2021届高考英语通用版一轮复习考点专讲：考点51完形填空说明文学案

考点51 完形填空说明文
高考频度：★★★★★

说明文完形填空考查考生通篇把握全文，根据上下文的逻辑关系，综合运用所学语言基础知识，进行分析﹑推理﹑判断的能力和语篇分析理解能力。检测考生在阅读理解的基础上对英语语言知识综合运用的能力。
说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。常见的说明文有自我介绍、人物介绍(传记)、地方介绍、习俗介绍、节日介绍、方法(步骤)介绍，产品说明、实验报告、科普小品、读书报告、新闻报道等。
说明文类完形填空通常有以下命题特点：
1. 开头点题
在说明文类完形填空题中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。
2. 结构清晰
说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系以及选择正确答案具有重要意义。
3. 文体特点
说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。
4. 条理清楚
说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序等来说明事物或事理。
解答这类题目要遵循下列原则：
1. 明白说明对象
文章的首句一般就明确了说明对象。对文章要进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。
2. 弄清楚说明的顺序，利用好标志语
把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语被称为＂语篇标志语＂。如表示结构层次的语篇标志语firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally等；表示因果关系的thus, therefore, so等；表示改变话题的by the way等；表示递进关系的besides, what’s more等；表示时间关系的before, so far, yet, meanwhile, later等；表示转折关系的but, while, on the other hand等。做题时如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。
3. 把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节
把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。
4. 注重上下文语境
应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境做深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。

The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the 　1　that drama evolved from ritual(宗教仪式). The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings 　2　the natural forces of the world—even the seasonal changes—as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to 　3　these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to 　4　the desired results were then kept and repeated until they changed into 　5　rituals.
　6　stories arose which explained or masked the mysteries of the rituals. As times passed, some rituals were 　7　, but the stories, later called myths, continued to exist and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believed that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rituals contained the 　8　of theatre because music, dance, masks, and 　9　were almost always used.  　10　, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and 　11　the entire community did not participate , a(n) 　12　division was usually made between the ＂area of acting and theatre in which an audience sits ＂. Besides, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was 　13　to avoiding mistakes in the practice of rituals, religious leaders usually 　14　that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often imitated (模仿) other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed (用哑剧表演出) the 　15　effect—success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun— 　16　an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representatives were separated from 　17　activities.
Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human interest in 　18　. According to this view, tales about the hunt, war or other things are told and gradually spread.  　19　through the use of action and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily gymnastic or that are 　20　of animal movements and sounds.
1.A. background B. assumption C. evidence D. theory
2.A. viewed B. employed C. imagined D. dismissed
3.A. take B. possess C. guarantee D. control
4.A. start B. show C. bring D. continue
5.A. usual B. direct C. convincing D. fixed
6.A. Apparently B. Actually C. Eventually D. Naturally
7.A. spread B. abandoned C. followed D. celebrated
8.A. seed B. content C. myth D. history
9.A. costumes B. routines C. instructions D. performances
10.A. As a result B. In fact C. On the contrary D. In addition
11.A. when B. although C. unless D. while
12.A. deep B. equal C. clear D. extra
13.A. attached B. related C. committed D. tied
14.A. put up B. took up C. took on D. put on
15.A. unexpected B. unpredicted C. prepared D. desired
16.A. whenever B. as C. whatever D. so
17.A. social B. political C. economic D. religious
18.A. accounts B. story-telling C. descriptions D. drama-writing
19.A. at that time B. at a time C. at first D. at once
20.A. imitations B. creatures C. presentations D. exhibitions
【文章大意】文章介绍了关于古希腊戏剧的起源。
1.B 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。background＂背景＂；assumption＂假定，假设＂；evidence＂证据＂；theory＂理论＂。句意：关于古希腊戏剧的开始有许多理论。其中一个最普遍为人接受的假设认为戏剧是从宗教仪式演化而来。故选B。
2.A 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。view＂考虑，认为＂；employ＂雇佣＂；imagine＂想象＂；dismiss＂解散，解雇＂。句意：人类认为世界的自然力量，甚至季节性变化，是不可预测的，他们试图通过各种方式去控制这些未知的、令人恐惧的力量。故选A。
3.D 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。take＂拿，占＂；possess＂拥有＂；guarantee＂保证＂；control＂控制＂。参看上一题解析。故选D。
4.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。start＂开始＂；show＂展示＂；bring＂带来＂；continue＂继续＂。句意：这些措施似乎带来了预期的效果，然后得到不断重复，直到它们变成了固定的仪式。故选C。
5.D 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。usual＂通常，经常＂；direct＂径直的＂；convincing＂令人信服的，有说服力的＂；fixed＂固定的＂。参看上一题解析。故选D。
6.C 【解析】考查副词词义辨析。apparently＂明显的＂；actually＂事实上＂；eventually＂最后地＂；naturally＂自然地＂。句意：最后解释或掩盖神秘的仪式的故事出现了。故选C。
7.B 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。spread＂传播＂；abandon＂放弃＂；follow＂跟着＂；celebrate＂庆祝＂。句意：随着时间的流逝，一些仪式被抛弃，但这些故事，后来被称为神话，继续存在，并给艺术和戏剧提供了材料。故选B。
8.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。seed＂种子＂；content＂内容＂；myth＂神话，虚构的人＂；history＂历史＂。句意：那些认为戏剧从仪式演化而来的人还认为，这些仪式包含了戏剧的萌芽，因为使用了音乐、舞蹈、面具和服装。故选A。
9.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。costume＂服装＂；routine＂程序，日常工作＂；instruction＂指令，命令＂；performance＂表现，表演＂。参看上一题解析。故选A。
10.D 【解析】考查短语词义辨析。as a result＂因此＂；in fact＂事实上＂；on the contrary＂相反＂；in addition＂另外＂。根据下文＂besides＂提示可知，此处表示递进。故选D。
11.A 【解析】考查连词。句意：此外，必须为演出提供一个合适的场地。如果不是所有人共同参与，在表演的舞台与观众就坐的地区之间有一个明显的分界线。when＂如果＂引导条件状语从句，例如How can I get a job when I can’t even read or write？如果我连读和写都不会，我怎么找到工作？符合语境。故选A。
12.C 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。deep＂深的＂；equal＂平等＂；clear＂清楚的＂；extra＂额外的＂。参看上一题解析。故选C。
13.A 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。be attached to＂附属于＂；be related to＂与……有联系＂；be committed to＂献身于，致力于＂；be tied to＂束缚于，捆绑于＂。句意：此外，还有演员，而且因为避免在仪式出错相当重要，宗教领袖通常承担那项任务。故选A。
14.C 【解析】考查动词短语辨析。put up＂张贴，举起＂；take up＂占据，从事＂；take on＂呈现，承担＂；put on＂穿上＂。参看上一题解析。故选C。
15.D 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。unexpected＂意外的＂；unpredicted＂未预测到的＂；prepared＂准备好的＂；desired＂渴望的，想得到的＂。句意：戴着面具，穿着各种服装，他们经常模仿其他人、物、或超自然的生灵，还用动作表演来表现出想要得到的效果——打猎或战斗的胜利，即将到来的雨，太阳的升起——就像演员做得一样。故选D。
16.B 【解析】考查连词。whenever＂无论什么时候＂；as＂像……一样＂；whatever＂无论什么＂；so＂因此＂。参看上一题解析。故选B。
17.D 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。social＂社会的，社会上的，交际的，社交的＂；political＂政治的＂；economic＂经济的＂；religious＂宗教的＂。根据上文提示可知，后来，这种戏剧性的表演与宗教活动分离了。故选D。
18.B 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。account＂账，账目，存款，记录＂；story-telling＂讲故事＂；description＂描述＂；drama-writing＂写戏剧＂。根据下一句话中＂tales about the hunt, war or other things are told＂提示可知，另一种理论认为，戏剧的起源来自人类对讲故事的兴趣。故选B。
19.C【解析】考查短语辨析。at that time＂在那时＂；at a time＂一次＂；at first＂首先，开始时，起初＂；at once＂立刻＂。根据本句中＂then＂提示可知，首先，讲述者通过动作和语言，然后…… 故选C。
20.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。imitation＂模仿＂；creature＂生物＂；presentation＂呈现，表现，展示＂；exhibition＂展览＂。句意：另一个与之紧密相关的理论认为戏剧追溯到那些主要是体操或是模仿动物动作和声音的舞蹈上。故选A。

题组一（高考真题）
Cloze 1 (2019·全国卷III)
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March- ___41___ six months out of the year.
Of course, we ___42___ it when the sun is shining," says Karin Ro, who works for the town’s tourism office. “We see the sky is ___43___, but down in the valley it’s darker — it’s like on a ___44___ day.”
But that ___45___ when a system of high-tech ___46___ was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks(山峰)into the valley below. Wednesday, residents(居民)of Rjukan ___47___ their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to ___48___. The mirrors are controlled by a computer that ___49___ them to turn along with the sun throughout the ___50___ and to close during windy weather. They reflect a concentrated beam(束)of light onto the town’s central ___51___, creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters. When the light ___52___, Rjukan residents gathered together.
“People have been ___53___ there and standing there and taking ___54___ of each other," Ro says. "The town square was totally ___55___. I think almost all the people in the town were there. "The 3,500 residents cannot all ___56___ the sunshine at the same time. ___57___, the new light feels like more than enough for the town’s ___58___ residents.
"It's not very ___59___,” she says, "but it is enough when we are ___60___.”
41. A. only B. obviously C. nearly D. precisely
42. A. fear B. believe C. hear D. notice
43. A. empty B. blue C. high D. wide
44. A. cloudy B. normal C. different D. warm
45. A. helped B. changed C. happened D. mattered
46. A. computers B. telescopes C. mirrors D. cameras
47. A. remembered B. forecasted C. received D. imagined
48. A. repair B. risk C. rest D. use
49. A. forbids B. directs C. predicts D. follows
50. A. day B. night C. month D. year
51. A. library B. hall C. square D. street
52. A. appeared B. returned C. faded D. stopped
53. A. driving B. hiding C. camping D. siting
54. A. pictures B. notes C. care D. hold
55. A. new B. full C. flat D. silent
56. A. block B. avoid C. enjoy D. store
57. A. Instead B. However C. Gradually D. Similarly
58. A. nature-loving B. energy-saving C. weather-beaten D. sun-starved
59. A. big B. clear C. cold D. easy
60. A. trying B. waiting C. watching D. sharing
Cloze 2 (2016·上海卷)
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
1. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
2. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
3. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
4. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
5. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
6. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
7. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
8. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
9. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
10. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
11. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
12. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
13. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
14. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
15. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
Cloze 3 (2015·安徽卷)
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The 　1　 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 　2　 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.
How did we 　3　 a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to 　4　 an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 　5　 modern manufacturing(制造业)and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 　6　.
Another cause is our 　7　of disposable(一次性的)products. As 　8　 people, we are always looking for 　9　 to save time and make our lives easier. Companies 　10　 thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few.
Our appetite for new products also 　11　 to the problem. We are 　12　 buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 　13　 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 　14　 useful possessions to make room for new ones.
All around the world, we can see the 　15　 of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 　16　 the amount of rubbish and to protect the 　17　, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 　18　, this is not enough to solve(解决)our problem.
Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions 　19　 throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about 　20　. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
1. A. key B. reason C. project D. problem
2. A. gifts B. rubbish C. debt D. products
3. A. face B. become C. observe D. change
4. A. hide B. control C. replace D. withdraw
5. A. Thanks to B.As to C. Except for D. Regardless of
6. A. safe B. funny C. cheap D. powerful
7. A. love B. lack C. prevention D. division
8. A. sensitive B. kind C. brave D. busy
9. A. ways B. places C.jobs D. friends
10. A. donate B. receive C. produce D. preserve
11. A. adapts B. returns C. responds D. contributes
12. A. tired of B. addicted to C. worried about D. ashamed for
13. A. newer B. stronger C. higher D. larger
14. A. pick up B. pay for C. hold onto D. throw away
15. A. advantages B. purposes C. functions D. consequences
16. A. show B. record C. decrease D. measure
17. A. technology B. environment C. consumers D. brands
18. A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Meanwhile
19. A.by B.in favour of C. after D. instead of
20. A. spending B. collecting C. repairing D. advertising

题组二（名校模拟题）
Cloze 1（2019•广东省广州市2019届高三模拟考试）
Always wished the Earth had a second moon？ Then you will be　 1 　 to hear that the Chengdu Aerospace Science Institute has plans to launch multiple mini moons over the next few years.
Similar to our 　 2 　satellite， the light of the artificial orb 球体 will be obtained from the sun and　 　3　　 to Earth by its mirror﹣like coating. According to its designers, the 　 4 　 of light being reflected can be controlled from Earth and the light can even be 　 5 　, if necessary.
While the multiple mini moons will certainly appear picturesque， their main purpose is to conserve 　6　 The Chengdu Aerospace experts claim the mini moon's dusk—like glow will allow the government to eventually　 　7　 　 costly streetlights in cities. They estimate that using the artificial satellite to light up Chengdu's streets at night will 　 8 　 the city 1. 2 billion yuan anally. Since the orb's location can be 　9 　 moved， it could also be used to shine light over disaster—struck areas that have lost 　 10　.
Once the first mini moon is 　11 　 successfully， the experts plan to launch three　 12 　ones. Together， the satellites， which will take turns depending on their 　 13 　in relation to the sun， are expected to　 14 　an area of 3，600 to 6，400 square kilometers. While the orbs will be　 15 　 through a telescope from anywhere on the globe, their real beauty will only be seen by visiting Chengdu. Officials, 　 16 　, believe they will be a huge tourist attraction， helping improve the city's 　 17 　.
As is often the case with major 　 18 　, some experts are concerned. They 　 19 　 that the moons will impact on the sleep patterns of humans and animals. However， officials believe the satellites will cause little， if any　 20 　.
1.A. pleased B. surprised C. alarmed D. relieved
2.A. traditional B. unique C. natural D. famous
3.A. carried B. reflected C. introduced D. transformed
4.A. colour B. speed C. source D. amount
5.A. sent out B. switched off C. given away D. turned down
6.A. resources B. animals C. farmland D. space
7.A. rebuild B. expand C. improve D. remove
8.A. bring B. leave C. save D. cost
9.A. hardly B. easily C. frequently D. normally
10.A. money B. home C. contact D. power
11.A. travelling B. appearing C. working D. signaling
12.A. additional B. special C. bright D. colourful
13.A. size B. importance C. position D. function
14.A. pick up B. take up C. hold up D. light up
15.A. reliable B. visible C. available D. testable
16.A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. moreover
17.A. population B. education C. evolution D. conflict
18.A. drawback B. breakthroughs C. technology D. economy
19.A. doubt B. conclude C. worry D. agree
20.A. disturbance B. destruction C. satisfaction D. discussion
Cloze 2(2019届河江西省高三模拟考试)
September 22, 2018 will be World Car-Free Day, a day on which people across the globe are encouraged to find ___1___ methods to meet their transportation needs and re-discover buses, bikes, and their own ___2___.
On this day, people get together in the streets, intersections, and neighborhood blocks to ___3___ the world that we don’t have to accept our car-controlled society.
While ___4___ along these lines had taken place from time to time starting ___5___ the 1973 oil crisis, it was only in October, 1994 ___6___ a structured call for such projects was ___7___ in a keynote speech by Eric Britton at the International Accessible Cities Conference held in Toledo (Spain).
The first national campaign was launched in Britain in 1997, and the French followed suit in 1998. In 2000, car Busters issued an open ___8___ for a “World Car-Free Day” to ___9___ with Europe’s Car-Free Day on September 22. ___10___ then, we have begun to call for citizens to organize ___11___ on or near this day.
However, we do not want ___12___ one day of celebrations and then return to ___13___ life. World Car-Free Day is the ___14___ time to remind city planners and politicians to ___15___ cycling, walking and public transport. It is up to us, cities and governments to help ___16___ permanent changes to ___17___ pedestrians, cyclists and other people who do not drive cars.
While ___18___ accomplishment has been achieved in terms of media coverage, these events ___19___ to be difficult to achieve real success and even a decade later there is considerable uncertainty about the usefulness of this approach. Broad public support and ___20___ to change is needed for successful implementation (执行).
1. A. effective B. efficient C. useful D. alternative
2. A. legs B. motors C. subway D. feet
3. A. recall B. remind C. realize D. recommend
4. A. projects B. events C. activities D. meetings
5. A. as B. on C. with D. beyond
6. A. when B. that C. where D. how
7. A. undertaken B. submitted C. developed D. issued
8. A. answer B. call C. wish D. longing
9. A. connect B. involve C. consist D. concern
10. A. Since B. Before C. After D. Right
11. A. events B. affairs C. incidents D. accidents
12. A. even B. still C. just D. ever
13. A. usual B. previous C. ordinary D. average
14. A. perfect B. limited C. accurate D. correct
15. A. give way to B. give priority to C. give rise to D. give in to
16. A. employ B. decrease C. create D. increase
17. A. assist B. benefit C. instruct D. influence
18. A. constant B. similar C. envying D. considerable
19. A. turn out B. work out C. carry out D. figure out
20. A. approach B. attitude C. chance D. commitment
Cloze 3(2017届广东省顺德一中等六校高三第二次联考 )
If you associate modern British fiction with the cool, lonely tones of Martin Amis and Julian Barnes, and US fiction with Jonathan Franzen’s 　1　inner worlds or John Irving’s sentimentality, it seems you have good 　2　. An analysis of the 　3　texts of English-language books over the 　4　century concludes that, since the 1980s, words that 　5　emotional content have become 　6　more common in US books than in British ones.
The 　7　, by anthropologist (人类学家) Alberto Acerbi of the University of Bristol, UK, and his colleagues, takes advantage of Google’s database of more than 5 million digitally 　8　books from the past several centuries. This resource has 　9　been used to examine the 　10　of literary styles and trends in literary expressions of individualism.
Such 　11　of the cultural information made available by new technologies has been 　12　＂culturomics＂ (文化组学). Its 　13　think that these approaches can 　14　trends in social opinions and standards of behavior that are 　15　hidden within vast quantities of data.
＂Language use in books 　16　what people are talking about and thinking about during a 　17　time, so Google Books provides a fascinating 　18　into the past,＂ says psychologist Jean Twenge of San Diego State University in California.
The 　19　results certainly seem to show that informal descriptions about social mood are reflected in the 　20　(both fiction and non-fiction) of the twentieth century.
1.A. independent B. emotional C. peaceful D. autonomous
2.A. reason B. way C. excuse D. truth
3.A. digitized B. translated C. adapted D. adopted
4.A. old B. modern C. former D. past
5.A. take B. include C. carry D. arrange
6.A. significantly B. surprisingly C. doubtfully D. instructively
7.A. book B. study C. experiment D. lecture
8.A. written B. chosen C. scanned D. made
9.A. formally B. casually C. never D. previously
10.A. evolution B. development C. progress D. revolution
11. A. learning B. mining C. searching D. using
12.A. regarded B. formed C. appointed D. called
13.A. opponents B. owners C. advocates D. writers
14.A. examine B. discover C. cause D. generate
15.A. certainly B. often C. also D. otherwise
16.A. suggests B. reflects C. explains D. displays
17.A. particular B. different C. hard D. pleasant
18.A. window B. picture C. sight D. roof
19.A. earliest B. best C. latest D. poorest
20.A. literature B. science C. politics D. economics

题组一
Cloze1
【语篇解读】本文属于说明文，讲述北欧一个小镇长达半年没有阳光照射，为此在附近的山顶安装了一套镜子设备把阳光反射到小镇的广场。每当光线照射的时候，人们就聚集在广场上，为寒冷的冬季增添一丝明亮。
41.C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A. only仅仅；B. obviously 显然地；C. nearly几乎；D. precisely准确的。根据前文from late September to mid-March可知，从九月底到三月中旬，差不多半年，故选C。
42.D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A. fear害怕；B. believe相信；C. hear听见；D. notice注意。根据后文We see the sky is 43 , but down in the valley it's darker可知，我们看到天空是蓝色，但是到山谷的时候，就会变得更暗了，故可知，太阳照耀的时候，我们观察得到，故选D。
43.B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A. empty空的；B. blue蓝色的；C. high搞得；D. wide宽的。根据常识可知，有太阳的时候，天空是蓝色的，故选B。
44.A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A. cloudy多云的；B. normal正常的；C. different不同的；D. warm温暖的。根据前文down in the valley it's darker可知，到山谷的时候，天变暗了，像阴天一样，故选A。
45.B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A. helped帮助；B. changed改变；C. happened发生；D. mattered关系重大。根据后文可知，该镇引入一套阳光反射镜来改变这种情况，故选B。
46.C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A. computers电脑；B. telescopes望远镜；C. mirrors镜子；D. cameras相机。根据后文to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks可知，从附近的山顶上反射太阳光，故可知，为一枚镜子，故选C。
47.C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A. remembered记得；B. forecasted预报；C. received获得，收到；D. imagined想象。根据句意可知，该镇的居民获得了冬天里的第一缕阳光，故选C。
48.D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A. repair修理；B. risk风险；C. rest 休息；D. use使用。根据前一句their very first ray of winter sunshine可知，获得了冬天的第一缕阳光，是由于反射板投入使用了，故选D。 put sth to use把某物投入使用。
49.B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些镜子由电脑控制，指导他们整天跟着太阳的位置移动而移动，在大风的天气就自动关闭。A. forbids禁止；B. directs指导，导演；C. predicts预测；D. follows跟随，追随。本句描述这套系统的工作原理，电脑控制镜子的移动，故选B。
50.A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A. day白天；B. night夜晚；C. month月；D. year年。根据文章可知，太阳光出现在白天，故选A。
51.C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A. library图书馆；B. hall大厅；C. square广场；D. street街道。根据后文The town square可知，镜子反射聚集的光会照在小镇的中心广场上，故选C。
52.A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A. appeared出现；B. returned归还；C. faded褪去；D. stopped停止。根据后文Rjukan residents gathered together可知，当光照出现的时候，居民出来，故选A。
53.D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A. driving驾驶；B. hiding隐藏；C. camping露营；D. sitting坐。根据本句and standing there可知，光照出现的时候，人们会出来活动，坐在那里，站在那里，故选D。
54.A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A. pictures照片，图片；B. notes笔记；C. care照顾；D. hold抓住。根据文章可知，会彼此拍照，故选A。
55.B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A. new新的；B. full满的；C. flat平坦的；D. silent沉默的。根据后文I think almost all the people in the town were there.可知，差不多全镇的人都在广场上，故可知广场全是人，故选B。
56.C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A. block阻挡；B. avoid避免；C. enjoy喜欢，享受；D. store储存。根据句意可知，并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，故选C。
57.B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A. Instead代替；B. However然而；C. Gradually逐渐地；D. Similarly相似地。前一句意思为并不是3500名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，后一句，新的光线为小镇人们的意义不仅仅提供光线，故可知前后句属于转折关系，故选B。
58.D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A. nature-loving热爱自然的；B. energy-saving节能的；C. weather-beaten受风雨侵蚀的；D. sun-starved渴望阳光的。根据前文可知，小镇差不多半年没有阳光，故可知小镇人们渴望阳光，故选D。
59.A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A. big大的；B. clear清晰的；C. cold冷的；D. easy容易的。根据前文可知，镜子反射的光线有限，范围不够大，故选A。
60.D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A. trying尝试；B. waiting 等待；C. watching 观看；D. sharing分享。根据句意可知，大家一起晒太阳就足够了，故选D。
Cloze 2
【文章大意】本文是说明文，介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。
1. D
根据后半句＂....will do anything to avoid it＂可知人们本能上不喜欢工作，他们为逃避工作可以做任何事情。故D项正确。
2. A
to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme走向极端。此处是说，无论如何，尽管很多证据与这个理论相反，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A项正确。
3. B
由后面的例子他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给予他们不断的监督可知此处是举例说明。故B项正确。
4. D
根据后句可知，此处是说，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项＂above上面的＂正确。
5. C
根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，此处是说，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C项正确。
6. B
refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献，导致；object to反对；apply to适用于。此处是说，亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。
7. A
agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。此处是说，亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同协商的基础上的，西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。
8. D
根据前半句＂...women will become more effective managers than men...＂可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效，因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D项正确。
9. A
根据前句＂... encourage employees to use their own initiative... ＂（鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神），也就是说在作出决定的时候不用先请示上级经理。故A项正确。
10. C
根据＂the trend towards downsizing＂（缩小规模的趋势）可知，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接作出决定而不需要请示上级，故动词＂reduce减少＂符合语境。
11. B
be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与……相比，通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和与公众直接联系的一线管理人，省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的成效。故B项正确。
12. B
economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地。根据后句Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control可知授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B项正确。
13. D
deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。
14. A
virtual虚拟的；ineffective无效果的，低效率的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的。根据后句where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行管理的方法。故A项正确。
15. C
opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力。根据后半句＂in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them＂可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品，而不是他们的工作时间。故C项正确。
cloze 3
【文章大意】随着社会的发展，消费产品比例的增加，让越来越多的人选择将旧了但是还能用的用品扔掉，这带来了巨大的浪费和严重的污染，作者分析了造成这种现象的原因，并且给出了解决问题的方法。
1.D
根据第一段末句中的＂because people ... than ever before＂可知这里描述的是一种世界各国正在面临的 问题(problem)。
2.B
根据空格后的原因状语从句＂because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before＂可知答案。
3.B
文章第二段、第三段和第四段分析了我们变成一次性物品充斥的社会的原因。由此可知此句是总领性的句子——我们是怎样变成一次性物品充斥的社会的。
4.C
因为此文谈及的是一次性物品充斥的社会。在一次性物品充斥的社会中，和花时间与金钱修理东西相比， 更换一个东西当然要更容易些。hide＂隐藏＂；control＂控制＂；replace＂取代＂；withdraw＂提取＂。
5.A
由于现代制造业和技术，公司可以更快地、更加低成本地生产东西。thanks to＂幸亏，由于＂。
6.C
由上一句中的＂produce products quickly and inexpensively＂可知，产品应该是充足的和便宜的。故此空应填cheap。
7.A
由第三段可知，人们喜爱一次性产品是因为它可以节约时间，使人们的生活更轻松。这里表明人们对一次性产品的喜爱是另外一个原因。prevention＂预防＂； division＂分开，分隔＂。
8.D
为什么要节约时间?是因为人们比较忙。busy＂忙碌的＂，符合语境。
9.A
忙碌的我们总是寻找节省时间的方法，故选ways。
10.C
公司生产许多不同种类的一次性产品。根据前句的语境可知此处表示生产(produce)一次性产品。donate＂捐赠＂；preserve＂保护＂。
11.D
由本段内容可知，我们对新产品的强烈欲望也会引起这个问题。adapt to＂适应＂；return to＂返 回＂；respond to＂对……作出反应＂；contribute to＂是……的原因之一＂。
12.B
根据前句＂我们对新产品的强烈欲望也会引起这个问题＂，以及后句中的＂we will be happier with the 　 　latest products＂推理可知此处应选B，be addicted to＂对……上瘾＂。
13.A
根据空后的＂we will be happier with the latest products＂可知此处表示＂越新越好＂。
14. D
make room for new ones意为＂为新东西腾出空间＂，那么如何为新东西腾出空间呢?当然是通过throw away＂扔掉＂。
15.D
根据后句＂Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger＂可知此处指的是＂这种抛弃型的生活方式造 　 　成的后果＂。 advantage＂优点＂；purpose＂目的＂；function＂功能＂；consequence＂结果，后果＂。
16.C
根据后文中的＂more governments are requiring people to recycle materials＂和文章最后一句中的＂...to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment＂可知，人们回收资源的目的是减少垃圾的
数量和保护环境。decrease＂减少＂，符合语境。
17.B
参见上题解析。
18.A
根据下一段内容以及空格后的＂this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem＂推理可知空格前后应为 　转折关系，故选择However。
19.D
维修东西和扔掉它们是对立的概念，因此选择instead of＂而不是＂。in favour of＂支持＂。
20.A
根据前句中的＂to repair our possessions 　19　 throwing them away＂以及后句中的＂Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits...＂ 可知选A。

题组二
Cloze 1
【语篇解读】短文主要讲了成都航天科学院在接下来几年计划发射多颗微型卫星，这不仅能节省资源，还能帮助受灾地区，对人类是有重大意义的。
1. A
【解析】考查形容词辨析。pleased高兴的，surprised惊讶的，alarmed担心的，relieved如释重负的，那么你将高兴地听到成都航天科学院在接下来几年计划发射多颗微型卫星，故答案为A。
2. C
【解析】考查形容词辨析。traditional传统的，unique独一无二的，natural自然的，famous出名的，跟我们自然的那个月球相似，故答案为C。
3. B
【解析】考查动词辨析。carried携带，reflected反射，introduced介绍，transformed转换，这颗人工球体也将从太阳吸收光线，反射到地球，故答案为B.
4. D
【解析】考查名词辨析。colour颜色，speed速度，source起源，amount数量，设计师说反射阳光的量能被控制，故答案为D。
5. B
【解析】考查动词短语辨析，sent out发送，switched off关闭，given away赠送，turned down拒绝，如果有必要，这些阳光还可以关闭，故答案为B。
6. A
【解析】考查名词辨析。resources资源，animals动物，farmland农地，space空间，其主要目的是为了节省资源，故答案为A。
7. D
【解析】考查动词辨析，rebuild重建，expand扩大，improve提高，remove移除，成都航天科学院专家声称微型月球将让政府最终去除城市里昂贵的街灯，故答案为D。
8. C
【解析】考查动词辨析，bring带来，leave离开，save节省，cost花费，这将每年为城市节省12亿元，故答案为C。
9. B
【解析】考查副词辨析。hardly几乎不，easily容易地，frequently经常，normally正常地，由于球体的位置能很容易地移动，阳光也能照耀到灾难地区，故答案为B。
10. D
【解析】考查名词辨析。此处指受灾地区没有电的时候，使用power，故答案为D。
11. C
【解析】考查动词辨析。travelling旅行，appearing出现，working工作，signaling信号，第一颗微型月球成功运转之后，故答案为C。
12. A
【解析】考查形容词辨析，additional额外的，special特别的，bright明亮的，colourful多彩的，专家计划反射另外的三颗，故答案为A。
13. C
【解析】考查名词辨析。size大小，importance重要性，position位置，function功能，这些卫星将根据与太阳的位置轮流运转，故答案为C.
14. D
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。pick up捡起，take up从事，hold up举起，light up点亮，这些卫星预期能照亮3600﹣6400平方公里，故答案为D。
15. B
【解析】考查形容词辨析，reliable可依赖的，visible看得到的，available可获得的，testable可检验的，这些球体在显微镜能被看到，故答案为B。
16. A
【解析】考查副词辨析。therefore所以，however然而，otherwise不然的话，moreover而且，前后句子构成因关系，故答案为A。
17. D
【解析】考查名词辨析。population人口，education教育，evolution进化，conflict冲突，官方认为这将成为一个旅游景点，帮助改善城市的冲突，故答案为D。
18. B
【解析】考查名词辨析。drawback缺点，breakthroughs突破，technology科技，economy经济，一些专家认为一般重大突破就是这样的情况，故答案为B。
19. C
【解析】考查动词辨析。doubt怀疑，conclude总结，worry担心，agree同意，一些专家担心会影响人们的睡眠模式，故答案为C。
20. A
【解析】考查名词辨析。disturbance干扰，destruction摧毁，satisfaction满意，discussion讨论，然而，政府认为这些卫星如果造成干扰的话，也是很小的， 故答案为A。
Cloze 2
【文章大意】本文为说明文。2018年9月22日将是世界无车日，在这一天，世界各地的人们将被鼓励寻找其他方法来满足他们的交通需求，重新发现公共汽车、自行车和他们自己的脚。文章介绍了世界无车日的
1. D
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A. effective有效的；B. efficient有效率的；C. useful有用的；D. alternative选择性的。句意：2018年9月22日将是世界无车日，在这一天，世界各地的人们将被鼓励寻找其他方法来满足他们的交通需求。故D选项正确。
2. D
【解析】考查名词辨析。A. legs腿；B. motors发动机；C. subway地铁；D. feet脚。句意：重新发现公共汽车、自行车和他们自己的脚。故D选项正确。
3. B
【解析】考查动词辨析。A. recall回忆；B. remind提醒；C. realize意识；D. recommend推荐。句意：在这一天，人们聚集在街道、十字路口和街区，提醒世界，我们不必接受汽车控制的社会。故B选项正确。
4. A
【解析】考查名词辨析。A. projects项目；B. events比赛；C. activities活动；D. meetings会议。根据下文it was only in October, 1994 ______ a structured call for such projects可知，类似的项目时有发生。故A选项正确。
5.C
【解析】考查介词辨析。A. as作为；B. on在……上；C. with随着；D. beyond超过。句意：尽管从1973年的石油危机开始，类似的项目时有发生。故C选项正确。
6.B
【解析】考查连词辨析。A. when当……的时候；B. that引导强调句，无词意；C. where在……哪里；D. how如何。分析句子结构可知，此处为强调句型。故B选项正确。
7.D
【解析】考查动词辨析。A. undertaken从事；B. submitted主张；C. developed发展；D. issued发布。句意：虽然从1973年的石油危机开始，这方面的项目时有发生，但直到1994年10月，埃里克·布里顿才在托莱多(西班牙)举行的国际无障碍城市会议上发表主题演讲，有组织地呼吁开展这类项目。故D选项正确。
8.B
【解析】考查名词辨析。A. answer答案；B. call呼吁；C. wish愿望；D. longing渴望。句意：2000年，反汽车官员公开呼吁设立“世界无车日”。故B选项正确。
9.C
【解析】考查动词辨析。A. connect连接；B. involve涉及；C. consist和……一致；D. concern担忧。句意：
2000年， 反汽车官员公开呼吁设立“世界无车日”，与9月22日的欧洲无车日保持一致。故C选项正确。
10.A
【解析】考查介词辨析。A. Since从……开始；B. Before在……之前；C. After在……之后；D. Right正确地。句意：从那时起，我们已经开始呼吁市民……故A选项正确。
11. A
【解析】考查名词辨析。A. events活动；B. affairs事务；C. incidents事件；D. accidents事故。句意：我们已经开始呼吁市民在这一天或这一天附近组织活动。故A选项正确。
12.C
【解析】考查副词辨析。A. even甚至；B. still仍然；C. just仅仅；D. ever曾经。句意：然而，我们不希望仅仅是一天的庆祝活动。故C选项正确。
13.B
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A. usual通常的；B. previous先前的；C. ordinary普通的；D. average平均的。句意：然后回到以前的生活。故B选项正确。
14.A
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A. perfect完美的；B. limited有限的；C. accurate准确的；D. correct正确的。句意：世界无车日是提醒城市规划者和政治家……自行车、步行和公共交通的最佳时机。故A选项正确。
15.B
【解析】考查动词辨析。A. give way to给……让路；B. give priority to优先考虑；C. give rise to使发生；D. give in to向……让步。句意：世界无车日是提醒城市规划者和政治家优先考虑自行车、步行和公共交通的最佳时机。故B选项正确。
16.C
【解析】考查动词辨析。A. employ雇用；B. decrease减少；C. create创造；D. increase增加。句意：我们、城市和政府应该帮助创造永久性的改变。故C选项正确。
17.B
【解析】考查动词辨析。A. assist帮助；B. benefit使……受益；C. instruct指导；D. influence影响。句意：使行人、骑自行车的人和其他不开车的人受益。故B选项正确。
18.D
【解析】考查形容词辨析。A. constant经常的；B. similar相似的；C. envying嫉妒的；D. considerable相当
大的，重要的。句意：虽然在媒体报道方面已取得相当大的成就。故D选项正确。
19.A
【解析】考查动词辨析。A. turn out结果是；B. work out计算出；C. carry out开展；D. figure out理解。句意：事实证明，这些事件很难取得真正的成功，甚至十年后，这种方法的有效性也存在相当大的不确定性。故A选项正确。
20.D
【解析】考查名词辨析。A. approach途径；B. attitude态度；C. chance机会；D. commitment承诺。句意：公众对变革的支持和承诺是成功实施的必要条件。故D选项正确。
Cloze 3
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了最新研究发现谷歌图书搜索能够反映出不同时期社会观点的行为标准的趋势的变化。
1.B
【解析】形容词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂or John Irving’s sentimentality＂可知，此处是说Jonathan Franzen的内心的情感（emotional）世界，故B项正确。
2.A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂An analysis…＂可知，此处是说你似乎有一个好的理由（reason），故A项正确。
3.A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据下文中的＂digitally＂可知，此处是说一个关于数字化的（digitize）英语课本的分析，故A项正确。
4.D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂since the 1980s＂可知，此处是说过去的（past）一个世纪，故D项正确。
5.C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂emotional content＂可知，此处是说带有（carry）感情的词汇，故C项正确。
6.A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂more common in US books than in British ones＂可知，美国书本中带有感情的词汇显著地（significantly）比英国书本中更常见，故A项正确。
7.B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据上文中的＂An analysis＂可知，此处指的是这项研究（study），故B项正确。
8.C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据本空前的＂takes advantage of Google’s database of more than 5 million digitally＂可知，利用谷歌数据库中数字扫描（scan）过的书本，故C项正确。
9.D
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂been used to examine＂可知，这个资源早先（previously）被用于……，故D项正确。
10.A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂of literary styles and trends in literary expressions of individualism. ＂可知，这个资源早先被用于检测文学风格与趋势在个人主义表达上的演变（evolution），故A项正确。
11.B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂of the cultural information made available by new technologies＂可知，此处是说文学信息方面如此的挖掘（mining），故B项正确。
12.D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂culturomics＂可知，这种新技术被称为（call）文化组学，故D项正确。
13.C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂think that these approaches＂可知，此处指的是这种新技术的提倡者（advocate），故C项正确。
14.B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂trends in social opinions and standards of behavior＂可知，种新技术的提倡者认为它能发现（discover）社会观点和行为标准的趋势，故B项正确。
15.D
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂hidden within vast quantities of data＂可知，此处是说在其他方面（otherwise）隐藏在巨大的数据量之内的社会观点和行为标准的趋势，故D项正确。
16.B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂what people are talking about and thinking about＂可知，书本中的语言能够反映出（reflect）人们的所说所想，故B项正确。
17.A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据本空前的＂what people are talking about and thinking about during a＂可知，书本中的语言能够反映出人们在一段特别（particular）时间的所说所想，故A项正确。
18.A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂into the past＂可知，所以谷歌图书搜索提供了一扇回望过去的窗户（window），故A项正确。
19.C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂results certainly seem to show that informal descriptions about social mood＂可知，此处是指最新的（latest）研究结果，故C项正确。
20.A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据本空后的＂(both fiction and non-fiction) of the twentieth century. ＂可知，最新的研究成果反映了20世纪文学（literature）上的社会情绪，故A项正确。