【同步讲义】人教版英语八年级上册-Unit 1 Grammar and writing 讲义

这是一份【同步讲义】人教版英语八年级上册-Unit 1 Grammar and writing 讲义，文件包含同步讲义人教版英语八年级上册-Unit1Grammarandwriting学生版docx、同步讲义人教版英语八年级上册-Unit1Grammarandwriting教师版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共44页， 欢迎下载使用。

Unit 1 Grammar and writing
目标导航


Grammar
1. 一般过去时
2. 复合不定代词
Writing
节日与假期

知识精讲


单元语法讲练
一、一般过去时态
知识点01 一般过去时的定义和结构
1. 一般过去时的定义
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
一般过去时使用的两种情形：1.过去的动作或状态。2.过去经常性或习惯性动作。
2一般过去时的结构：
（1)主系表 主语＋was/were+表语＋其他。
I was in Beijing last month.我上个月在北京。
（2)主谓宾 主语＋谓语动词（过去式）＋宾语＋其他。
He watched TV till late at night.他看电视直到深夜。
知识点02一般过去时的用法
1.如何判定一般过去时
（1)通过句子中是否有表示过去的时间状语来判定。
①介词＋表示过去时间的年、月、日，如in1983等。
②yesterday 及由yesterday 构成的短语，如 yesterday morning/afternoon/evening,the day before yesterday 等。
③带有ago的短语，如three days ago,five years ago等。
④last构成的短语，如 last week/year/month等。
⑤表示过去的单词或短语，如once,at that time,just now等。
（2)若找不到明显的时间状语，则通过上下文判断。
－Where did you go?你去哪儿了？
－I went to Beijing.我去北京了。
（3)两个或两个以上动词用and连接时，若前一个动词为过去式，后面的动词一般也要用其过去式。
I stayed at home and read a good book last Sunday.上个星期天我待家里读了一本好书。
【即学即练1】
－Have you ever visited Shenyang EXPO Garden?
－Yes.I it last year.
A.have visited B.will visit C.visited
解析：
用语法分析法。句意是：－你曾经参观过沈阳世博园吗？－是的。我去年参观它了。根据答句的last year,可知答句是一般过去时，动词应用过去式。
2肯定句如何变为否定句
（1)含有系动词was,were→直接在其后加not.
He was 17 years old last year.去年他17岁。→He was not/wasn't 17 years old last year.去年他不是17岁。
（2)含有情态动词could等时→直接在其后加not.
I could watch TV in 2016.在2016年我能看电视。→I could not watch TV in 2016.在2016年我不能看电视。
（3)含有实义动词→在该动词前加did not/didn't,并且该动词变为原形。
We went to the park yesterday.昨天我们去了公园。→We didn't go to the park yesterday.昨天我们没去公园。
【即学即练2】
I talked to him on the phone yesterday.(改为否定句）
I to him on the phone yesterday.
答案：didn't talk
3陈述句如何变为一般疑问句和特殊疑问句
（1)若句中有be动词或情态动词，则把它们移到句首。
He was short last year.去年他矮。→Was he short last year?去年他矮吗？
（2)若句中是行为动词，则在句首加did,且该动词变为原形。
She stayed at home yesterday.昨天她待在家里。→Did she stay at home yesterday?昨天她待在家里吗？
（3)特殊疑问句则需在一般疑问句前面加上特殊疑问词。
How did he go to Shanghai?他怎么去上海的？
【即学即练3】
Daisy ran very fast when she was young.(改为一般疑问句）
Daisy very fast when she was young?
解析：
原句包含实义动词ran,时态是一般过去时，变一般疑问句时需要在句首加助动词did,后面的动词过去式恢复原形。
速记一般过去时口诀：
⑦一般过去时并不难，表示过去动作、状态记心间。
②动词要用过去式，时间状语句末站。否定句很简单。didn't站在动词原形前，其他部分不要变。
③一般疑问句也好变，did放在句子前，主语、动词原形、其他部分依次站。
④特殊疑问句也简单，疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
⑤最后一条请注意，动词过去式要牢记。

单元语法讲练
二、复合不定代词
知识点03 复合不定代词的用法
不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫作不定代词。在本单元中，主要出现的不定代词为由some,any,no,every 加
上－body,-one,-thing构成的复合不定代词，复合不定代词的功能相当于名词，在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，但不能作定语。
Is anybody absent?有人缺席吗？（作主语）
Did you buy anything there?你在那买了什么东西吗？（作宾语）
He is something of a scholar.他有点像学者。（作表语）
复合不定代词指人的有：someone/somebody anyone/anybody no one/nobody everyone/everybody none
复合不定代词指物的有：something anything nothing everything none
1辨析 no one,none与nothing
（1)no one只能用于指人，不能与of连用。作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数形式。可表示“没有人”，一般用来回答who引导的特殊疑问句。
No one wants to go shopping.没有一个人想去购物。
－Who stayed at home?谁待在家里？
－No one.没人。
（2)none表示“没有一个”。既可指人，也可指物。其后可接of短语，“none of+可数名词复数”作主语时谓语动词用单、复数皆可。可指数量上“一个也没有”，一般用来回答how many/much引导的特殊疑问句。
None of these pens work/works.这些钢笔没有一支能用。
－How many students are there in the classroom?教室里有多少学生？
－None.一个也没有。
（3)nothing只能用于指物，作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数形式。可用来回答what引导的特殊疑问句。
－What is in the box?箱子里有什么？
－Nothing.什么东西也没有。
速记：
no one 等于nobody,专门指人记心间。
none的用法有两个：
强调数量需用none,此处可要细思量；
of连用作主语，谓语单复均可商。
nothing 指物没什么，同类词见 something（anything,everything).
【即学即练4】
is better worth my respect than Yuan Longping. He is the pride of China.
A.Somebody B.Anybody C.Nobody D.Everybody
解析：
考查不定代词的用法。句意：没有人比袁隆平更值得我尊敬。他是中国的骄傲。根据句意提示，用
nobody“没有人”符合题意。
2形容词、动词不定式修饰复合不定代词时，形容词、动词不定式后置。
I really have something to do.我确实有事情要做。
拓展：复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
速记：
不定代词美名扬，修饰成分后边藏；
单数动词作谓语，何时何地都一样。
【即学即练5】
－Why are you laughing,Daniel?
－There is funny in the newspaper.Come and see.
A.anything B.something C.everything D.nothing
解析：
考查不定代词辨析。句意：－你为什么笑，丹尼尔？报纸上有件有趣的事。过来看看。承接上文句意，肯定句中用something表示“某事；一些事情”。everything 表示“一切”；nothing 表示“没有什么”；anything用于否定句或一般疑问句，均不符合题意。
3 some-类复合不定代词主要用于肯定句；any-类复合不定代词主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。但在表示请求、建议、反问等的疑问句中，问话者期望得到肯定回答时，常用含有some-的不定代词。
Someone put an umbrella here.有人在这里放了一把伞。
I didn't meet anybody on the island.在岛上我没遇见什么人。
Would you like something to drink?你想喝点什么吗？
【即学即练6】
－Who is at the door?
－A deliveryman(快递员）or wanting to sell his new products.
A.everybody B.anybody C.somebody D.nobody
解析：
句意为“－谁在敲门？一快递员或者想要卖新产品的人”。根据句意可知，此处表示“想要卖新产品的人”，强调“某人”，用于肯定句中作主语。
【即学即练7】
Money is important, but it can't buy ，especially happiness and health.
A.anything B.something C.everything D.nothing
解析：
用语境分析法解题。句意为“钱是重要的，但是它不能买到一切东西，尤其是幸福和健康”。答案C

能力拓展


考法01 单元写作话题：节日与假期

作文话题
在五月一号这天，你和家人去海滨度假，请根据下面的提示写一篇日记，描述当天的情况。
1.看到了初升的太阳和天空中的飞鸟。
2.在海里游泳。
3.和父母一起打沙滩排球。
4.和妹妹一起在沙滩上建了一座沙滩城堡（castle).
5.我们度过了愉快的一天。
要求：
1.内容涵盖要点，全文连贯通顺。
2.词数80左右。
审题指导（把握中心，得方向分）
根据提示可知，文章要求以日记的形式写假日活动，这属于应用文。文章要求描述自己的一次度假活动，所以使用第一人称。描述过去的事情要使用一般过去时。写作时把整个事件的时间、过程和结果写清楚即可。
写作左法（学会方法，巧得高分）
“三步法”写游记类作文
第一步：开门见山，同时交代时间、地点、天气情况
第二步：写具体的活动内容
第三步：写自己的感受
写作模板（学会套路，得基本分）
“三步法”写游记类作文
点题，开门见山
Today,I had a good time with my parents on the beach.
按事件发生的顺序写具体的活动内容
First,I...Then,I...with my...Finally,I tried...
结束，写自己的感受
What a pleasant day! I not only...but also...
经典词句（妙用句式，得出彩分）
单词
rising, scene,spend,relax,then,finally,true,pleasant,nature,happiness
短语
have a good time, on the beach,lose oneself in..., feel like,play beach volleyball, try to..., not only...but also
句子
1.Today,I had a good time with my parents on the beach.
2.It was so fine that I could see the rising sun and the birds in the sky.
3.I lost myself in the beautiful scene.
4.I spent a few hours relaxing myself in the sea.
5.I felt like a fish.
6. It looked so true that a crab even wanted to live in it.
7. I not only got close to nature but also shared happiness with my family.

范文赏析（书写工整，得印象分）
Sunny Sunday,May 1st
Today, I had a good time with my parents on the beach. It was so fine that I could see the rising sun and the birds in the sky.①I also saw a big ship on the sea. I lost myself in the beautiful scene.
First, I spent a few hours relaxing myself in the sea.②I felt like a fish. Then, I played beach volleyball with my parents.②Finally, I tried to make a sand castle with my little sister.②It looked so true that a crab even wanted to live in it.①
What a pleasant day!③I not only got close to④nature but also shared happiness with my family.
名师点评
本文采用“三步法”写游记类作文。
第一段：开篇点题；
第二段：按事件发生的顺序写具体的活动内容；
第三段：写自己的感受，总结全文。
①处使用so...that句型，增加了文章的深度。
②处使用了表示顺序的First、Then和Finally,指明了句子之间的逻辑关系。
③处使用what 引导的感叹句表达了对这次活动的喜爱。
④处使用not only..but also 写出了自己满满的收获。

分层提分


题组A 基础过关练
一、单项选择
1．Please turn off the TV because ________ is watching it now.
A．somebody B．anybody C．everybody D．nobody
2．________ can enter the mall without a health code (健康码).
A．Anybody B．Nobody C．Somebody D．Everybody
3．Would you like _________ to eat?
A．something delicious B．anything delicious
C．delicious something D．delicious anything
4．If you have ________ to do, what about helping me in the garden?
A．something B．anything C．nothing D．everything
5．—Did you buy ________?
—Yes, I bought something for my father.
A．nothing special B．something special C．anything special
6．—Nancy is not coming to the party tonight.
—But she ________ me she’d love to.
A．was telling B．tells C．will tell D．told
7．When the boy was only five years old, he ________ play golf well.
A．can B．may C．is able to D．was able to
8．What were you doing ________?
A．when the rainstorm comes B．when did the rainstorm come
C．when the rainstorm came D．when does the rainstorm come
9．—Did you go anywhere on vacation, Tom?
—Yes, I ________ to a summer camp.
A．go B．went C．am going
10．He ________ me his name, but I can’t remember it now.
A．tells B．is telling C．told D．will tell
二、 用所给单词的正确形式填空
1．Is there ________ (something) interesting in today’s newspaper (报纸)?
2．—Can I have___________(anything) to eat, please? I’m so hungry.
—There is some bread on the table.
3．When I got to the school, __________ (somebody) was outside. All of them were in the classroom.
4．Did you see ________(someone) on the hill this morning?
5．_______ (something) can stop us from working for our country. We are proud of our country.
6．Mr. Wang ___________ (take) a lot of photos in Yancheng yesterday.
7．The hunters __________ (catch) a tiger in the forest two days ago.
8．They did nothing and ___________ (sell) their house at last.
9．The girl _______(stop) to pick some flowers, and she would give them to her mother.
10．We ______________ (not go) to the cinema last Sunday.
三、 根据汉语提示填空
1．________ (每人) is here. We can have our class meeting now.
2．Listen! ______________ （某人） is knocking on the door.
3．I’m sure ________(有人) helped Lily with the work or she couldn’t finish it on time.
4．I think ________ (没有什么) is impossible if you work hard.
5．Jack is a selfish（自私的）boy, so _________（没有人）would like to play with him.
6．I was tired so my friend ________ (扛) my heavy bag for me.
7．The house _________ (震动) as the heavy truck went past.
8．The young lady _________ (呼喊) to me and asked me for help.
9．We ____________ (到达) the railway station late yesterday.
10．When the fire happened, people __________________________ (四处奔跑) .
四、 根据句意填空
1．I feel so bored that I want to find _______ interesting to do.
2．Can you see __________ strange in the sky?
3．Would you like __________ to eat?
4．—How many students are there in the classroom?
—__________.
5．Neither my friends nor I ________ at the cinema yesterday afternoon.
6．The boy always ________ rubbish everywhere, but now he doesn’t.
7．Dave ________ but he didn’t get up at once.
8．The boy ____________ so he looked very worried.
9．I __________ for the English test last night.
10．John __________ his arm last year but now he is well.
题组B 能力提升练
一、同义句转化
1．The maths problem was too difficult for anybody to work out. (改为同义句)
The maths problem was ________ difficult that ________ could work it out.
2．The girl didn’t buy anything on her way home. （改为同义句）
The girl _________ _________ on her way home.
3．Dean didn't t say anything at the meeting．（改为同义句）
Dean________ ________ at the meeting.
4．I didn’t do anything interesting last vacation.(改为同义句)
I ________ ________ interesting last vacation.
5．We couldn't eat anything on the top of the mountain.(改为同义句)
We_____eat_____on the top of the mountain.
6．I didn’t buy anything special from Malaysia. (改为同义句)
I _____ _____ special from Malaysia.
7．My mother bought me a pair of trainers.(改为同义句)
My mother _________ a pair of trainers _________ me.
8．We spent the whole day visiting Hong Kong Disneyland. (改为同义句)
It _________ _________ the whole day to visit Hong Kong Disneyland.
9．It took Mike half an hour to work out the problem.(改为同义句)
Mike ________ half an hour ________ out the problem.
10．We have studied at this school for three years.(改为同义句)
________ three years since we ________ to study at this school.
二、改写句子
1．There is something wrong with Tom.(改为一般疑问句)
_________ there _________ wrong with Tom?
2．Simon didn’t sing anything new at the party. (改为肯定句)
Simon _________ ________ new at the party.
3．She met someone interesting at the party. (改为否定句)
She ______ ______ ______ interesting at the party.
4．Everyone wants to talk to him.（改为否定句）
________ ________ ________ to talk to him.
5．Jack read something interesting in a book. （改为一般疑问句）
________ Jack read ________ interesting in a book?
6．Lily put on a hat this morning.（否定句）
Lily _________ ________ on a hat this morning.
7．He did the dishes yesterday evening. (改为否定句)
He _________________ yesterday evening.
8．I have tried Beijing Duck before.（用last summer代替before）
I ________ Beijing Duck ________ ________.
9．My son did some reading before going to bed when he was young. (改为否定句)
My son ______________________________ reading before going to bed when he was young.
10．My mother can play computer games. (用last year改写句子)
My mother ________ play computer games last year.
三、将所给单词连成句子
1．will     be     everything     free
___________________________________________.
2．different, go, somewhere, let’s
_________________________________________.
3．scare, is, of, everything, she
________________________________________________________________________________.
4．you, hear, did, someone, crying
____________________________?
5．Lisa, last week, had a cough
____________________________________________.
四、书面表达
有计划的去安排暑假生活会使我们的假期生活更具意义。请以日记的形式，介绍一下暑假期间你在学习、身体、家务劳动、旅游等方面的计划，并针对你自身的不足之处，说说你的假期打算。
注意：
1. 词数80左右(开头已给出，不计入总词数)；
2. 须包含所有要点提示，并可适当补充，以使语句通顺，行文连贯；
3. 文中不得出现个人真实姓名和校名。
4. 有卷面分。
July10, 2019                                                                   Wednesday                 Sunny
Now, Summer vocation is coming. I have a new plan for it. I am going to _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
题组C 培优拔尖练
1．（2017·四川眉山·中考真题）Sam used to ________games for fun, but now he wants to do________.
A．play; something else B．playing; something else
C．play; else something D．playing; else something
2．（2017·湖南张家界·中考真题）I was playing soccer when the rainstorm ________ yesterday afternoon.
A．come B．came C．comes
3．（2021·江苏镇江·中考真题）I enjoy playing badminton. When I’m running with a bat in my hand, I don’t worry about ________.
A．something B．anything C．everything D．nothing
4．（2021·上海·中考真题）There was ________ to eat at home, so I went out to get some food.
A．anything B．nothing C．something D．everything
5．（2020·湖北黄冈·中考真题）—Amazing! Tom got the best grade in the test last week.
— is impossible. He studies really hard online this term.
A．Anything B．Nothing C．Everything D．Something
6．（2020·湖北·中考真题）I wondered ______________.
A．which way was the wind blowing B．which one is the most convenient
C．which of the houses did you live in D．which school it was you went to
7．（2020·江苏扬州·中考真题）Yesterday Mom________ me some money to buy a dictionary.
A．gives B．gave C．has given D．was giving
8．（2020·山东济南·中考真题）A smile costs ______, but gives so much.
A．something B．anything
C．nothing D．everything
9．（2019·云南昆明·中考真题）—Where did you go last winter vacation?
—I to London with my family.
A．go B．have gone C．went D．was going
10．（2019·江苏宿迁·中考真题）As the lights in the room went out, it was very dark and ___________could be seen clearly.
A．something B．anything C．everything D．nothing
二、补全对话7选5
（2017·辽宁鞍山·中考真题）A: Nice to meet you.
B: Nice to meet you.
A: ________1________
B: I stayed at home, watched TV all day and visited my friends and relatives. I was so bored.What about you?
A: ________2________
B: What about the weather there?
A: ________3________
B: Which places did you visit?
A: Many places of interest, such as Bird Nest, Water Cube and Hutong.
B: Were there many foreigners there? ________4________
A: Yeah, I also took photos with them.
B: Could I have a look at your photos?
A: Sure. ________5________
B: Thanks a lot.
A: You’re welcome.
A．I went to Beijing for my vacation.
B．Are they friendly?
C．Did you speak to them?
D．I’ll send them to you by e-mail.
E．I visited my friends, too.
F．It snowed heavily and was quite cold.
G．How did you spend your Spring Festival?
三、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1．（2019·四川攀枝花·中考真题）When I was a little boy, my father _________ (teach) me that the easy choice wasn’t always the best one.
2．（2019·西藏·中考真题）He ________ (study) in this school five years ago.
3．（2022·江苏泰州·一模）John was very sad and _________ (hide) his face in his hands when he heard the bad news.
4．（2021·黑龙江大庆·二模）It’s ten years since I_________ (leave) my home town.
5．（2021·江苏无锡·二模）I ________ (live) in New York for over five years, but now I’m working for a big company in Beijing.
四、完成句子
1．（2017·江苏淮安·中考真题）因为太多的工作，昨天晚上我妈妈不得不熬夜。
Last night, my mother __________________ stay up late __________________ too much work.
2．（2019·西藏·中考真题）今天早上六点钟妈妈像往常一样把我叫醒。
My mother ______ me ______ at six this morning ______ ______.
3．（2021·辽宁铁岭·二模）我看到他们关上门离开了。
I ________________________________ the door and leave.
4．（2018·天津津南·一模）She _______ _______ the letter to all of us.
她把那封信念给了我们大家听。
5．（2017·辽宁阜新·中考真题）她好像对这本书感兴趣。                           
It seemed that she ______________ the book.
五、书面表达
（2017·四川资阳·中考真题）假如你叫李华。最近，你收到美国笔友Mike的来信，想了解中国端午节的相关清况。 请根据下列提示用英语写封回信。
1．简要介绍我国的端午节（日期、习俗等）;
2．你今年如何过节的（假期时间、具体活动等）。
参考词汇：Chinese lunar calendar农历；zongzi粽子
注意：
1．词数80左右；
2．文中不得出现真实人名及学校名；
3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Mike,
Glad to hear from you. I’d like to tell you something about the Chinese Dragon Boat Festival and how I spent it this year._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Best wishes.
Yours,
Li Hua