示过去的能力以外还可以表示过去设法做成某一具体动作。

A blind man can not / is not able to judge colours .

He could / was able to swim like a fish when he was young .

  The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to survive ..

二 表推测

 ⑴ may /might语气最弱, 多用于（肯，否）定句

⑵can/ could 语气肯定，多用于（？/否/！）句中

⑶must表示强烈的肯定,①+动词原形（现在）②+ have done(过去)③+be doing(正在)

   只用于肯定句

Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy；they ­­­­may just be quiet people.

—I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him?

   — Don’t worry. He might not come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.

Look, someone is coming . Who can it be ?

You can’t be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago.

— Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is?

—She must be in the classroom. I saw her there just now.

You must be hungry now after a long journey .

You must have been hungry because you ate much then .

He must be waiting for us now .Hurry up .

.  ▲It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes.

▲ Peter can be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.

三  表请求，允许，建议

第一人称：Shall/ May /Might/ Can/ Could I/ We…?

第二人称：Would/ Will you…?

第三人称：Shall he/ she/they…?

— May I borrow your dictionary?

— Yes, of course you can.(请求尽量委婉，回答尽量肯定)

— The room is so dirty. Shall we clean it?

— Of course.

— Shall he come to see you ?

— Of course, please. And I’d rather he told me the truth.

— Would you do me a favor?

— Of course I will .

四 “情态动词 + have done”的用法:

(1) 表推测

must have done              过去一定…… (无否定形式)

can’t /couldn’t have done      过去不可能…

may/might have done         过去可能……

(2) 表虚拟

could have done             过去本能, 而实际上未做

should/ought to have done     过去本该, 而实际上未做

shouldn’t/ought not to have done   过去本不该, 而实际上做了

needn’t have done            过去本不必, 其实已做

should/would like/ love to have done   过去本想做却没做

would rather have done              宁愿已做某事却没做

 Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many years ago, as a strong–willed man .  

 I couldn’t/can’t have gone through that bitter period without your generous help.

 —I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to the railway officials.

—How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone might/may have stolen it.

 He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he could have expressed it differently.

 They should have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.

 The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I needn’t have taken the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.

 I would like to have cleaned the room , but I was asked to water trees .

五 情态动词其他用法要点:

 1. Should

(1) 表特殊语气: 竟然，竟会

You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady.

(2) 用于条件句: 表可能性，万一，如果

This printer is of good quality. If it should break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.

 (3) 表推测:（按理讲）应该

The photos should be ready by tomorrow morning.

2. Must

(1) 表示“偏要，硬要做某事”。如：

. If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over.

(2) 其否定式 mustn’t, 表示“禁止”；

must作“必须”讲时，其否定式是needn’t，表示“不必”，如：

—Must I work out the problem?     —No, you needn’t.

—May I use your car?             —No, you mustn’t.

(委婉的拒绝可用：Sorry, but I am using it now. 或 You’d better not.)

Tom , you mustn’t leave all your clothes on the floor like this !　

(3) 表示不得不做：must（主观上）,have to（客观上）

Some aspects of a pilot’s job can be boring, and pilots often have to work at inconvenient hours.

  —Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?

—I am afraid you must , in case he comes late for the meeting.

3. 当shall用于一、三人称的疑问句表示请求；用于二、三称时表示命令、警告、允诺或威胁；此外，当颁布法律、规定时，也要用shall. 如：

You shall have a nice present for your birthday.（允诺）

—Will you read me a story ,Mummy?                                             

--OK. You shall have one if you go to bed as soon as possible.

Children shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. （命令）

— What does the sign over there read?
—“ No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.” (规定)

4. can not but + do sth.             表示“不得不，只好”

I can not but choose to go.    我只好去。

5. may well 和may /might (just)as well结构

“may well+动词原形”是一种常见结构，意为“完全能，很可能”，相当于 to be very likely to;

Lisa may well not want to go on the trip — she hates traveling.

“may/might as well +动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于had better.

You may as well do it at once.      

6. cannot (或never等否定词)与enough或 too 连用表示“再…也不为过”.

You cannot be careful enough in doing experiments.   

7. may可以用于祈使句，表示祝愿。如：

May you return in safety.     Wish you good luck .       

8. dare & need 既可以用作情态动词也可用作实义动词。其中做情态动词不用于肯定句，做实义动词不受限制。

 ① He dared not go out alone in the past.

② —Dare he cross the river?    —No, he daren’t.

③ He doesn’t dare to cross the river.

④ You needn’t see him, but I must.

⑤ Need you see him?

⑥ You don’t need to see him.

⑦ —Do you need to see him?   —Yes, I do.

 I needn’t worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.

9. would 做情态动词还可以表示过去的习惯、习性、倾向等。

   When I was a child, I would often go skiing.

考点二 虚拟语气

虚拟语气

I. if虚拟条件句

一. 基本用法：

和过去事实相反：从句 had done      主句would/could/should/might have done

和现在事实相反：从句 did / were     主句would/could/should/might do

和将来事实相反：从句 should do

were to do       主句would/could/should/might do

did / were

If he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race.

 If I were you, I would pay more attention to English idioms and phrases.

If I had/should/have/were to have time, I would go with you tomorrow .

注意：

I would have come sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me.

—Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.

—I would have attended it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.

二. 含蓄虚拟条件句：常用without, with, but for等介词短语来取代if条件句。

 Without your help, our team wouldn’t have won the last match.

We would have put John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.

三. 若虚拟条件句中含有助动词 were, had, should 时，可省略 if, 将 were, had, should 移到句首。

Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.

 Had I known her name, I would have invited her to lunch.

 Were every student aware of the importance of study, they would study efficiently.

四. 混合虚拟条件句：在这种条件句中，主句和从句的动作发生的时间不一致，因此， 主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。

Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.

If he had listened to the teacher attentively, he would know the answer to the problem now.

II. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气

一. 表示命令、建议、要求的动词order, command, advise, suggest, demand, require, desire, request, recommend, insist其后跟宾语从句时，从句用 (should)+do的虚拟语气，同时跟以上动词有关的名词性从句也都使用该虚拟形式。

[注意] 当insist表示坚持认为时，不用虚拟语气，用陈述语气；

当suggest表示暗示、表明时，不用虚拟语气，用陈述语气。

I recommended that the student finish writing his composition as soon as possible.

   The law requires that everyone have his car checked at least once a year.

  ▲I suggested the person referred to be put into prison.

  ▲ Her pale face suggested that he was ill .

The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students be given two weeks to prepare for the exam.

▲The librarian insists that John take no more books from the library before he returns all the books he had borrowed.

▲He insisted that he had seen me before.

二. It’s /was necessary /strange/ natural/ important + that + sb. (should) do;

   It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language.

 It’s necessary that we (should) study hard.

三. It is / was a pity / a shame / an honor / a surprise + that + sb. (should) do.

   It’s a shame that you cheat in the exam .

III.  几个特殊句型中的虚拟语气

一. wish后跟宾语从句，从句使用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的愿望。

与过去事实相反:  wish + (that) + had done

与现在事实相反:  wish + (that) + did(were)

与将来事实相反:  wish + (that) + would/could/might + do

    I left very early last night, but I wish I hadn’t left so early.

    I wish that you hadn’t had such a bad headache, otherwise you would have enjoyed the concert.

----Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.

---- I wish they weren’t always late.

二. would rather后跟从句的虚拟语气有两种形式：

对过去的虚拟用过去完成时；

对现在或将来的虚拟用一般过去时；

I’d rather you left right away.

 I’d rather you hadn’t told me the news.

三. It is (high/about) time that ….句型中，从句的谓语动词用过去式，或should +动词原形，其中should不能省略

It is high time you went/should go to school.

四. as if后跟从句的虚拟语气有三种形式

对过去的虚拟用过去完成时；

对现在的虚拟，从句动词用过去时；

对将来的虚拟用could/might/may+动词原形

注意：as if 后面的从句也可以用陈述语气，要根据实际情况判断

It seems as if it is going to rain.

    He has just arrived, but he talks as if he knew all about that.

The two strangers talked as if they had been friends for years.

五. 在if only引导的感叹句中，(若是...那该多好啊; 真希望...)

与过去事实相反:  if only + (that) + had done

与现在事实相反:  if only + (that) + did(were)

与将来事实相反:  if only + (that) + would/could/might + do

   If only I were ten years younger .

    Look at the trouble now! If only I had listened to your advice!

真题感悟

一、单句语法填空

1．(2020·天津高考)Jim says we ________ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy.

答案：can　句意：吉姆说我们可以住在他家，只要我们保持它干净整洁。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，我们可以待在他家。

2．(2020·江苏高考)If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I ________ (not be) where I am.

答案：wouldn't be　句意：如果我没有面对那么多的障碍，我现在就不会在这里。此处是错综时间虚拟语气，根据设空后的where I am可知，此处是与现在事实相反的假设，主句谓语动词应用would/could/might/should＋do。

3．(2019·天津高考)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ________ (accomplish) the task in half the time.

答案：would have accomplished　此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，故用would have done sth 表示“本来能够做某事”。

4．(2019·江苏高考)What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we ________ (have) a good time together.

答案：would have had　句意：真遗憾！你错过了观光，否则我们在一起会玩得很开心。根据What a pity! You missed ... 以及or(否则)可知，此处是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故用would have done结构。

5．(2018·北京高考)In today's information age, the loss of data ________ cause serious problems for a company.

答案：can　句意：在当今信息时代，数据丢失有时会给一个公司造成严重的问题。can表示“有时会”。

6．(2018·北京高考)They might have found a better hotel if they ________ (drive) a few more kilometers.

答案：had driven　句意：如果他们再开几公里的话，他们就会发现一个更好的旅馆了。主句中might have found是对过去的推测，从句中应使用过去完成时，故填had driven。

7．(2018·天津高考)I can't find my purse. I ________ (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.

答案：could/might have left　句意：我找不到我的钱包了。昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据句子中的时间状语“yesterday”可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用“情态动词＋have done”的结构。再根据后面的“but I'm not sure”可知，表示不太肯定的推测，故用could/might have left。

8．(2018·天津高考)If we ________ (catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.

答案：had caught　句意：如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话，现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。根据时间状语“yesterday”可知，从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，故用had done。

9．(2018·江苏高考)It's strange that he ________ have taken the books without the owner's permission.

答案：should　句意：真奇怪，他竟然未经主人允许就拿走了这些书。在句型“It is important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that ...”中，其中由that引导的主语从句中用“should＋动词原形”。

10．(2018·江苏高考)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I ________ (have) a second chance to become more involved.

答案：had　句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，我希望还有第二次机会去更多地参与其中。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。

11．(2020·天津高考)—________ I order a taxi for Sarah to go to the airport tonight?

—Don't bother . I'll drive her there.

答案：Shall　shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见。

12．(2019·江苏高考)At some time in the past Yellowstone must ________ (blow) up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.

答案：have blown　句意：在过去的某个时候，黄石公园一定发生过一场威力很大的爆炸，远远超过了人类已知的任何等级。must have done是对过去发生的动作最有把握的猜测，意思是“一定”。故填have blown。

13．(2019·江苏高考)Joni thought that ________ (will) be the end.

答案：would　根据主句中的thought可知，从句中will应用would。

14．(2019·天津高考)I could only ________ (leave) it on the G9 bus, which was now speeding in the dark to some unknown station.

答案：have left　句意：我只能是把它留在G9公共汽车上了，那辆车现在正在黑暗中驶向一个未知的车站。这里could have done表示对过去发生事情的推测。

15．(2019·江苏高考)A chimpanzee (黑猩猩) ________ (can) win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.

答案：can't　根据后半句“but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.”可推知，本句句意应为：黑猩猩无法在与现代人的争论中获胜，但却能把人像布娃娃一样撕成碎片。故填can't。

16．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Rather than getting caught up in how you could ________ (do) better, why not offer yourself a compassionate (有同情心) response?

答案：have done　句意：与其纠结于过去本应该怎样做会更好，为什么不给自己一个富有同情心的回应呢？could have done “本来能够做而实际没有做”。

二、单句改错

17．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)All customers travelling on TransLink services may be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding.

________________________________________________________________

答案：may→must　句意：所有使用TransLink服务的客户在登机前必须持有有效机票。此处意为必须，故用must。

18．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Might you tell me what time Flight AF35 gets in?

________________________________________________________________

答案：Might→Could　此处应用could表示委婉、客气的语气。

19．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Some parents could buy any high­tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math­related skills.

________________________________________________________________

答案：could→will　此处用will表示意愿、决心。

20．(2019·天津高考)A list of references must include.

________________________________________________________________

答案：include→be included　句意：参考书目必须附上。谓语动词include和主语为被动关系，又位于情态动词must之后，故需要用情态动词的被动语态must be included。

21. Therefore, he suggested the boy give up the major and learnt drawing.

________________________________________________________________

答案：learnt→learn　suggest表建议时，后面的宾语从句谓语动词需要用“should＋动词原形”，或者省略should直接用动词原形，故将learnt改为learn。

22．The building, from whose top visitors must enjoy a good view of Sanya, attracts hundreds of tourists every day.

________________________________________________________________

答案：must→can　句意：这座建筑每天吸引着数百名游客，游客可以从它的顶层俯瞰三亚的美景。此处用can表示“可以”。

23．I would appreciate it very much if you must write back and give me your own opinion.

________________________________________________________________

答案：must→could　句意：如果你能回信告诉我你的意见，我将不胜感激。根据句意和would可知此处应用could。