新人教版高考英语一轮复习句子成分下的语法第十讲依据句子成分和结构突破特殊句式课件+学案

第十讲　依据句子成分和结构突破特殊句式

编者按：英语中的特殊句式通常包括：强调句型、倒装句、省略句、感叹句和there be句型等。近几年高考在重视对语意、语境考查的同时并没有完全放弃对语言形式、语言知识类题目的测试。尤其是倒装和强调两部分，在高考中仍占有较大的比重。

[真题集训——明考点]

一、语法填空常考点

1．(2018·北京高考改编)In any unsafe situation, simply              (press) the button and a highly­trained agent will get you the help you need.

解析：press　句意：在任何不安全的情况下，只要按一下这个按钮，一个训练有素的代理人就会给你所需要的帮助。此题为“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”结构，所以用动词原形。

2．(2018·天津高考改编)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house              we saw Lily in the passenger seat.

解析：that　句意：直到汽车停在了我们的房子前面的时候，我们才看到莉莉坐在乘客座上。此处是强调句型“It is(was)＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分”，本句强调的是时间状语从句。

3．(2017·江苏高考改编)              (be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.

解析：Were　句意：如果没有老师的支持，这名学生不可能克服她的困难。该句是省略if的虚拟条件句，if省略后需要将were提前构成倒装。

4．(2017·天津高考改编)It was when I got back to my apartment              I first came across my new neighbors.

解析：that　句意：正是当我回到公寓的时候，我第一次偶然遇见了我的新邻居们。此处为强调句型It is/was ...that ...，被强调的是句中的时间状语从句。

5．(2016·天津高考改编)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel              the coach picks up tourists.

解析：that　句意：你等错地方了。长途客车是在宾馆接游客。去掉it is和空格处后句子结构依然完整，因此本句是一个强调句，填that。

6．(2016·江苏高考改编)Not until recently              (do) they encourage the development of tourist­related activities in the rural areas.

解析：did　句意：直到最近他们才鼓励在农村地区发展与旅游相关的项目。not until放在句首时句子要使用部分倒装，此处指过去所发生的动作，应使用一般过去时。

二、短文改错常考点

1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)They were two reasons for the decision.               

解析：They→There　根据语境可知，此处表示“(做出)这个决定的原因有两个”。本句应使用there be ...句型。

2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the words, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turning left！”               

解析：Turning→Turn　最后一句为祈使句，并和上文中的“Speed up！”和“Slow down！”并列，故改为动词原形Turn。

3．(2016·浙江6月高考改编)Have the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS­related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.               

解析：Have→Had　句意：要是没有政府和科学家们的合作，与艾滋病相关的死亡人数就不会从2005年的最高值降下来。由主句使用“would have done”可知是对过去情况的虚拟，故从句应用had done。本句为省略if将had置于句首的情况。

4．(2014·四川高考)Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.               

解析：go→goes　句子的主语为“a fire alarm”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。

5．(2014·辽宁高考)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.               

解析：have→has　句子的主语为“The early morning barking”，故谓语动词应用单数形式。

[语法精析——知规则]

一、强调句型

1．强调句型的基本结构：“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。”该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、状语等进行强调。当被强调部分是人，且作主语时，可用who或that，其他情况下一律用that。

It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.

只有通过倾听和相互理解，父母和孩子之间的问题才可能被解决。

[名师指津]　强调主语时，要注意连接词和谓语的一致性。

It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress.

正是我们的老师帮助我们取得了很大的进步。

2．强调句型的一般疑问句结构：“Is/Was＋it＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？”

Was it in the park that he met our new teacher?

他是在公园里遇到我们的新老师的吗？

3．强调句型的特殊疑问句结构：“特殊疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that＋句子其他部分？”

When was it that he made up his mind to take this course?

他是什么时候决定选修这门课程的？

[名师指津]　由疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序。

She doesn't know who it was that saved her son.

她不知道是谁救了她的儿子。

4．not ... until的强调句型结构：“It is/was not until ... ＋that＋句子其他部分。”

It was not until he got home 30 minutes later that he found he had left his bag in the taxi.直到他到家三十分钟后他才发现他把包落在了出租车上。

5．强调谓语动词

用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。

She did tell me her address, but I forgot all about it.

她确实告诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。

二、倒装句

(一)部分倒装

只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词、系动词be或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子，叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有以下几种：

1．将含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有：never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely ... when ..., no sooner ... than ..., not only ... but also ..., not until, nowhere, neither ... nor ... 等。

Not until I lost my job did I realize I should improve my working skills.

直到我失去工作我才意识到我应该提高工作技能了。

2．“only修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句”置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。

Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.

只有当你的心态平和时，你才能与别人保持良好的关系。

3．so/such ... that ... 结构中的so, such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。

Such great progress did he make that he was praised.

他取得了如此大的进步以至于受到了表扬。

4．表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时，用倒装结构“so/neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”(so表示肯定意义， neither/nor表示否定意义)。

I saw the film Ne Zha last week; so did she.

上周我看了《哪吒之魔童降世》这部电影，她也看了。

5．在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，从句的表语/状语/动词要位于句首，构成倒装结构。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。

Strange as it may sound, if you're unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires.

尽管这听起来很奇怪，但是如果你不满意，问题不是缺少满足你的愿望的方法，而是你根本就没有愿望。

6．在虚拟条件句中，条件句中的if省略时，助动词had, were, should要提到主语前面。

Should he come, tell him to ring me up.

如果他来了，告诉他给我打电话。

7．“may＋动词原形”表示祝愿时，通常将may置于句首，构成倒装语序。

May you succeed.祝你成功。

(二)全部倒装

谓语动词完全置于主语之前的句子，叫全部倒装句。这类句型主要有以下几种：

1．here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子用全部倒装。

John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。

South of the river lies a small factory.

河的南面有一个小工厂。

2．有时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调，将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，构成“表语＋系动词＋主语”的完全倒装结构。

Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.出席晚会的有格林先生，还有许多其他的宾客。

三、省略句

1．状语从句中的省略

在as if,  if, though, when, where, while, no matter what, until等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含be动词，而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是it时，从句的主语和谓语中的be动词可以一起省略。

All the photographs in this book, unless (the photographs are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.这本书里所有的照片，除非有说明，否则，都要追溯到20世纪50 年代。

2．动词不定式的省略

在主动语态中，感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作补足语时，往往将不定式符号to省略；在同一句话或同一情景对话中，当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时，通常省略该动作而保留不定式符号to。

The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to.

那名司机想把车停靠在路边，但是警察不允许他这样做。

3．so/not构成替代省略

英语中还常常用so/not等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容，so/not多跟在I'm afraid/I hope/I think/I guess/I believe等开头的答句中。

—Do you think it will rain？你认为会下雨吗？

—I hope so/not.我希望下/不下。

4．常用的省略结构

四、there be结构、感叹句和其他特殊句式

(一)there be结构

1．there be句型中的be可以有不同的时态，可以和助动词或情态动词连用。

There have been many great changes in our country since then.自从那时起我们国家就发生了巨大的变化。

There must be a mistake somewhere.

某个地方一定出错了。

2．there be句型中的be有时可用seem to be, appear to be, happen to be, used to be, have to be, remain, live, stand, lie, exist等替换。

There seems to be an announcement about the project.

关于这个项目似乎有一个通知。

There happened to be a man walking by.

碰巧有一个人路过。

3．there be结构的常用句式

This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.

这并不意味着我们正变得比以前更聪明或是不如以前聪明，但是毫无疑问，我们使用记忆力的方式正在发生变化。

(二)感叹句

1．What (＋a/an)＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！

What beautiful flowers they are!

多么美丽的花啊！

2．How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！

How clever a boy he is！＝What a clever boy he is!

多聪明的男孩呀！

3．How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！

How high the mountain is！这山真高呀！

(三)祈使句

祈使句表示请求、命令、邀请、劝告或建议等。一般不出现主语，谓语动词一律用原形；否定形式一般在动词前加don't。祈使句的强调形式是在句首加do。

Do be careful while you are crossing the street.

过马路时一定要小心。

Don't get close to that river.不要靠近那条河。

[应用落实——通方法]

一、单句语法填空

1．The parents didn't tolerate their kids' rudeness at the party, nor did they allow themselves to be disobeyed.

2．Absurd as/though it might sound, everyone present was amused by his adventure story in Africa.

3．It was not until it grew dark that I realized that it was already too late for us to return home.

4．Not until the early 19th century were (be) nail paints changed into the nail polish that we see today.

5．—Who should be responsible for the action?

—The boss is to blame. The employees just carried out the order as told (tell)．

6．When exposed (expose) to danger and conflict, men tend to increase blood pressure, feeling nervous or anxious.

[解题技法]

二、单句改错

1．In a word, once enjoying, the song will never be forgotten.enjoying→enjoyed

2．I try not to show the passers­by what scared I really am, but it's not possible.what→how

3．Hard although he tried, he was unable to make much progress.although→though/as

4．About two miles away from my home stand a mountain which is really worth touring.stand→stands

5．It was until near the end of the letter that she mentioned her own plan.was后加not

6．Such knowledge is still useful when applying to similar situations in other countries.applying→applied

7．Stopping criticizing your children like this, or they will refuse to tell you their true feelings.Stopping→Stop

8．I received his mother's telephone call at eleven.It was then when I knew that he was badly hurt in a traffic accident yesterday.when→that

[解题技法]

三、高考写作佳句

1．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ写作)比赛不仅提高了学生锻炼的积极性，而且丰富了我们的校园生活。

Not only has the racing improved the enthusiasm of students to exercise, but it also enriched our campus life.

2．(2020·浙江7月高考写作)我们都认为我们在英语方面的成功应该归功于你。

We all think it's you that we should owe our success in English to.

3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)如果你还有其他问题，一定要告诉我。

If you have any other questions, do let me know.

4．只有来到中国，你才能体验中国的饮食文化。

Only when you come to China can you experience Chinese food cultures.

5．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)此外，还有一些著名的艺术家将在现场表演如何剪纸。

In addition, there are famous artists performing how to cut paper on the spot.

6．(2017·浙江6月高考写作)正是由于他们的帮助，才避免了一场灾难。

It was because of their help that a disaster was avoided.

四、根据文意或括号内提示词填空

Dealing with homeless families 1.is (be) one part of my job.It was from a single mother 2.that the very first call I had was.She was weeping.Not until I promised to help her 3.did she stop weeping.After being told that she had got into a terrible car accident, I learned that accident made her lose her job.Because of this, she fell behind with her rent 4.and she was being forced to leave her apartment.She had to pay for the rent.5.If not, nowhere could she and her two children go.

Having explained the situation, she stopped, saying, “I'm so sorry! Thank you for letting me tell my story.I've tried every shelter and church organization in the area but no one 6.does listen or care.”

7．What an unfortunate thing! At that time there being no openings for family housing, I took her number down and told her I'd call her right back.Later, hardly 8.had I found an opening for a family in a shelter in her area when I called her back.She was shocked when 9.answering (answer) my call.She said, “Never 10.did I really expect you to call me back.” I gave her the good news and she started weeping again.But this time they were tears of happiness and hope.