2021版英语全能大一轮复习人教版讲义：语法精讲强化系列三形容词、副词和比较等级

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语法精讲强化系列

三、形容词、副词和比较等级

考纲解读

近三年考查的重点是形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法, 以及形容词和副词之间的转换。考生不仅要弄清其词形、词义、功能等基础知识, 还要掌握形容词和副词之间相互转换的规则, 以及同义词辨析和一词多义等重点知识。

考题链接

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

1. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I became interested (interest) in playing football thanks to a small accident.

2. (2019·天津高考)Even though we live in a high-tech age,  it’s still impossible to predict the weather accurately (accurate). 

3. (2018·北京高考)It’s unbelievable(believe).  It just proves there are honest guys out there.

Ⅱ. 单句改错

4. (2018·北京高考)But the urge would no doubt be great if you were living on the streets with little food and money.               ( great改为greater )

5. (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.  (larger改为large)

6. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.

(suddenly改为sudden)

解题思路

1. 根据形容词和副词的基本用法判断该用所给词的形容词形式还是副词形式填空。

2. 根据语境及常用比较级句式判断用所给形容词或副词的比较级还是最高级填空。

3. 根据句意及上下文语境确定填入的形容词或副词的正确形式。

【例1】He was very tired after doing this for a whole day,  but he felt very happy since the crop did “grow”__________(high).  

【点拨】此处grow表示become, 为系动词, 系动词后应用形容词作表语, 而high本身就是形容词, 无需词性转换; 由语境可知, 比之前“更高了”, 故用high的比较级higher。

【例2】I left early because I had an appointment __________(late) that day.  

【点拨】此题考查副词的比较级的用法, later that day意为“那天晚些时候”。故用later。

考点清单

考点1 形容词和副词的词形变化

1. 形容词后缀

(1)-able:

①v.  +able:  reliable,  eatable,  enjoyable,  movable等。

②n.  +able:  valuable,  reasonable,  knowledgeable等。

(2)-ible:  terrible,  horrible,  invisible,  possible等。

(3)-al:  international, mental, medical, natural, general等。

(4)-ant或-ent:  instant,  distant,  constant,  important,  patient,  different,  absent等。

(5)-ed或-ing:  interested,  interesting,  pleased,  pleasing等。

(6)-en:  wooden,  golden,  spoken,  written,  mistaken等。

(7)-ern:  eastern,  southern,  western,  northern等。

(8)-ful:

①n. +ful:  colorful,  beautiful,  helpful,  powerful等。

②v.  +ful:  forgetful,  careful等。

(9)-less:  fearless,  harmless,  useless,  helpless等。

(10)-ly:  friendly,  lovely,  daily,  weekly等。

(11)n. /v. +(i)ous:  curious,  dangerous, various,  anxious等。

(12)-some:  handsome,  troublesome,  tiresome等。

(13)n.  +y:  funny,  lucky,  snowy,  rainy,  dusty等。

2. 形容词前缀

(1)un-:  unhappy,  unfair,  unimportant,  uncomfortable,  unnecessary等。

(2)im-:  impossible,  impolite,  impatient等。

(3)in-:  inactive,  inconvenient,  incorrect等。

(4)dis-:  disabled,  dishonest等。

(5)ir-:  irregular,  irresponsible等。

(6)il-:  illegal等。

3. 副词后缀

一般都是adj.  +ly构成, 以le结尾的形容词, 只需要改为ly即可, 如simple→simply,  possible →possibly等。

【点津】

(1)注意以-e结尾的形容词变副词时有的去掉e,  有的不去e,  直接加-ly。例如:  definite→definitely,  true→truly。

(2)下列单词以-ly结尾, 但却是形容词而非副词: lively, lonely, lovely, deadly, friendly, ugly, silly, likely, brotherly, timely等。

(3)表原意(无-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副词:

用所给词的适当形式填空

(2019·天津高考)A dog’s eating habit requires regular training before it is ______(proper) established.   

解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处应用副词修饰动词established。

答案判定: properly

用所给词的适当形式填空

1. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently (different).

2. (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Your personal circumstances are equally (equal) important.

3. (2019·天津高考)I was extremely (extreme) inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.

4. The girl used to be shy,  but is gradually(gradual)getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.

考点2 形容词和副词的基本用法

1. 在高考语法填空和短文改错中会涉及一些常见的、与派生词变化无关的基本形容词和副词的用法,  如before,  ago,  many,  much,  ever,  never等。

2. 有些副词,  如(un)fortunately,  (un)luckily,  surprisingly,  honestly,  actually,  personally,  obviously,  evidently,  generally等,  作评注性状语,  往往修饰整个句子,  而且它们常位于句首,  且有逗号与后面句子分开。把握这样的结构和用法特点,  有助于快速填空。

3. 连接副词的用法

【点津】注意however是常考词,  而且尤其要注意,  所填空位于句首时,  勿忘大写第一个字母!  短文改错中可能会涉及对这些副词逻辑语意的考查。

*Many of us were raised with the saying “Waste not,  want not. ”None of us,  however,  can completely avoid waste in our lives.

用所给词的适当形式填空

(2019·天津高考)We are__________ (determine) that our training should keep pace with the current development in education.   

解题关键: 根据语境和结构可知, 此处为句子的表语, 应用形容词放于be后面。

答案判定: determined

单句改错

1. (2017·全国卷Ⅰ) I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.                (去掉much)

2. Nearly five years before,  my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(圣女果)in our back garden.               (before改为ago)

3. There are so much tomatoes that we often share them with our neighbors.               (much改为many)

4. I remember my grandfather very much.  (much改为well/clearly)

5. However,  he was the gentlest man I have never known.  (never改为ever)

考点3 比较级、最高级的用法

有关比较级和最高级的考查主要有以下几点: 

1. 等级用法的固定句式

(1)as+形容词或副词原级+as. . .  像……一样……

(2)as+adj.  +a(n)+n. 单数+as. . .  像……一样……

(3)not so/as+形容词或副词原级+as. . .  不如……那样……

(4)too/how+adj.  +a/an+单数名词的固定句型

(5)as many+复数名词+as. . .  或者as much+不可数名词+as. . .  和……一样多

(6)表示“两者中较……的一个”,  用“the+比较级”的结构

注意: as much+a/an+n. 单数+as. . . 既是……又是……

*It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.

人们通常认为教学既是一门艺术也是一门科学。

2. 修饰比较级的副词及副词短语

a bit,  a little,  rather,  much,  far,  by far,  many times,  a lot,  a great deal,  any,  still,  even,  no等。见到这些词时,  首先考虑所填空是否要用比较级形式。

注意:  very,  quite,  fairly,  too等通常修饰原级。

3. 否定词十比较级表示最高级

*Your story is perfect;  I’ve never heard a better one before.  你的故事太完美了,  我之前从来没有听过比这更好的故事。

*I can’t agree more.  我再同意不过了。

【点津】(1)对于形容词和副词的比较级、最高级的考查具有比较直接化的特点,  常出现标志性的单词,  如as,  than等,  也常通过设置语境,  让考生判断用原级、比较级还是最高级,  所以准确理解语境意义,  理顺上下文逻辑关系也是解题关键。

(2)在写作中要注意对“the+比较级. . . ,  the+比较级. . .  ”这一句式结构的掌握,  在两个the+比较级的后面的两个分句都要用陈述语序。

用所给词的适当形式填空

(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,  runners live three years ______(long) than non-runners.  

解题关键: 根据句中的than可知, 此处应用比较级。

答案判定: longer

单句语法填空

1. Even worse (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.

2. It’s true that the job market is much harder (hard) these days.

3. It may not be a great suggestion.  But before a better (good) one is put forward,  we’ll make do with it.

4. This is by far the most inspiring (inspiring)movie that I have ever seen.  

考点4 倍数句型的用法

常见的倍数句型主要有: 

1. A is+倍数十比较级+than+B.

2. A is+倍数+as+原级+as+B.

3.  A is+倍数+the+名词(size,  length,  height等)+of+B.

4. the+名词(size,  length,  height等)+of A +is+倍数+that+of+B.

5. A is+倍数+what引导的名词性从句.

*Smoking is harmful to people’s health,  killing seven times more people each year than traffic accidents.

吸烟有害健康,  每年因抽烟而丧命的人是死于交通事故的人的7倍多。

【点津】

(1)从句型结构的差异词汇出发,  牢记各个句型间的细节差异。

(2)在实际应用中,  倍数词可以用分数或half,  double等词替换。

用适当的词填空

It’s said that the power plant is now twice __________large as what it was.   

解题关键: 句意:  据说这个发电厂现在是以前的两倍大。倍数的表达法有多种,  此处为“倍数词+as+形容词/副词原级+as+其他”结构。注意题干中已经有了一个as。

答案判定: as

基础题组

Ⅰ. 单句语法填空

1. Sometimes success doesn’t only depend on what you do;  what you don’t do is equally(equal)important.

2. As a Chinese old saying goes,  “It is better(good)to travel ten thousand miles than to read ten thousand books. ”

3. We use human translators rather than machines as we believe human beings are more reliable(rely).

4. Little children ask endless questions because they are curious(curiosity)about everything.

5. Fully(full) developed by China,  Q-Truck,  the e-truck,  features innovation in both design and performance.

6. The teacher took a deep drink,  smiled warmly(warm),  and thanked his student very much for the sweet water.

7. When they saw how deep the pit was,  they told the two frogs that they were as good as dead(die).

8. Instead he jumped even harder(hard)and finally made it.

9. That makes her baby scream,  and then a 400-pound male appears.  He screams the loudest(loud)of all.

10. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心)between meals and will improve the taste of your food.  However,  be careful(care)not to go to extremes.

Ⅱ. 完成句子

1. Tony can hardly boil an egg,  still less cook dinner.  

托尼几乎不会煮鸡蛋, 更何况做饭呢。

2. This restaurant wasn’t half as good as other restaurants we went to.  

这家餐馆还没有我们去过的其他餐馆的一半好呢。

3. The title will be officially given to me at a ceremony in London.  

这个头衔会在伦敦的典礼上正式地被授予我。

4. If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify those of greater and less importance.  

如果你因为工作责任而感到有压力的话, 那么你应该暂缓一下, 识别哪些事情更重要, 哪些不太重要。

5. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which gradually turned into chopsticks.  

小块的食物用树枝更容易吃到, 这样树枝就逐渐演变成了筷子。

6. I’m so grateful to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day end happily.  

我非常感激所有的志愿者, 因为他们帮我把糟糕的一天变成了愉快的一天。

7. It was considerate of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.  

为了避免我们担心, 迈克尔告知我们他耽搁了, 他想得很周到。

8. The Central London Railway was one of the most successful of these new lines,  and was opened in 1900.  

伦敦中心铁路是这些新线路中最成功的线路之一, 开放于1900年。

9. I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time — there are more meaningful things to do.  

我认为每天晚上看电视是浪费时间, 因为有更有意义的事可以去做。

语篇题组

Ⅰ. 语法填空

　　阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

In 1990,  over 100 countries signed 1. __________international agreement to make it illegal to buy or sell ivory,  which is mainly used for jewelry.  Most ivory is made from the tusks(象牙)of African elephants.  These tusks are 2. __________

(terrible)valuable—one pair is worth more than three times the income of an African farmer or factory worker in a year.  

Hunting elephants was so profitable 3. __________from 1979 to 1989 the number of elephants in Africa fell from 1. 3 million to 600, 000.  It was feared that by the year 2000 there would be none 4. __________(leave).  However,  thanks to the international agreement,  there 5. __________(be)much less illegal hunting since 1990.  

But considering 6. __________(vary)of aspects,  it costs a lot of money to preserve elephants.  Game wardens(狩猎监督员)must be hired to protect them,  land must be set aside for them,  and when they destroy a farmer’s crops,  the farmer must 7. __________(pay)compensation.  

Zimbabwe and four other African countries say that some of the elephants should be killed legally.  This would help keep the population 8. __________(stability),  and selling the ivory would help pay for preserving the elephants.  But conservationists say that 9. __________(make)ivory legal to sell would lead to even more illegal hunting.  Others say 10. __________ is wrong is to kill elephants because they are sensitive animals who feel emotional pain at the death of other elephants.  

【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。全文主要讲述为禁止非法猎杀大象和非法买卖象牙, 国际社会所作的积极努力。

1. 【解析】an。考查冠词。agreement是可数名词, 单数形式前应加不定冠词, 因international的读音是以元音音素开头的, 所以要用不定冠词an。

2. 【解析】terribly。考查词性转换。valuable是形容词, 要用副词修饰, 形容词terrible的副词是terribly。

3. 【解析】that。考查常用句型。句意: 非法猎杀大象如此有利可图, 以至于在非洲从1979年到1989年大象的数量从一百三十万头减至六十万头。so. . . that. . .  “如此/这么……以至于……”。

4. 【解析】left。考查非谓语动词。leave与none之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系, 用过去分词作none的定语。

5. 【解析】has been。考查动词的时态。根据since 1990可知用现在完成时, 句子主语illegal hunting是单数形式, 助动词用has, 故填has been。

6. 【解析】varieties。考查固定搭配。a variety of/varieties of “各种各样的”, 动词vary的名词是 variety, 根据句子结构, 填varieties。

7. 【解析】be paid。考查动词的语态。句意: 农民一定要得到补偿。根据句意可知用含情态动词的被动语态。

8. 【解析】stable。考查词性转换。句意: 保持大象数量的稳定。此处是形容词作宾语补足语。

9. 【解析】making。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构, 可知句中缺少主语, 此处是动名词作主语, 故填making。

10. 【解析】what。考查主语从句的连接词。此处是what引导的主语从句, 在从句中作主语, 表示“……的东西(事情)”。

Ⅱ.  短文改错

　　假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文, 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处; 每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧), 并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除: 把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。

修改: 在错的词下划一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改的词。

注意: 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;

          2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。

China is facing seriously traffic problems.  Too much cars travel on the roads.  This heavy traffic causes delays and a plenty of air pollution.  Although many cities in China have traffic problems,  some of the worse are in Beijing.  One of the reason why there is so much traffic is what only a small number of people use public transportation.

I think one way solve the traffic problems was to make people use the public transportation system.  For example,  they can take buses instead of drive cars.  Meanwhile,  the government should make them more reliable and convenient to travel by bus.

答案:

1. 【解析】第一句中的seriously改为serious。考查形容词。此处用形容词作定语修饰名词短语traffic problems。

2. 【解析】第二句中的much改为many。考查形容词。much修饰不可数名词, many修饰可数名词复数形式, 故此处用many。

3. 【解析】去掉第三句中的a。考查固定短语。固定短语plenty of意为“许多, 大量”, 前面无冠词。

4. 【解析】第四句中的worse改为worst。考查形容词的最高级。分析句意为“在中国很多城市都存在交通问题, 其中最严重的是在北京”, 故用最高级形式worst。

5. 【解析】第五句中的reason改为reasons。考查名词的数。one of 后面跟可数名词的复数形式。

6. 【解析】第五句中的what改为that。考查表语从句。从句only a small number of people use public transportation是一个完整的句子, 不缺少成分, 故用that连接表语从句, what在从句中要作某一成分。

7. 【解析】第六句中的solve前加to。考查动词不定式。此处用不定式短语作后置定语修饰way。

8. 【解析】第六句中的was改为is。考查动词的时态。此处表述作者的观点, 应用一般现在时, 故改was为is。

9. 【解析】第七句中的drive改为driving。考查非谓语动词。介词of后面要跟动名词形式。

10. 【解析】第八句中的them改为it。考查代词。此处代词指代to travel by bus这件事, 故用it。

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