英语选择性必修 第四册Unit 1 Science Fiction导学案

Unit 1　Science Fiction

Learning About Language

语法精讲·素养提升

被动语态(Passive Voice)

观察上面对话, 并完成句子

(1)I was told(tell) not to take anybody’s belongings without permissions when I was little.  

(2)By the end of last year,  another new gymnasium had been completed(complete) in Beijing.  

(3)The news would be sent to(send) the soldier’s mother as soon as it arrived.  

一、被动语态常用于以下两种情况:

1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者, 或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。

*Rice is grown in the south of China.

中国南方种植水稻。

2. 强调动作的承受者。

*The tree was broken by that boy.

这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。

二、将主动语态变为被动语态应注意的几种情况

1. 含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时, 有两种方法:

(1)间接宾语变为主语, 直接宾语不变;

(2)直接宾语变为主语, 间接宾语用介词to或for引导。

*He told us a story.

他给我们讲故事。

→We were told a story by him.

我们听(他讲)故事。

→A story was told to us by him.

故事由他给我们讲。

2. 动词短语视为一个整体, 其后的介词或副词不能省去。

*She will take good care of the children.

她将会好好照顾孩子们。

→The children will be taken good care of by her.

孩子们将由她来好好照顾。

3. 复合句通常将宾语变为被动句的主语, 而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意: 省略to的不定式作宾语补足语时, 不定式符号to必须补上。例如:

*Someone saw him swim in the lake yesterday.

→He was seen to swim in the lake yesterday.

4. 特殊疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序: 一般用“By+疑问词”开头。

*Who has broken the cup?

谁打碎了杯子?

→By whom has the cup been broken?

杯子被谁打碎了?

　【即学活用】

(1)My English name is Walter. It was given by my English professor when I was at the university.  

我的英文名是Walter, 它是我上大学时我的英语教授取的。

(2)Her money has been run out of and her patience is also running out.   

她的钱已经用完了, 她的耐心也要耗尽了。

(3)I was made to cry by the moving movie.   

我被这部感人的电影弄哭了。

三、被动语态和过去分词作表语

1. 意义差别: 被动语态强调动作; 过去分词作表语描写人或事物的特征及状态。如:

*The window is broken.

窗子破了。

*The window is broken by him.

窗子被他打破了。

2. 用法差别: 过去分词作表语时接近形容词的特征, 可以被 so, very, too等程度副词修饰, 而被动语态则不能用so, very, too修饰, 而需用much, very much, so much, too much修饰。如:

*He was very interested in science.

他对科学有极大的兴趣。(系表结构)

*I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn’t know what to do.

我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊, 不知所措。(被动语态)

　【即学活用】语法填空

(1)I was pleased to hear (hear)you’ve been promoted.   

(2)He was pleased by his teacher’s praise. 

(3)I was quite surprised with the significance of the findings. 

(4)Everyone was surprised by the speed with which the dispute was settled.

四、常见主动表被动的情况

1. 有些动词(cut,  sell,  read,  write,  fill,  cook,  lock,  wash,  drive,  keep等)常用主动形式表被动。如:

*This pen writes smoothly.

这支钢笔写起来很流畅。

*This car sells well.

这车很畅销。

2. 在某些形容词(hard,  difficult,  easy,  heavy,  fit,  good,  comfortable,  convenient,  impossible,  convenient,  cheap,  expensive等)后的不定式用主动形式表被动。如:

*English is easy to learn.

英语很容易学。

*The box is heavy to carry.

这箱子重得搬不动。

3. “半系动词+形容词”结构,  look,  smell,  taste,  sound,  feel,  prove,  turn out等。如:

*The food in this restaurant tastes good.

这家餐馆的饭菜味道很好。

*The news turned out (to be) true.

这消息原来是真的。

4. need,  want,  require,  deserve,  be worth后面接动词的-ing形式, 主动表被动。

*The novel is worth reading. 这本小说值得一读。

*The old house requires repairing. 这所旧房子需要修理。

　【即学活用】语法填空

(1)This kind of knife cuts (cut)well. 

(2)Your writing is really difficult to read(read).   

(3)That sounds (sound)great.  Deal me in! 

(4)All the old carpets need replacing /to be replaced (replace).   

五、有些及物动词或短语不用于被动语态。如: fit,  have,  marry,  wish,  cost,  notice,  watch,  agree with,  arrive at / in,  shake hands with,  succeed in,  suffer from,  happen to,  take part in,  walk into,  belong to等。

　【即学活用】完成句子

(1)A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow.  

直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。

(2)You will be asked a lot of strange questions by them.  

他们将问你许多怪题。

(3)By last December three ships had been built by them.  

到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。

(4)I have some clothes to wash.  

我有一些衣服要洗。

(5)Your idea proved to be wrong.  

你的想法证实是错的。

(6)The book sells quickly.

书销售得快。

(7)Will more gas be needed?   

需要更多的煤气吗?

(8)The music isn’t pleasant to listen to.  

这音乐不好听。

课时检测·素养达标

Ⅰ. 用所给词的适当形式填空

1. They are going to be sent(send)to work in Tibet for two years.  

2. —Do you have any problems if you are offered(offer)this job?  

—Well, I’m thinking about the salary.

3. Though we don’t know what was being discussed, yet we can feel the topic has been changed(change).  

4. Much progress is being made(make)in China with the help of the people’s hard work.  

5. Nowadays, more new technologies are being applied(apply)in the field of IT.  

6. The shop assistant was dismissed as she was accused(accuse)of cheating customers.  

7. You are not allowed to go into the meeting room. A secret plan is being discussed(discuss)there.  

8. The surface of this table feels so smooth. I think it is well worth buying(buy).

9. The manager was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets had been booked(book).  

10. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday has been decided(decide).  

Ⅱ. 将下列句子改写为被动语态

1. We have studied English for 3 years at the spare-time school.

→English has been studied by us for 3 years at the spare-time school.  

2. They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.

→100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.  

3. They have warned us to be careful of rats.

→We have been warned to be careful of rats by them.  

4. We must keep this in mind.

→This must be kept in mind.  

5. We shall not use the washing machine again.

→The washing machine will not be used again.  

6. A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.

→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.  

7. He showed me a ticket.

→A ticket was shown to me by him.  

→I was shown a ticket by him.  

8. The nurse is taking care of the sick people.

→The sick people are being taken care of by the nurse.  

请用被动语态介绍你喜欢的一部科幻小说。

1. 《弗兰肯斯坦》(Frankenstein)是玛丽·雪莱(Marry Shelley)写的一篇科幻小说。

2. 这本小说被认为是英国文学史上最早的科幻小说之一。

3. 这本小说出版后, 受到广泛关注。

4. 小说的故事基于科学、想象和自身经历。

5. 这本小说已被翻译成多种语言。

Frankenstein is a science fiction which was written by Marry Shelley.  It is regarded as one of the earliest science fictions in English literature. After the novel was published,  it drew wide attention. The story of the novel is based on science,  imagination and personal experiences. The novel has been translated into many languages.  

课时素养评价

二　Unit 1　Learning About Language

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

1. This story was originally (origin) written by famous science fiction writer Isaac Asimov.

2. The new style robot will be tested (test) out in Claire’s house.  

3. When her husband was away on business,  Claire was looked (look) after by a robot that looked like so human.  

4. Claire thought it was ridiculous that she was (being) offered (offer) sympathy by a robot,  but she gradually began to trust him.  

5. Many books have been scanned (scan) by Tony since he came to Claire’s house.  

6. When the saleswoman was rude to her,  Claire rang Tony and told him that she was being treated (treat) badly.  

7. How awful it was to be discovered (discover) talking to a man by Gladys Claffern!   

8. It was expected (expect) that the house,  which was being completely transformed,  would be ready the next day.  

9. With the novel being translated/translated (translate) into many foreign languages,  it became world famous.  

10. The environmental problem was being discussed (discuss) at the meeting when I walked in the room.  

Ⅱ. 句型转换

1. People say that Mary Shelley is one of the first fiction writers in English literature.

→It is said that Mary Shelley is one of the first fiction writers in English literature.  

2. I have read most of MoYan’s novels.

→I have read most of the novels written by Mo Yan.  

3. The policeman tells the children not to play in the street.

→The children are told by the policeman not to play in the street.  

4. Do they plant trees in and around our city every year?

→Are trees planted by them in and around our city every year?   

5. A painful accident inspired Kaley Cuoco to make beautiful music for homeless animals. 

→Kaley Cuoco was inspired by a painful accident to make beautiful music for homeless animals.   

6. In 1849 people discovered gold in California in the mountains near San Francisco and so started the famous Gold Rush.

→In 1849 gold was discovered in California in the mountains near San Francisco and so started the famous Gold Rush.  

7. Our English teacher caught him cheating in the examination.

→He was caught cheating by our English teacher in the examination.  

8. Many people in the world speak English.

→English is spoken by many people in the world.  

Ⅰ. 阅读理解

　　Want to get your package delivered via robots?  Now there’s an app for that. If you live in Washington D. C. ,  or Redwood,  you may have glimpsed a small,  boxy robot rolling along a local sidewalk,  minding its own business,  but attracting the attention of many curious onlookers.

　　The autonomous machines were part of a pilot program last year by Starship Technologies focusing on delivering meals from local restaurants in dozens of cities around the world. This week,  the company unveiled plans to broaden its delivery service beyond food to include package,  a move that led it to declare itself “the world’s first robot package delivery service”. The next time you order food,  this cute robot might roll up to deliver it. The package delivery service is not available to everyone yet.

　　The wheeled robots have a top speed of 4mph and can detect obstacles from 30 feet away. “The robot can operate through anything, ” Nick Handrick,  head of operations for Starship’s D. C. office,  said,  “If you had something in the way—a stick—it’s able to climb sticks. ”

　　To sign up for the service,  which costs a little more than $10 per month,  customers need to download the company’s app. Customers then create a “Starship Delivery Address”,  a unique address inside a Starship facility,  where they can have package sent from places such as Amazon. com. Once a package is delivered to the Starship address,  customers receive a text notification that allows them to schedule a home delivery via robot. The robots are opened by customers via a mobile phone code.

　　Barriers exist for robotic ground delivery,  with many states requiring that humans be in control of delivery robots. Those regulations haven’t stopped Starship Technologies from accumulating experience on streets around the globe ahead of the company’s latest launch. The company says its robots have covered more than 125, 000 miles in more than 100 cities in 20 countries.

【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了Starship Technologies公司开发一项由机器人送货的服务, 从最初的送餐服务到试点送包裹服务。

1. What can we know about the robotic delivery?

A. It is part of a trial project by Starship Technologies.

B. The robotic delivery is available to everyone at present.

C. You can use the service free of charge via smart phones.

D. The robots are opened by customers with a text notification.

【解析】选A。 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知, 这些自动机器是去年星际飞船技术公司试点项目的一部分, 该项目专注于从全球数十个城市的当地餐馆提供饭菜。故选A。

2. What does the underlined word “unveiled” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

A. Revised. 　　　 B. Released.

C. Restored.    D. Reset.

【解析】选B。 词义猜测题。根据第二段“这些自动机器是去年星际飞船技术公司试点项目的一部分, 该项目专注于从全球数十个城市的当地餐馆提供饭菜。”可知, 之前的这个计划只是试点项目, 没有完全铺开。但是这一周, 为了扩大送货范围, 这个计划被公布了。故选B。

3. What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A. The good news of the service.

B. How the robotic delivery works.

C. The disadvantages of the robotic delivery.

D. Robotic delivery develops despite challenges.

【解析】选D。 主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句以及最后一句可知, 机器人地面运送存在障碍, 许多州要求由人类控制运送机器人, 但尽管如此, 他们的机器人已经在20个国家的100多个城市行驶了超过 12. 5万英里。所以本段主要讲了尽管这项服务存在挑战但也是在向前发展。故选D。

4. What can be the best title for the text?

A. New Robot Was Invented

B. Wheelless Robots Are on the Way

C. How Robots Deliver Packages

D. Packages Will Be Delivered by Robots

【解析】选D。主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Want to get your package delivered via robots? (你想通过机器人把包裹送到吗? )以及所提及的“在华盛顿特区或红杉区(Redwood), 你可能会瞥见一个四四方方的小机器人在当地的人行道上滚动, 运送包裹, ”可知, 文章就是围绕机器人送包裹所展开的。后文又补充, 机器人送包裹这项服务已经被公布且具体实施。最后也提及, 虽然遇到挑战, 但是也在继续向前发展。故选D。

Ⅱ. 完形填空

　　One day I was sleeping in my chair when I woke up to the sound of a car crash. I sat up and looked 　1　 out my window. Across the street,  a car had just backed into a chain-link fence. The car must have been moving fast,  　2　 it was in bad shape. The fence was bent out exactly the 　3　 of the car’s back end.  

　　I watched the driver get out of the car. After a few seconds of 　4　 the damage,  the man tried to put the fence back into the place. His first attempt failed and he tried a little harder. He grabbed its vertical support pole and pulled against it with his full 　5　.  The pole suddenly 　6　 and the man fell hard onto the ground. The entire fence fell on top of him,  and one of his shoes 　7　 and landed 10 feet away on the sidewalk.  

　　I laughed out loud. The man’s failure was 　8　 my whole day. He climbed out from under the 　9　 fence and went back to the apartment building.  

　　That,  I thought,  would be the 　10　 of it. The man was going to leave all the chaos behind for someone else to 　11　. However,  the man 　12　a few minutes later with some tools. For the next hour,  I 　13　 out my window as he doggedly fixed the fence and even improved it. Now the fence would be extra secure,  stronger than before.  

　　This man was actually a hero and I was embarrassed by my 　14　 judgments. Years later,  I still look out my window at that fence almost every day. It makes me 　15　 what else that man has improved,  and how I can make myself more like him.  

【文章大意】本文是记叙文。讲述作者目睹了一场车祸, 出事的车辆把栅栏撞坏了, 司机坚持修好栅栏。作者本以为司机开始修不好就放弃了, 后来司机坚持修好了栅栏, 作者因为自己的不公平判断感到很尴尬, 认为司机是一个英雄, 自己应该向他学习。

1. A. gradually　　　 B. especially

C. immediately  D. generally

【解析】选C。gradually逐渐地; especially尤其, 特别地; immediately立即; generally一般地。根据上文I woke up to the sound of a car crash可知, 我被车祸中声惊醒, 因此我立刻坐起来向窗外看, 故选C。

2. A. until    B. because

C. if     D. although

【解析】选B。句意: 这辆车一定跑得很快, 因为它已经变形了。根据上下文推断, 前后文是因果关系。故选B。

3. A. beginning  B. direction

C. center    D. shape

【解析】选D。根据上文可知, 车被撞变形, 因此推断, 被撞的栅栏弯出了一个车尾部的形状。故选D。

4. A. assessing   B. mentioning

C. limiting    D. avoiding

【解析】选A。上文说栅栏被撞出了一个车尾部的形状, 结合下文the man tried to put the fence back into the place可知, 评估以后, 司机企图把栅栏恢复原形。故选A。

5. A. equipment  B. sight

C. wisdom    D. weight

【解析】选D。equipment设备; sight视野; wisdom智慧; weight重量。根据上文He grabbed its vertical support pole and pulled against it可知, 司机用全部的重量拉栅栏。故选D。

6. A. broke    B. burnt

C. lightened   D. rose

【解析】选A。根据下文the man fell hard onto the ground可知, 这个人摔到了地上, 因此杆子断了。故选A。

7. A. moved on  B. passed by

C. flew off    D. turned up

【解析】选C。move on继续前进; pass by经过; fly off飞出; turn up出现。根据下文landed 10 feet away on the sidewalk可知, 鞋子飞了出去。故选C。

8. A. wasting    B. brightening

C. completing    D. controlling

【解析】选B。waste浪费; brighten使发亮; 使快乐; complete完成; control控制。根据上文I laughed out loud. 可知, 那一天我很快乐。故选B。

9. A. fallen     B. hidden

C. locked     D. related

【解析】选A。 根据上文The entire fence fell on top of him可知, 栅栏倒塌了。故选A。

10. A. plan     B. form

C. cause     D. end

【解析】选D。根据下文However,  the man 　　　a few minutes later with some tools. 可知, 我认为这件事就这样结束, 然而这个人几分钟后带着工具又回来了, 故选D。 

11. A. give away   B. clean up

C. learn from    D. refer to

【解析】选B。give away泄露; clean up打扫; 清理; learn from向……学习; refer to涉及; 指的是。根据leave all the chaos behind for someone else可知, 留给别人清理所有的混乱。故选B。

12. A. quitted    B. hesitated

C. approved    D. appeared

【解析】选D。quit离开; 放弃; hesitate犹豫; approve赞成; 同意; appear出现。根据下文as he doggedly fixed the fence and even improved it可知, 这个人又出现了。故选D。

13. A. worked    B. counted

C. watched     D. guessed

【解析】选C。work工作; count计算; watch观看; guess猜测。根据out my window可知, 我看着窗外, 看到这个人一直在修栅栏。故选C。

14. A. unbalanced   B. uncertain

C. unfair     D. unhurried

【解析】选C。unbalanced不平衡的; uncertain不确定的; unfair不公平的; unhurried从容不迫的。根据上文提到的This man was actually a hero and I was embarrassed可知, 我因为我不公平的判断感到尴尬。故选C。

15. A. wonder    B. observe

C. explain     D. challenge

【解析】选A。句意: 它让我想知道那个人还有什么进步, 我如何才能让自己更像他。 wonder想知道; 惊奇; observe观察; explain解释; challenge挑战。根据下文提的两个疑问what else that man has improved,  and how I can make myself more like him可知, 我想知道这个人还能取得什么别的进步, 我如何更像他。故选A。

Ⅲ. 语法填空

　　On May 9,  James Givens was sitting in the car when he 1. 　　　　　 (hear) what sounded like a knock. He turned around only 2. 　　　　　 (find) a goose pecking (啄) at the car door. This was highly unusual given that the birds normally preferred to observe humans from a 3. 　　　　　 (distant).  

　But on this day,  the goose appeared to be determined to get his attention and didn’t stop pecking 4. 　　　　　 Givens opened the car door and stepped out. Though the bird then began to walk away,  5. 　　　　　 kept turning around to make sure he was following. When they finally stopped,  Givens realized 6. 　　　　　 the mother goose did so--- she needed help to free her baby goose that had got 7. 　　　　　 (trap) in some balloon string.  

　　Worried that the mother goose would attack him if he got close 8. 　　　　　 the baby ,  Givens called the local SPCA chapter. Unfortunately,  they were 9. 　　　　　 (able) to help right away. Concerned that the baby goose would not survive the delay,  Givens decided to take on the task himself.  

　　The mother goose watched 10. 　　　　　 (patient) as Givens saved the little bird. As soon as the little goose was free,  it ran to its mom. Givens said this was the most unforgettable incident in his life!  

【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了一只母鹅求助人类去解救小鹅的感人故事。

1. 【解析】heard。考查动词时态。文章讲述过去的情况, 应该用一般过去时。句意: 詹姆斯·吉文斯坐在车里, 突然听到像敲门的声音。故填 heard。

2. 【解析】to find。考查不定式。根据句意可知此处指 Givens转身看见的意想不到的情况,  only to do表示意外的结果。故填 to find。

3. 【解析】distance。考查词性转换。冠词a后面应该用名词,  from a distance表示“从远处”。句意: 这是非常不寻常的, 因为鸟类通常喜欢从远处观察人类。故填 distance。

4. 【解析】until/till。考查连词。根据语境可知母鹅一直啄车门直到 Givens下车, 表示动作一直持续到某个时刻。句意: 直到吉文斯打开车门走了出来, 它才停止啄车门。故填until/till。

5. 【解析】it/she。考查代词。根据上下文可知此处是指母鹅在前面引路时, 不断地回头看。虽然这只母鹅开始走开, 但它不停地回头, 确保他跟在后面。故填it/she。

6. 【解析】why。考查宾语从句。此处指 Givens明白了母鹅找他的原因。句意: 吉文斯意识到母鹅为什么会这样做。故填why。

7. 【解析】trapped。考查非谓语动词。 get done表示被动,  get trapped表示“被困”。句意: 她需要帮助来解救困在气球绳里的小鹅。故填trapped。

8. 【解析】to。考查介词。 get close to表示“靠近”。句意:  吉文斯担心如果靠近小鹅, 鹅妈妈会攻击他。故填to。

9. 【解析】unable。考查派生词。根据本句中的“Unfortunately”以及下句中的“ delay”可知, 此处指本地的SPCA分会不能立刻进行救助。句意: 不幸的是, 他们不能立刻提供救助。故填unable。

10. 【解析】patiently。考查词性转换。修饰动词 watch应该用副词形式。句意: 鹅妈妈耐心地看着吉文斯救了小鹅。故填patiently。