2021人教版初中语法专题：八大句子成分与结构学案

人教版初中语法专题：八大句子成分与结构

定义 ：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；
主要成分：主语+谓语 She came．/ The bird died.
次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语.

定语

定语，用来修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。

定语可由以下等成分表示：

1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）

2. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）

3.My mother bought a birthday cake for me.（名词）

4. Her brother is a teacher.（代词）

5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）

6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）

7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）

8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.（定语从句）

主语

主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。

主语由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、形容词和主语从句等表示。

1.Jane is good at playing the piano.

2.She went out in a hurry.

3.To see is to believe.

4.Smoking is bad for health.

5.The young should respect the old.

6.What he said is true.

7. It is necessary to master a foreign language.

谓语

谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，即说明主语做什么或怎么样。

通常由动词充当.谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。 

动词常分为实义动词,系动词,情态动词和助动词.

He ate two eggs this morning.

She cleans her room every day.

He did the job.

She looks very smart and cool

We have finished the job. 

He can speak German.

宾语

宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于动词和介词后面,分别称为动宾和介宾。

1.We study English.

2.He is looking at them.

3.He refused to help them.

4. She enjoys reading.

5. I don't believe what he said.

6. She found it necessary to learn a foreign language.

7. He gave me two books.

表语

表语位于系动词之后，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、不定式、动名词、副词及表语从句表示。

1.Our English teacher is an American.

2. The weather has turned cold.

3. The speech is exciting.

4.His job is to teach English.

5. His hobby is playing football.

6. Time is up.The class is over.

7. The truth is that he has never been abroad.

宾语补足语

英语中有些及物动词，只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。

宾语补足语: 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。

可以用作宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词, 不定式,动名词, 分词, 介词短语等。

The story made us happy.

这类常用的及物动词有 ：

make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let.

状语

状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的句子成分, 说明方式、 原因、结果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方式、程度、目的、伴随情况等。可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。(位置灵活，句首，句中，句末都行）

I will be back in a while.

They are playing on the playground.

He was late because he got up late.

I got up so late that I missed the train.

He did it carefully.

They missed me very much.

Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.

In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.

When I was young, I could swim well.

同位语

同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语，对前者加以说明的成分。（后者就是前者）

1. We young people should respect the old. 名词

2.He himself will do the experiment. 代词

3.He is the oldest among them four. 数词

4.He told me the news that our team won the game. 同位语从句