高一英语导学案-初高中英语知识衔接


第一课时 句子成分
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（_______词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（________词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（____________）
Smoking does harm to the health.（__________）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的___________词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（_________从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为____________）
【总结】主语可由名词、_______、_______、_______、_______、_______和_______等表示。
【提示】但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。

（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.

（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（_______词）
The weather has turned cold.（_______词）
The speech is exciting.（_______词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（_______词）
His job is to teach English.（_______）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（_______词）
The machine must be out of order.（_______短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（_______词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（_______从句）
【总结】表语一般由名词、_______、_______、_______、_______、_______、_______、_______、_______及_______表示。

（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（_______词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（_______词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（_______词）
He pretended not to see me.（_______短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（_______短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（_______从句）
【提示】宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.

（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
【总结】宾补可由名词、_______、_______、_______、_______、_______短语和_______充当。例如：
【提示】带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。
（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（_______）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（_______）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（_______）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（_______）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（_______）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（_______）
The man who is speaking is our English teacher.（_______）

（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）

【提示】状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（_______状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（_______状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（_______状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（_______状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（_______状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（_______状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（_______状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（_______状语）
I am taller than he is.（_______状语）

练习
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
9. His wish is to become a scientist.
10. He managed to finish the work in time.
11. Tom came to ask me for advice.
12. He found it important to master English.
13. Do you have anything else to say?
14. Would you please tell me your address?
15. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
16. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
17. He noticed a man enter the room.
18. The apples tasted sweet.

二 、选择填空：
( )1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
A. Now there the man B. The man which is here now
C. The man who is here now D. The man is here now
( ) 2. The weather ____.
A. wet and cold B. is wet and cold
C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold
( ) 3. The apple tasted ____.
A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet
( ) 4. He got up ____ yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
( )5. The actor ______at the age of 70.
A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded
( )6. ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we
( )7. He found the street much ______.
A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly
( ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well.
A. its B. it C. that D. that is
( ) 9. The dog ____ mad.
A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked
( )10.I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army.
A. that B. when C. in which D. where

第二课时 简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种：
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!
2、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

（二）简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词：e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。

（三）并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.

（四）高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。
如：We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。

练习 一、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：
1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
二、选择填空：
1. Give me one more minute ____ I’ll be able to finish it.
A. and B. or C. if D. so
2. It’s the third time that John has been late, ____?
A. hasn’t he B. isn’t he C. isn’t it D. hasn’t it
3. ____ joyful he was to meet his brother again!
A. How B. What C. What a D. What an
4. Let us pass, ____?
A. shan’t we B. shall we C. won’t we D. will you
5. I suppose he’s serious, ____ ?
A. do I B. don’t I C. is he D. isn’t he
6. Train as hard as you can ____ you’ll win the swimming competition.
A. then B. but C. and D. or
7. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, ____ others enjoy swimming.
A. or B. for C. while D. so
8. ---- Your uncle isn’t an engineer, is he? ---- ____.
A. Yes, he isn’t B. No, he isn’t C. No, he is D. He is
9. ____ friendly ____ to everyone!
A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she is D. What, she is
10. He lay in bed ____ read something borrowed from library.
A. but B. and C. or D. yet
11. ---- I thought you had an umbrella. ---- I had, ____ I’ve lost it.
A. since B. but C. because D. so
12. ____ down the radio ---- the baby’s asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn
13. ---- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? ---- I’d like to, ____ I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
14. She set out soon after dark ____ home an hour later.
A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived
15. ____ it with me and I’ll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave

三、按要求完成下列句子：
1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否定句）

2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问）

3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, ____________?（完成反意疑问）

4. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句)

5. It is an interesting story.（改为感叹句）

6. They could hardly believe his words, ____________?（完成反意疑问）

第三课时 一般现在时
一、【范例再现】
1. 阅读下列句子，并判断其时态：
1) He always helps others.
2) They are having a meeting in the office now.
3) He has worked in our school for eleven years since he came to China.
4) I built a new house eight years ago.
5) My father was watching TV when I got home yesterday afternoon.
6) The train had left before I arrived at the station.
7) We are going to visit the Great Wall next month.
8) I didn't know if she would come.

2. 写出各种时态的结构(以study为例)
　
一般时
进行时
完成时
现在
study / studies


过去
studied


将来
shall / will study
is/am/are going to study


过去将来











二、 【时态精练】
1. 一般现在时
概念: 表示习惯、经常性的动作
结构: do、 does
标志语：usually、often、never、 sometimes、once a week、 twice a month、every year
练习1：用所给动词的正确形式填空：
1. The twins ___________(wash) the clothes every day.
2. Sometimes he ________ (play) basketball over there.
3. How often ____ Sally ______(sing)?
4. ----Where _____ you ______ (come) from? -- America.

练习2：写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式。如：sing: sings.
1. read _________; bring_________; cook ________; use __________
2. miss_________; watch ________; finish ________; fix ______; go ______; do ________;
3. study ___________; fly ___________; say ____________; stay __________;
4. have___________.

巩固练习1：用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.I usually ____ (go) running for half an hour at the weekend.
2. My grandparents ______ (like) watching TV very much.
3. This ___(be) my cat. It ____(love) me.
4. ____ (be) your sister a member of the Reading Club?
5. She often _____ (finish) her homework at 9:00 in the evening.
6. We ________ (not have) a Music lesson on Thursday.
7. His uncle __________ (not get) up early on Saturday.

巩固练习2：.句型转换
1.He often flies a kite in the park.(改为否定句)
He ______ often ____ a kite in the park.
2.She always misses the early bus in the morning.（改为一般疑问句）
_____ she always _____ the early bus in the morning?
3. Her mother usually watches TV in the evening.（提问）
____ ____ her mother usually ____ in the evening?
4. Boys like playing computer games.(改为否定句)
Boys _____ ______ playing computer games.

巩固练习3：.根据中文提示，把下列句子翻译成英语
1. 我们时常相互通信。
2. 他努力工作
3. 光比声音传播快。
4. 如果你尝试，你会成功的。
第四课时 一般过去时与现在完成时
1） 一般过去时
用法：过去时间发生的或过去经常性的动作
动词构成：动词过去式（--ed）v如： do - did; work -worked; study - studied; stop - stopped; get - got...
否定构成：didn't+动原
一般疑问构成及简答举例：Did+主语+动原+其它？
特殊疑问句举例：What did he do yesterday? When did he get up this morning?
练习：朗诵下列句子，体会一般过去时的用法
1. He arrived in Hangzhou an hour ago.
[解析：_______________________________________。]
2. Their children often went hungry in the old days.
[解析：____________________________________。]
3. At that time she spoke very good English.
[解析：_______________________________________。]
4. Did you play volleyball yesterday afternoon?
[解析：_______________________________________。]
5. I saw him today.
[解析：_______________________________________。]

2） 现在完成时
动词构成：have/has+过去分词(--ed) 如： have/has worked
否定构成：have/has not+过去分词
一般疑问构成： Have/Has+主语+过去分词…?
特殊疑问句举例：What have you done recently? How long has he lived in Beijing?
练习1：朗诵下列句子，体会现在完成时的用法
6. She has already finished the work.
[解析：_______________________________________。]
7. Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already.
[解析_____________________________。]
8. I've just lost my science book. [解析：_______________________________________。]
练习2：朗诵下列句子，体会现在完成时的用法
9. She has learnt English for 3 years.
[解析：_______________________________________。]
10. They have lived here since 1990.
[解析：_______________________________________。]
11. What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?
[解析：_______________________________。]

【备注1】
★ 暂时性动词不能与for…, since…, How long…等表示段时间的短语同时使用。如：
1. She has borrowed the book for two weeks.
2. The man has died for twenty years.

练习3：朗诵并比较下列句子
12. He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。 [解析：_______________________________。]
13. He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。[解析：_______________________________。]
【备注2】
★have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。
★have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。

3) 一般过去时与现在完成时之比较
练习：请大家认真分析比较下列各例句
14. I saw this film yesterday.
[解析：_______________________________________。]
15. I have seen this film.
[解析：_______________________________________。]　
16. She has returned from Paris.　
[解析：_______________________________________。]
17. She returned yesterday. [解析：_______________________________________。]
18. He has been in the League for three years. [解析：_______________________________________]
19. He joined the League three years ago.　[解析：_______________________________________。]

【备注3】
★ 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。例如：
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

【巩固练习1】写出下列不规则动词的过去式和过去分词。如：go - went -gone ;
be


cut


do


see


get


swim


take


drink


eat


run


say


have


put


come



【巩固练习2】选择正确的答案
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.　
A. had met　 B. have met　 C. met　 D. meet
[解析：____________________________________________________________________________。]
2. --- I'm sorry to keep you waiting.--- Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been　 B. had been　 C. was　 D. will be
[解析：_______________________________________________________。]
【巩固练习3】用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. The twins ___________(wash) the clothes for an hour.
2. He ________ (play) basketball since three years ago.
3. How long _____ Sally ______(sing) yet?
第五课时 1. 过去完成时
概念: 表示过去的过去。
-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->
那时以前　 那时　 现在
结构: had done

【体会】朗诵下列句子，体会一般过去时的用法
1. By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
2. I had learned 5000 words before I entered the university.
3. Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.　
4. She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
5. When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
6. He said that he had learned some English before.
7. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
8. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
【备注1】 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
1. We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
【备注2】两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。
1. When I heard the news, I was very excited.
【备注3】
叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
1. Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

【巩固练习】翻译下列句子
1. 当我们到达那里时，足球比赛已经开始了。(get, match, begin)
2. 到上个月月底为止，琳达已经学会了十首英语歌曲。(by the end of, Linda, learn, song)
3. 在我们到达车站之前，火车已经启动了。(before, train, start)
4. 在我来这里之前，我在一家医院工作了三年。(come, work, hospital, year)

第五课时 2.现在进行时与过去进行时
1）现在进行时 概念: 表示现在正在发生的动作 结构: 主语+be (am, is, are)+现在分词(v.+ing)
【练习1】写出下列动词的-ing 形式。如do - doing .
be

write

swim

see

make

begin

have

die

put

come

lie

sit

leave

stop

get


【体会】朗诵下列句子，体会现在进行时的用法
1. Listen! Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.
2. They are planting trees on the hill these days.
3. My brother is always leaving things about.

【备注1】现在进行时往往与always连用，给现在的动作披上一层感情色彩。

【备注2】已经确定或安排好的将来活动。 　　
1. I'm leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.（我下周要去尼泊尔旅行) 　　
2. We're flying to Paris tomorrow.(我们明天乘飞机去巴黎）

【备注3】与一般现在时区别
1. He studies hard. 他努力学习。 　　
2. He is studying hard. 他正在努力学习。
[解析] 一般现在时表示_____________动作，现在进行时表示__________________________动作。

2） 过去进行时
概念: 过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。
结构：was /were + V-ing。
【体会】朗诵下列句子，体会现在进行时的用法
1. What were you doing when I phoned you last night? [解析表示____________________________的动作。]
2. They were building a dam last winter. [解析：表示_________________________的动作。]

【备注1】过去进行时常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last night, last Saturday等；或者与when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。

【巩固练习】用所给的动词的正确形式填空：
1.The boy __________________ ( draw) a picture now.
2. Listen .Some girls __________( sing)in the classroom .
3. My mother ____________ ( cook )some nice food now.
4.What is our granddaughter doing?She _________(listen ) to music.
5. My father ________________ (make) a model plane when I came back.
6. My family _______________ (watch) a TV play at eight last night.

第六课时 1. 一般将来时与过去将来时
1) 一般将来时
概念: 一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。
结构：一般将来时由助动词shall（第一人称），will（第二、三人称） 动词原形构成。美国英语则不管什么人称，一律用will。
常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。如：tomorrow（明天）， next week（下周）， from now on（从现在开始）；in the future（将来）等。

【体会】朗诵下列句子，体会一般将来时的用法
1. I will / shall go to visit him next week. 下周我将去拜访他。 　　
2. What time shall we go there tomorrow? 明天我们几点去那儿?
3. I‘m going to go to the park. 我将要去公园。
4. There is going to be a football match this afternoon.今天下午将有一场足球赛。

【备注1】用现在进行时表示将来时　
1. Uncle Wang is coming. 王叔叔就要来了。 　　
2. They're leaving for Beijing. 他们即将前往北京。
【备注2】用一般现在时表示将来时　
1. The new term starts (begins) on August 29th. 新学期八月二十九日开学。 　　
2. If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go out for a picnic. 如果明天不下雨，我们将出去野餐。

2） 过去将来时
概念：表示以过去的某时来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句中.
构成：①主语+would/should+动词原形②主语+was/were+going to +动词原形 .

【体会】朗诵下列句子，体会过去将来时的用法
1. I didn't know if she would come.
2. I wasn't sure whether he would do it .
3. I didn't know if she was going to come.
4. Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Sunday.

第六课时 2. 主动和被动句中的时态比较
时态名称
主动语态
被动语态
一般现在时
do / does
We often paint the house in autumn.
am/is/are done
The house is often painted in autumn
一般过去时
did
They invited me to the party last night.
was/ were done
I was invited to the party by them last night

一般/过去将来时
will do
They will water the flowers soon.
would do
He said that he would finish the work on time.
will be done
The flowers _________________
would be done
H said that the work ____________

现在/过去
进行时
am/is/are doing
They are sending my bike back

was/were doing
They were painting the desk just now.
am/is/are being done
M bike __________________

was/were being done
The desk _________________

现在/过去完成时
have done
They have watered the flowers two times.
had done
They had watered the flowers two times before I returned.
have been done
The flowers _________________
had been done

The flowers _________________


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