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高中英语高考2 第二课时 情态动词和虚拟语气
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这是一份高中英语高考2 第二课时 情态动词和虚拟语气，共10页。
第二课时 情态动词和虚拟语气
【典题试做】
1．(全国卷Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might be__made(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
2．(全国卷Ⅱ)Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own.
1．考查情态动词的基本用法；
2．考查“情态动词＋have done”的用法；
3．考查虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法和with, without, but for, or等构成的含蓄虚拟条件句的用法；
4．考查wish后的宾语从句，as if/as though引导的从句等固定句式中虚拟语气的用法。
【典题试做】
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)．..，my parents would not to let me.删除to
2．(全国卷Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.can→should或删除can
3．(全国卷Ⅱ)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.chose→choose
1．情态动词后要加动词原形，在短文改错中经常漏掉系动词be，或在情态动词后加了动词的其他形式；
2．虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的错用；
3．虚拟语气在名词性从句中的错用(主要体现在should的错用上)；
4．虚拟语气在其他句型中的错用。
情态动词的基本用法
(一)can和could的用法
1．表示“能力”，意为“能，会”。
(2017·北京卷)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, can easily reach the books on the top shelf. 塞缪尔是我们班最高的男孩，他能轻易地够着书架顶层的书。
(湖北卷)It was several minutes before I could take in what he was saying.
过了好几分钟，我才理解他说的是什么。
■名师点津
was/were able to表示过去有能力做并且成功做了某事，相当于managed to do sth./succeeded in doing sth.。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. 尽管这场大火迅速蔓延到了整个宾馆，但是每个人都逃了出来。
2．表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句或疑问句中。can比could语气强。
That can’t be Mary—she is in London now.
那不可能是玛丽——现在她在伦敦。
3．表示理论上的可能性，意为“有时候可能会”，用于肯定句。
(2018·北京卷)In today’s information age, the loss of data can cause serious problems for a company.
在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。
4．表示礼貌地请求，意为“能，可以”。在疑问句中could可代替can, 语气更委婉。
(江苏卷)—Can you tell us your recipe for happiness and a long life？ ——你能告诉我们你幸福和长寿的秘诀吗？
—Living every day to the full, definitely.
——过好每一天。
5．用于固定句式：cannot...too/enough “无论……也不过分；越……越好……”。
(陕西卷)I can’t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
我非常感谢你，在我们不在家时帮助我的儿子。
(二)may和might的用法
1. 表示许可和请求，在疑问句中might比may的语气更委婉。
(北京卷)Might/May I have a word with you? It won’t take long. 我可以和你说句话吗？不会耽误你很长时间。
2．表示推测，意为“可能，或许”，通常用于肯定句和否定句中。
(湖南卷)If you forgot to turn it off when you went away, you might burn down the house.
当你离开时如果忘记关掉它，你可能会烧毁整座房子。
3．用于固定句式：may as well＋动词原形，意为 “最好；倒不如……”。
Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here.
既然雨下得这么大，你倒不如待在这儿。
(三)must的用法
1．表示义务、必要性等，意为“必须”。其否定式mustn’t 意为“禁止”。
(北京卷)—Can’t you stay a little longer?
——难道你不能再多待一会儿吗？
—It’s getting late.I really must go now.My daughter is home alone. ——时间不早了。现在我确实得走了。我的女儿独自一人在家呢。
2．表示猜测、推测，意为“想必，一定”。must常用于肯定句中。对现在或未来的事进行猜测时，用must do；对正在进行的事进行猜测时，用must be doing；对已经发生的事进行猜测时，用must have done。
(重庆卷)You must be Carol.You haven’t changed a bit after all these years.
你一定是卡罗尔。这么多年你一点都没变。
3. 表示偏执，固执，意为“非得，偏要”。
(辽宁卷)If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over. 如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停了。
(四)shall的用法
1．用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
(江西卷)Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow?
要我告诉布雷特明天放学后以后直接过来吗？
2．用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
(辽宁卷)One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school. 我们有一条规定，那就是每名学生在校期间都必须穿校服。
(五)should的用法
1．表示劝告和建议，意为“应该”。
I don’t think you should give up the opportunity to go to university which you have been dreaming about.
我认为你不应该放弃你一直以来梦想的上大学的机会。
2．表示推测、可能性、或预期，意为“应该；可能”。
He should be here on time—he started early enough.
他应该按时到这里的——他很早就出发了。
3．用于表示感情或意志等的that从句中，意为“竟然……；居然……”。
(2018·江苏卷)It’s strange that he should have taken the books without the owner’s permission. 简直是太奇怪了，他竟然未得到主人的允许就把这些书拿走了。
(六)will和would的用法
1．表示意志或意愿。will指现在，would指过去。
I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. 我已再三告诉他戒烟，但是他就是不听。
(江苏卷)Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but wouldn’t say where he was. 几天后，我哥哥打电话说他一切都好，但不愿意说他在哪儿。
2．表示习惯性的动作，意为“总是”，will指现在，would指过去。
(四川卷)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.
我仍旧记得快乐的童年，那时我妈妈经常在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。
3．表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。
Will/Would you please let me have a look at your new watch？ 请让我看看你的新手表好吗？
(七)need的用法
need表示必要性，常用于疑问句和否定句中，needn’t表示“不必”。need 作实义动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中，有人称、数和时态的变化；其后可接名词、代词、带to的不定式或动名词作宾语。
(2017·天津卷)My room is a mess, but I needn’t clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning.
我的房间里乱糟糟的，不过我今天晚上出门之前没必要打扫，我可以上午再打扫。
Since you know it already, we don’t need to keep it a secret. 既然你已经知道了，我们就没有必要保密了。
(八)dare的用法
dare意为“敢，敢于”，没有人称、数和时态的变化，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中，后接动词原形。作实义动词时，在肯定句中通常接带to的不定式，在疑问句和否定句中，dare之后的不定式可省略。
How dare you leave your home without your parents’ permission?
在没有征得你父母同意的情况下你怎么敢离开家？
Most people hate Harry but they don’t dare to say so.
大多数人对哈利敢怒不敢言。
情态动词＋have done
对过去的推测
must have done
一定做过某事(肯定句)
can/could
have done
过去不可能做过某事(否定句)
过去可能做过某事吗？(疑问句)
may/might
have done
过去可能做过某事(肯定句)
过去可能没有做过某事(否定句)
对过去情况的后悔、遗憾或责备
could have done
本来能够做但却未做
should have done
本来应该做但是实际上未做
shouldn’t have done
本来不应该做而实际上做了
needn’t have done
本来没必要做却做了
(2019·天津卷)Paul did a great job in the speech contest.He must have practised many times last week.
保罗在演讲比赛中表现得很好。他上周一定练习了很多次。
(福建卷)—Sorry, Mum！I failed the job interview again. ——对不起，妈妈！我工作面试又失败了。
—Oh, it’s too bad.You should have made full preparations.
——哦，太糟糕了。你本应该做好充分的准备。
if条件句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气
主句谓语动词
从句谓语动词
虚拟现在
should/would/ could/might＋do
过去式(be用were)
虚拟过去
should/would/could/ might＋have done
had＋过去分词
虚拟将来
should/would/ could/might＋do
过去式/were to do/should do
(2018·北京卷)They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometers. 如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。
(北京卷)We would be back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
如果你没有把地图丢了的话，我们现在就回到旅馆了。
(安徽卷)Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.
格蕾丝不想搬到纽约，因为她认为如果住在那里，她就不能经常看到她的父母了。
■名师点津
(1)在if引导的虚拟条件状语从句中，谓语动词含有had, were, should时，可以把if省略，将had, were, should提到句首，变成倒装句。
(2017·江苏卷)Were it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
如果没有老师的帮助，这个学生克服不了她的困难。
(江苏卷)It might have saved me some trouble had I known the schedule.
要是早知道时间表的话，可能会省去我一些麻烦。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语，并且动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
(北京卷)Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
含蓄条件句的虚拟语气
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语有without(要是)没有，but for要不是，otherwise/or否则等。
(2019·天津卷)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would have accomplished the task in half the time. 工人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成这项任务。
(江苏卷)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison. 要不是托马斯·爱迪生，我们现在从中获益的很多东西就不会存在。
虚拟语气在从句中的运用
(一)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用
1．在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后接宾语从句，以及这些动词的名词后接同位语或表语从句，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的此类动词：一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三要求(require, demand, request)、四建议(suggest, advise, propose, recommend)。
(江苏卷)She suggested that Dale (should) join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
He insisted that the problem (should) be discussed at the meeting. 他执意要求在会上讨论这个问题。
My suggestion was that necessary measures (should)be taken to protect the children from dangerous situations.
我的建议是采取必要措施来保护孩子们远离危险的境遇。
■名师点津
当suggest作“暗示，表明”，insist作“坚持认为”时，从句要用陈述语气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
他的沉默表明他同意我的决定。
He insisted that he hadn’t stolen the money.
他坚持说他没有偷过钱。
2．在“It is/was＋adj./done＋that...”句型中，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的形容词或过去分词有important, necessary, strange, suggested, ordered, advised, requested, demanded 等。
It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.
我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。
It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hour exercise every day.
中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。
3．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气：
情况
从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反
had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反
would/could/might＋动词原形
(2018·江苏卷)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had a second chance to become more involved. 这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活，我希望自己还能有机会去更多地参与其中。
I wish I had told him the way to the supermarket.
我真希望我已经告诉了他到超市的路线。
I wish you could give me the book you borrowed from me last week tomorrow.
我希望你明天把你上周从我这儿借的那本书还给我。
4．would rather所接的宾语从句中，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，表示对现在或将来的虚拟；从句谓语动词用过去完成时，表示对过去的虚拟。
(陕西卷)We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. 我们宁愿女儿待在家，陪在我们身边，但是选择权在她手上，毕竟她不再是个孩子了。
I’d rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday. 要是他前天和我一起去海边就好了。
(二)三个固定句式中的虚拟语气
句式
现在虚拟
过去虚拟
将来虚拟
if only引导的条件句及感叹句
过去式
had＋过去分词
would/could/might＋动词原形
as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句
过去式
had＋过去分词
would/could/might＋动词原形
It is (high) time that...
过去式或should＋动词原形
(2019·天津卷)Mary’s description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I had been there. 玛丽对这次聚会的描述是如此生动，以至于我觉得我好像去过那里一样。
It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem.
确实到了我们采取措施解决这个问题的时候了。
Look at the trouble we are in. If only we had taken our teacher’s advice!
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们当初听从老师的建议该多好！
■名师点津
当as if/though引导的句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。
如何判定情态动词和虚拟语气
一、意义和语气判断法
所谓意义判断法就是分析语境并确定应填情态动词的含义。因此熟练掌握每个情态动词的意义和用法是答题的前提。此外，情态动词主要表示说话人的语气、态度或情感，所以在解答此类试题时，要从说话者的角度去考虑问题，结合具体的语境来分析和判断，最后确定所需情态动词是否符合说话者的语气以及特定的情感需要。
[例1] (浙江卷)George ____________(not go) too far. His coffee is still warm.
[分析] can’t/couldn’t have gone 由下文的His coffee is still warm.可以看出，乔治应该是刚离开，不可能走太远，表示对过去发生的事情非常有把握的否定推测，故填can’t/couldn’t have gone。
二、时间判断法
虚拟语气的考查重点在于判断句子是对现在、过去还是将来的动作进行虚拟。判断出时间后再根据相应的结构或句型确定谓语动词的形式。
[例2] (天津卷)I wish I ____________(be) at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
[分析] had been 句意：我真希望上周二参加了妹妹的婚礼，不过我当时正在纽约出差。根据句中的but可知“我参加了妹妹的婚礼”只是一种假设，根据空后的时间状语last Tuesday可知，动作发生在过去，此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，故谓语用“had＋过去分词”结构。故填had been。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·天津河东一模)—Where is my Chinese book? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You must have put it in the wrong place.
2．(2020·苏州调研)John wants to see me now, but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he came(come) tomorrow than today.
3．(2020·杭州七校模拟)When you phoned me, I was having a meeting; how I wish I had__answered(answer) your call.
4．(2020·天津十二校二模)He is a badtempered fellow, but he can be quite charming when he wishes.
5．(2020·苏锡常镇教情调查)Ann said whenever her father was unhappy he would go out and buy something, usually something large and useless.
6．(2020·天津南开一模)—What does the sign over there read?
—No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.
7．(2020·天津和平一模)The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (should)__be__developed(develop)．
8．(2020·湖北四地七校联考)It is high time that you considered/should__consider(consider) that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little.
9．(2020·天津十二校二模)You didn’t let me drive.If we had__driven(drive) by turns, you wouldn’t have got so tired.
10．(2020·苏锡常镇教情调查)—Mum, little Ray broke his toys again!
—It doesn’t matter.You see, accidents will happen.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Whenever I made mistakes and felt discouraged, my teacher and my classmates would help me figure out how I must have avoided them. must→could
2．We needn’t to do so much homework. Therefore, we have more time for afterschool activities. 删除to
3．He walked in as if he bought the school, and the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. 在bought前加had
4．It is necessary that the government finds solutions for the problem of air pollution to create a clear environment.finds→find
5．It has been suggested that the sports meeting put off till the smog is not so severe. 在put前加be
6．I paid 200 yuan in speeding fines; if only I respected the traffic rules! 在respected前加had
7．If George had followed his father’s advice, he will be a lawyer now. will→would
8．When I got the papers, I realized that things would be better if I listened to the teacher attentively. 在listened前加had
9．In my opinion, by doing parttime jobs, college students must gain some social experience and broaden their outlook. must→can
10．—Why didn’t you buy an iPhone 11？It’s one of the most amazing phones.
—I would, but I didn’t have the money. 在would后加have
第二课时 情态动词和虚拟语气
【典题试做】
1．(全国卷Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might be__made(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
2．(全国卷Ⅱ)Since nobody gave him any help, he must have done the research on his own.
1．考查情态动词的基本用法；
2．考查“情态动词＋have done”的用法；
3．考查虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法和with, without, but for, or等构成的含蓄虚拟条件句的用法；
4．考查wish后的宾语从句，as if/as though引导的从句等固定句式中虚拟语气的用法。
【典题试做】
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)．..，my parents would not to let me.删除to
2．(全国卷Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.can→should或删除can
3．(全国卷Ⅱ)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.chose→choose
1．情态动词后要加动词原形，在短文改错中经常漏掉系动词be，或在情态动词后加了动词的其他形式；
2．虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的错用；
3．虚拟语气在名词性从句中的错用(主要体现在should的错用上)；
4．虚拟语气在其他句型中的错用。
情态动词的基本用法
(一)can和could的用法
1．表示“能力”，意为“能，会”。
(2017·北京卷)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, can easily reach the books on the top shelf. 塞缪尔是我们班最高的男孩，他能轻易地够着书架顶层的书。
(湖北卷)It was several minutes before I could take in what he was saying.
过了好几分钟，我才理解他说的是什么。
■名师点津
was/were able to表示过去有能力做并且成功做了某事，相当于managed to do sth./succeeded in doing sth.。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. 尽管这场大火迅速蔓延到了整个宾馆，但是每个人都逃了出来。
2．表示推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句或疑问句中。can比could语气强。
That can’t be Mary—she is in London now.
那不可能是玛丽——现在她在伦敦。
3．表示理论上的可能性，意为“有时候可能会”，用于肯定句。
(2018·北京卷)In today’s information age, the loss of data can cause serious problems for a company.
在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。
4．表示礼貌地请求，意为“能，可以”。在疑问句中could可代替can, 语气更委婉。
(江苏卷)—Can you tell us your recipe for happiness and a long life？ ——你能告诉我们你幸福和长寿的秘诀吗？
—Living every day to the full, definitely.
——过好每一天。
5．用于固定句式：cannot...too/enough “无论……也不过分；越……越好……”。
(陕西卷)I can’t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
我非常感谢你，在我们不在家时帮助我的儿子。
(二)may和might的用法
1. 表示许可和请求，在疑问句中might比may的语气更委婉。
(北京卷)Might/May I have a word with you? It won’t take long. 我可以和你说句话吗？不会耽误你很长时间。
2．表示推测，意为“可能，或许”，通常用于肯定句和否定句中。
(湖南卷)If you forgot to turn it off when you went away, you might burn down the house.
当你离开时如果忘记关掉它，你可能会烧毁整座房子。
3．用于固定句式：may as well＋动词原形，意为 “最好；倒不如……”。
Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here.
既然雨下得这么大，你倒不如待在这儿。
(三)must的用法
1．表示义务、必要性等，意为“必须”。其否定式mustn’t 意为“禁止”。
(北京卷)—Can’t you stay a little longer?
——难道你不能再多待一会儿吗？
—It’s getting late.I really must go now.My daughter is home alone. ——时间不早了。现在我确实得走了。我的女儿独自一人在家呢。
2．表示猜测、推测，意为“想必，一定”。must常用于肯定句中。对现在或未来的事进行猜测时，用must do；对正在进行的事进行猜测时，用must be doing；对已经发生的事进行猜测时，用must have done。
(重庆卷)You must be Carol.You haven’t changed a bit after all these years.
你一定是卡罗尔。这么多年你一点都没变。
3. 表示偏执，固执，意为“非得，偏要”。
(辽宁卷)If you must go, at least wait until the storm is over. 如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停了。
(四)shall的用法
1．用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
(江西卷)Shall I tell Brett to come over straight after school tomorrow?
要我告诉布雷特明天放学后以后直接过来吗？
2．用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
(辽宁卷)One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school. 我们有一条规定，那就是每名学生在校期间都必须穿校服。
(五)should的用法
1．表示劝告和建议，意为“应该”。
I don’t think you should give up the opportunity to go to university which you have been dreaming about.
我认为你不应该放弃你一直以来梦想的上大学的机会。
2．表示推测、可能性、或预期，意为“应该；可能”。
He should be here on time—he started early enough.
他应该按时到这里的——他很早就出发了。
3．用于表示感情或意志等的that从句中，意为“竟然……；居然……”。
(2018·江苏卷)It’s strange that he should have taken the books without the owner’s permission. 简直是太奇怪了，他竟然未得到主人的允许就把这些书拿走了。
(六)will和would的用法
1．表示意志或意愿。will指现在，would指过去。
I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. 我已再三告诉他戒烟，但是他就是不听。
(江苏卷)Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but wouldn’t say where he was. 几天后，我哥哥打电话说他一切都好，但不愿意说他在哪儿。
2．表示习惯性的动作，意为“总是”，will指现在，would指过去。
(四川卷)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother would take me to Disneyland at weekends.
我仍旧记得快乐的童年，那时我妈妈经常在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。
3．表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。
Will/Would you please let me have a look at your new watch？ 请让我看看你的新手表好吗？
(七)need的用法
need表示必要性，常用于疑问句和否定句中，needn’t表示“不必”。need 作实义动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句中，有人称、数和时态的变化；其后可接名词、代词、带to的不定式或动名词作宾语。
(2017·天津卷)My room is a mess, but I needn’t clean it before I go out tonight.I can do it in the morning.
我的房间里乱糟糟的，不过我今天晚上出门之前没必要打扫，我可以上午再打扫。
Since you know it already, we don’t need to keep it a secret. 既然你已经知道了，我们就没有必要保密了。
(八)dare的用法
dare意为“敢，敢于”，没有人称、数和时态的变化，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中，后接动词原形。作实义动词时，在肯定句中通常接带to的不定式，在疑问句和否定句中，dare之后的不定式可省略。
How dare you leave your home without your parents’ permission?
在没有征得你父母同意的情况下你怎么敢离开家？
Most people hate Harry but they don’t dare to say so.
大多数人对哈利敢怒不敢言。
情态动词＋have done
对过去的推测
must have done
一定做过某事(肯定句)
can/could
have done
过去不可能做过某事(否定句)
过去可能做过某事吗？(疑问句)
may/might
have done
过去可能做过某事(肯定句)
过去可能没有做过某事(否定句)
对过去情况的后悔、遗憾或责备
could have done
本来能够做但却未做
should have done
本来应该做但是实际上未做
shouldn’t have done
本来不应该做而实际上做了
needn’t have done
本来没必要做却做了
(2019·天津卷)Paul did a great job in the speech contest.He must have practised many times last week.
保罗在演讲比赛中表现得很好。他上周一定练习了很多次。
(福建卷)—Sorry, Mum！I failed the job interview again. ——对不起，妈妈！我工作面试又失败了。
—Oh, it’s too bad.You should have made full preparations.
——哦，太糟糕了。你本应该做好充分的准备。
if条件句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气
主句谓语动词
从句谓语动词
虚拟现在
should/would/ could/might＋do
过去式(be用were)
虚拟过去
should/would/could/ might＋have done
had＋过去分词
虚拟将来
should/would/ could/might＋do
过去式/were to do/should do
(2018·北京卷)They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometers. 如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。
(北京卷)We would be back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.
如果你没有把地图丢了的话，我们现在就回到旅馆了。
(安徽卷)Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she were to live there, she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.
格蕾丝不想搬到纽约，因为她认为如果住在那里，她就不能经常看到她的父母了。
■名师点津
(1)在if引导的虚拟条件状语从句中，谓语动词含有had, were, should时，可以把if省略，将had, were, should提到句首，变成倒装句。
(2017·江苏卷)Were it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty.
如果没有老师的帮助，这个学生克服不了她的困难。
(江苏卷)It might have saved me some trouble had I known the schedule.
要是早知道时间表的话，可能会省去我一些麻烦。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟，则被称为错综虚拟语气。此时主句常有明显的时间状语，并且动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
(北京卷)Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话，那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
含蓄条件句的虚拟语气
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这叫含蓄虚拟语气。常用的这类词或短语有without(要是)没有，but for要不是，otherwise/or否则等。
(2019·天津卷)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would have accomplished the task in half the time. 工人们没有被更好地组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成这项任务。
(江苏卷)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison. 要不是托马斯·爱迪生，我们现在从中获益的很多东西就不会存在。
虚拟语气在从句中的运用
(一)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用
1．在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后接宾语从句，以及这些动词的名词后接同位语或表语从句，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的此类动词：一坚持(insist)、二命令(order, command)、三要求(require, demand, request)、四建议(suggest, advise, propose, recommend)。
(江苏卷)She suggested that Dale (should) join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建议戴尔参加辩论队，她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
He insisted that the problem (should) be discussed at the meeting. 他执意要求在会上讨论这个问题。
My suggestion was that necessary measures (should)be taken to protect the children from dangerous situations.
我的建议是采取必要措施来保护孩子们远离危险的境遇。
■名师点津
当suggest作“暗示，表明”，insist作“坚持认为”时，从句要用陈述语气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
他的沉默表明他同意我的决定。
He insisted that he hadn’t stolen the money.
他坚持说他没有偷过钱。
2．在“It is/was＋adj./done＋that...”句型中，从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。常见的形容词或过去分词有important, necessary, strange, suggested, ordered, advised, requested, demanded 等。
It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.
我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。
It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hour exercise every day.
中学生被要求每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。
3．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气：
情况
从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反
had＋过去分词
与将来事实相反
would/could/might＋动词原形
(2018·江苏卷)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I had a second chance to become more involved. 这个村子里的人们有良好的社交生活，我希望自己还能有机会去更多地参与其中。
I wish I had told him the way to the supermarket.
我真希望我已经告诉了他到超市的路线。
I wish you could give me the book you borrowed from me last week tomorrow.
我希望你明天把你上周从我这儿借的那本书还给我。
4．would rather所接的宾语从句中，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，表示对现在或将来的虚拟；从句谓语动词用过去完成时，表示对过去的虚拟。
(陕西卷)We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. 我们宁愿女儿待在家，陪在我们身边，但是选择权在她手上，毕竟她不再是个孩子了。
I’d rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday. 要是他前天和我一起去海边就好了。
(二)三个固定句式中的虚拟语气
句式
现在虚拟
过去虚拟
将来虚拟
if only引导的条件句及感叹句
过去式
had＋过去分词
would/could/might＋动词原形
as if/though引导的表语从句及方式状语从句
过去式
had＋过去分词
would/could/might＋动词原形
It is (high) time that...
过去式或should＋动词原形
(2019·天津卷)Mary’s description of the party was so vivid that I felt as if I had been there. 玛丽对这次聚会的描述是如此生动，以至于我觉得我好像去过那里一样。
It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem.
确实到了我们采取措施解决这个问题的时候了。
Look at the trouble we are in. If only we had taken our teacher’s advice!
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们当初听从老师的建议该多好！
■名师点津
当as if/though引导的句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。
如何判定情态动词和虚拟语气
一、意义和语气判断法
所谓意义判断法就是分析语境并确定应填情态动词的含义。因此熟练掌握每个情态动词的意义和用法是答题的前提。此外，情态动词主要表示说话人的语气、态度或情感，所以在解答此类试题时，要从说话者的角度去考虑问题，结合具体的语境来分析和判断，最后确定所需情态动词是否符合说话者的语气以及特定的情感需要。
[例1] (浙江卷)George ____________(not go) too far. His coffee is still warm.
[分析] can’t/couldn’t have gone 由下文的His coffee is still warm.可以看出，乔治应该是刚离开，不可能走太远，表示对过去发生的事情非常有把握的否定推测，故填can’t/couldn’t have gone。
二、时间判断法
虚拟语气的考查重点在于判断句子是对现在、过去还是将来的动作进行虚拟。判断出时间后再根据相应的结构或句型确定谓语动词的形式。
[例2] (天津卷)I wish I ____________(be) at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.
[分析] had been 句意：我真希望上周二参加了妹妹的婚礼，不过我当时正在纽约出差。根据句中的but可知“我参加了妹妹的婚礼”只是一种假设，根据空后的时间状语last Tuesday可知，动作发生在过去，此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，故谓语用“had＋过去分词”结构。故填had been。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·天津河东一模)—Where is my Chinese book? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You must have put it in the wrong place.
2．(2020·苏州调研)John wants to see me now, but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he came(come) tomorrow than today.
3．(2020·杭州七校模拟)When you phoned me, I was having a meeting; how I wish I had__answered(answer) your call.
4．(2020·天津十二校二模)He is a badtempered fellow, but he can be quite charming when he wishes.
5．(2020·苏锡常镇教情调查)Ann said whenever her father was unhappy he would go out and buy something, usually something large and useless.
6．(2020·天津南开一模)—What does the sign over there read?
—No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.
7．(2020·天津和平一模)The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (should)__be__developed(develop)．
8．(2020·湖北四地七校联考)It is high time that you considered/should__consider(consider) that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little.
9．(2020·天津十二校二模)You didn’t let me drive.If we had__driven(drive) by turns, you wouldn’t have got so tired.
10．(2020·苏锡常镇教情调查)—Mum, little Ray broke his toys again!
—It doesn’t matter.You see, accidents will happen.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Whenever I made mistakes and felt discouraged, my teacher and my classmates would help me figure out how I must have avoided them. must→could
2．We needn’t to do so much homework. Therefore, we have more time for afterschool activities. 删除to
3．He walked in as if he bought the school, and the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. 在bought前加had
4．It is necessary that the government finds solutions for the problem of air pollution to create a clear environment.finds→find
5．It has been suggested that the sports meeting put off till the smog is not so severe. 在put前加be
6．I paid 200 yuan in speeding fines; if only I respected the traffic rules! 在respected前加had
7．If George had followed his father’s advice, he will be a lawyer now. will→would
8．When I got the papers, I realized that things would be better if I listened to the teacher attentively. 在listened前加had
9．In my opinion, by doing parttime jobs, college students must gain some social experience and broaden their outlook. must→can
10．—Why didn’t you buy an iPhone 11？It’s one of the most amazing phones.
—I would, but I didn’t have the money. 在would后加have
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