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专题17阅读理解命题来源句式-2023年高考英语一轮复习 精讲与精练资料（教师版）
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这是一份专题17阅读理解命题来源句式-2023年高考英语一轮复习 精讲与精练资料（教师版），共20页。试卷主要包含了内容新颖，语言地道，体裁多样，话题广泛，000?”等内容，欢迎下载使用。
专题17阅读理解命题来源句式
《考点•题型 •技巧》
考向分析
题型特点及命题趋势
分析近几年来全国以及各省的高考英语试题，发现阅读理解部分的主要特点是：
1.内容新颖，语言地道
几乎所有的阅读材料都来自于国外的媒体或者仅在语言上稍做了加工，但是都保持了原文地道的语言特点。
2.体裁多样，话题广泛
阅读理解考察最多的是说明文，占45%左右，其次为记叙文，占30%左右，应用文和议论文各占15%和10%。
3.题型分布合理，突出智力题目的考察力度
近几年的高考英语《考试大纲》对学生的考察角度大都从以下几个方面着手：(1)理解主旨和主要意义。(2)理解文中具体信息。(3)根据上下文推断生词的意义。(4)做出简单的判断和推理。(5)理解文章的基本结构。(6)理解作者的意图，观点和态度。
高考阅读时间分配
1.4篇75—80分钟，平均每篇15—20分钟。
2.读文章的时间分配：用6—8分钟完成第一遍阅读，10—14分钟来琢磨题目，每题平均2分钟。
高考阅读的特点：
①文章单词量不大，但句型结构复杂。(熟背大纲，将每篇文章中的长难句摘录下来，加以背诵)
②作者的观点不一定明确。
③选项的迷惑性比较大。
复习建议
阅读理解是历年高考命题中难度最大、分值比例最高的题，高三英语复习一般要求学生在30～35分钟内完成5篇不同题材、体裁的短文的理解。每题2分，共计20小题，总分40分，属客观题部分。高三学英语主要测学生对一篇大概300字的书面英语理解能力，即在阅读中准确地获取信息的能力以及推断材料隐含意义的能力。
考点导航
阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
①标志类、指示类的信息。
a.表示并列关系:and;also;coupled with等
b.表示转折关系:but;yet;however;by contrast等
c.表示因果关系:therefor;thereby;consequently;as a result等
d.表示递进关系:in addition to;even;what'more;furthermore等
e.表示重要性的词: prime;above all;first等
以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握
②具有感情色彩显示作者态度的词:blind盲目的(贬)excessively过分的
阅读理解答题技巧
1.先审题，后阅读
在做阅读理解部分的试题时，许多学生急于先精读文章，而不看题目所问。而事实上，对于一些特殊的文章首先应该对后面的题目浏览一下，弄清楚每一道题问的是什么，然后再带着问题有目地地阅读文章。
2.精读全文，找到主旨
高考阅读理解的考查点是理解文章的主旨和要义，这就需要我们在读文章时找准文章的主旨句，理解文章大意。一般情况下，在一些新闻报道中，主题句一般都出现在文章的第一段，以概括全文的中心。而在说明文或者议论文中，作者则在段首开门见山地提出文章说明的中心或阐述的观点或在篇末概括全文，少部分文章的中心句出现在句中，而极少部分文章的主旨需要读完全文来进行自我概括。总之，找到主题句对做主旨大意题有很大帮助，而高考阅读理解则以这样的题目出现得较多，也是近几年来考题的一个热点，几乎每个阅读里面都会出现，所以一定要加强这一部分的训练。
【题型分析】
1. It was on October 1st,1949when he joined the Party that he was killed.
2. Where was it that you found your lost pen?
3. Down fell the mirror, breaking to piece.
4. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts.
5. Outsides were two men.
1.At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat.
2.Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as consumer rather than a producer.
3.There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes.
4.So there is real cause for concern if consumers distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead.
1. Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food. Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership (伙伴关系) which does good to both of them. You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep.
2. Doctors have found that the "pears" have less internal fat, but the "apples" have more internal fat than external fat.
3. For about a century, French became the official language of England while Old English became the language of peasants.（注意强对比的双方；及双方的不同点）
4. Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer to the computer, David does not see it that way.
5. The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. But unfortunately it seems that dieting simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear. (unfortunately 不幸地；fortunately 幸运地)
There are two types of fat: external fat (fat under skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the "pears" have less internal fat, but the "apples" have more internal fat than external fat. This seems to be what causes the health problems.
1. For about a century, French became the official language of England while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of Politics and the law come from French rather than German. ...
2. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem.
3. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of.（one result 其中的一种结果）
4. …the result is no sound. Therefore, by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle, we can kill the unwanted noise. （therefore 表示因果关系，前因后果）
5. So why bother even to try imagining life far in the future? Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how short our own lives are compared with the whole human history,…Second, by trying to escape from present interests and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves..
检测训练
1
Students in Washington, D. C. , will return to classrooms this month to begin a new school year. But at least five percent of their teachers will not return with them. Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay.
The school system dismissed seventy-five teachers last year. It was the first year of a new teacher rating system. Experts say such large numbers of dismissals are rare in American schools. But in Washington the rating system is not governed by the labor contract (劳务合同) with teachers union. So school officials have more freedom. The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores.
Emily Cohen, a policy director, says the National Council supports the IMPACT system She says, “This is an evaluation method that is finally able to find who is highly effective and who is ineffective.” Michelle Rhee created the IMPACT system. She gained national attention for her aggressive reform efforts when she led the troubled school system in the nation’s capital.
Some Washington teachers say their rating depend too heavily on test scores. For some teachers, half of their rating is based on how well their students do. But Emily Cohen says test scores are important. “Testing is probably one of the-it’s the most objective data that we have on teacher performance. So it’s not just looking at student test performance, it is using other sources of data.”
Almost sixty percent of the teachers who were rated “minimally effective” last year stayed in the school system and improved. School officials say these teachers received help to become better.
1. We can infer from paragraph l and 2 that________.
A. there are more than 3000 teachers in Washington, D. C
B. this is the first year that teachers are fired
C. such a large number of dismissals is very common in American schools
D. schools officials in Washington, D. C have more rights to dismiss teachers
2. The teachers’ ratings depend on________.
A. the test scores the students get
B. their relationship with school officials
C. test scores and other sources of data
D. how well their students perform in the class
3. The author’s attitude towards the IMPACT system is________.
A. objective B. positive C. negative D. questioning
4. The best title for the text might be________.
A. New School Year B. The IMPACT System
C. Teachers Are Dismissed D. Students’ Test Scores
【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了华盛顿学校实施新的教师评估系统——IMPACT系统，不够好的教师将被解雇，不能留下来。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay. (上个月，哥伦比亚特区的公立学校告诉206名教师，他们不够好，不能留下来)”和第二段中“But in Washington the rating system is not governed by the labor contract (劳务合同) with teachers union. So school officials have more freedom. (但在华盛顿，评分系统并不受与教师工会签订的劳动合同的约束。所以学校官员有更多的自由)”可知，华盛顿特区的学校官员有更多的权利解雇教师。故选D项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores. (该系统称为IMPACT。教师每年在教室里被观察五次，每次至少30分钟。他们也由学生的考试成绩来判断)”和倒数第二段中““Testing is probably one of the-it’s the most objective data that we have on teacher performance. So it’s not just looking at student test performance, it is using other sources of data.”(“测试可能是我们掌握的关于教师表现的最客观的数据之一。所以它不只是考察学生的考试成绩，还使用了其他数据来源。”)”可知，教师的评分取决于学生的考试分数和其他数据来源。故选C项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Michelle Rhee created the IMPACT system. She gained national attention for her aggressive reform efforts when she led the troubled school system in the nation’s capital. (Michelle Rhee创建了IMPACT系统。当她引领美国首都陷入困境的学校系统时，她积极的改革努力赢得了全国的关注)”和最后一段中“Almost sixty percent of the teachers who were rated “minimally effective” last year stayed in the school system and improved. (在去年被评为“低效”的教师中，有近60%的人留在了学校系统并得到了改善)”可知，作者对IMPACT系统的态度是客观的。故选A项。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“But at least five percent of their teachers will not return with them. Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay. (但至少有5%的老师不会和他们一起回来。上个月，哥伦比亚特区的公立学校告诉206名教师，他们不够好，不能留下来)”和第二段中“The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores. (该系统称为IMPACT。教师每年在教室里被观察五次，每次至少30分钟。他们也由学生的考试成绩来判断)”以及下文的相关描述，可知，本文主要介绍了华盛顿学校实施新的教师评估系统——IMPACT系统，因此本文的最佳标题选项B“IMPACT系统”符合题意。故选B项。
2
Good Morning Britain weather girl Laura Tobin left her co-hosts and viewers speechless after she accidentally tore a rare Superhero poster worth about £150,000 live on air.
To mark the start of comic book and sci-fi festival London Super Comic Con, Laura was tasked with showing rare magazines and expensive collection. She informed the audience: “We’ve got a very special display here called The Replicator Man. This was a character back in the 1970s. This is a special poster that is worth about £150,000 and there are only ten of them in the world.” Laura was seen telling viewers at home about the history of the comic book poster (连环画海报). Handling the image, Laura continued: “No one’s really seen this before.”
She attempted to pick up the picture in order to “get a closer look”. “I’ve got my gloves on but I’m feeling really nervous because it is said the oils can really spoil them.” As she tried to remove the picture from the display board, it tore in half and Laura screamed: “Oh my goodness! Is this the original one that’s worth £150.000?”
The set fell silent and the presenters weren’t quite sure how to react after the awkward moment. Fellow Good Morning Britain hosts Charlotte Hawkins and Ranvir Singh, on her right, didn’t know how to react to the “mishap”.
“My heart is going ten to the dozen. Was it the gloves?” Laura cried. Completely unaware of the joke, co-host Richard Arnold threw his hand to his face and said: “We are making this up, right?” He added: “I’m a bag of nerves now, Laura.”
Meanwhile, newsreader Ranvir Singh said: “We’ve probably got some insurance that covers this.” While panicked, Charlotte Hawkins looked around the studio and said: “Can we just glue that back down again? Can we go to an advertisement?”
Clearly pleased that she had managed to fool her colleagues, Laura finally revealed: “Guys—it was a joke! It’s not really worth £150,000. It’s worth nothing!” She then took much delight in tearing the rest of the picture into tiny pieces.
5. Which is the right order of the happening according to the passage?
a. Laura’s colleagues were at a loss b. the poster was completely ruined
c. Laura was blaming the gloves d. Laura tore the poster
A. a-b-d-c B. a-d-b-c C. d-a-c-b D. d-c-a-b
6. It can be inferred that Laura________.
A. organized the start of a sci-fi festival London Super Comic Con
B. felt really nervous so she decided to wear a pair of white gloves
C. had bought some rare memorabilia about the Replicator Man
D. successfully conducted a trick on her colleagues in a program
7. The underlined word “mishap” in the fourth paragraph can be replaced by________.
A. accident B. piece C. girl D. program
8. The underlined sentence in Para 5 passes us the message that________.
A. Richard Arnold didn’t want people to recognize him
B. Richard Arnold tried to hide his anxiety
C. Richard Arnold wanted to give himself a good beat
D. Richard Arnold couldn’t help laughing
【答案】5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了《早安英国》天气预报员 Laura Tobin 在一个节目直播时不小心撕毁了一张罕见的超级英雄海报，成功地捉弄了她的同事，这令这让其他主持人和观众们哑口无语。
5. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“As she tried to remove the picture from the display board, it tore in half and Laura screamed: “Oh my goodness! Is this the original one that’s worth £150.000?”(当她试图把画从展示板上拿下来时，画被撕成了两半，劳拉尖叫道：“哦，我的天哪!这就是那幅价值15万英镑的原画吗?”)”可知d是第一个；第四段中“Fellow Good Morning Britain hosts Charlotte Hawkins and Ranvir Singh, on her right, didn’t know how to react to the “mishap”. (《早安英国》的主持人Charlotte Hawkins和Ranvir Singh(在她右边)不知道如何应对“意外”)”可知a是第二个；第五段中““My heart is going ten to the dozen. Was it the gloves?” Laura cried. (“我的心都快跳出来了。是因为手套吗?”劳拉哭了)”可知c是第三个；以及最后一段中“She then took much delight in tearing the rest of the picture into tiny pieces. (然后，她非常高兴地把画的其余部分撕成小碎片)”可知b是最后一个。因此顺序为d-a-c-b。故选C项。
6. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Clearly pleased that she had managed to fool her colleagues, Laura finally revealed: “Guys—it was a joke! It’s not really worth £150,000. It’s worth nothing!” (显然，Laura很高兴自己能骗过同事，她最终揭露了：“伙计们，这是个笑话!它不值15万英镑。它一文不值!”)”可知，Laura在一个节目中成功地捉弄了她的同事。故选D项。
7. 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“As she tried to remove the picture from the display board, it tore in half (当她试图把画从展示板上拿下来时，画被撕成了两半)”和第四段中“Fellow Good Morning Britain hosts Charlotte Hawkins and Ranvir Singh, on her right, didn’t know how to react to the “mishap”. (《早安英国》的主持人Charlotte Hawkins和Ranvir Singh(在她右边)不知道如何应对mishap)”Laura把画撕成了两半可知，此时她的两个同事应该是不知道如何应对这个意外，因此猜测划线词mishap意为“意外”，因此可用accident代替。故选A项。
8. 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Completely unaware of the joke, co-host Richard Arnold threw his hand to his face and said: “We are making this up, right?” He added: “I’m a bag of nerves now, Laura.”(搭档主持Richard Arnold完全没有意识到这个玩笑，他用手捂住他的脸说：“我们会修补这个的，对吧?”他补充说：“劳拉，我现在非常紧张。”)”由Richard Arnold说自己现在非常紧张，可知，面对这个意外，Richard Arnold一时间没办法面对，因此Richard Arnold试图（用手）掩饰自己的焦虑。故选B项。
3
For many of us, summertime means road trips to the beach or mountains, or at the very least some additional dust and bird poop on the exterior of our vehicles. The extra dirt leads us to do one of two things: wash our car in the driveway or head to the car wash. But which choice is better for the environment?
The main concerns with either choice are the amount of fresh water being used and the types of chemicals used to remove the dirt. Both of these concerns can be closely monitored when washing the car at home, says Katy Gresh, spokeswoman for the Southwest Region of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. She advises car owners to put aside a set amount of water for the entire wash. “It’s just like brushing your teeth, ”she says. “You don’t want to leave the water running or use more than you need for the job.” But even following this advice comes with an environmental risk: Washing your car in the driveway or street flushes the dirty water into storm drains.
John Schombert is executive director of 3 Rivers Wet Weather. His organization works to educate the public about storm sewers(下水道)and water runoff, keeping this untreated water from entering the Allegheny region’s waterways. “We ask people to consider washing their cars on lawns or other permeable(透水的)surfaces where the water gets absorbed, ” Schombert says. “Soil can break down and help filter(过滤)those things,” Schombert says. “Storm sewers are not made for waste disposal.” Even when car owners use natural soaps to wash their cars, which Schombert says are probably ineffective at breaking down grease anyway.
The commercial car wash down the street knows full well the rules regarding waste water in storm sewers. According to the International Carwash Association(ICA), professional car washes must use water reclamation systems. These mandated processes not only keep the dirty water out of storm sewers and regular water treatment systems, but they also work to reduce water usage at commercial facilities.
9. What does the underlined word probably mean in the first paragraph?
A. top B. bottom
C. inside D. outside
10. What worries people when they have their cars washed?
A. The dirt cannot be removed easily.
B. Large quantities of water are wasted.
C. The washing ways do no good to their cars.
D. D The used chemicals are harmless to the environment.
11. What’s the disadvantage of washing cars at home?
A. It is not easy to deal with.
B. It cannot clean the dirt completely.
C. It consumes a larger amount of water.
D. It does much damage to the environment.
12. What can be the best title of the text?
A. Do You Put Car washing at Risk?
B. Which Is Better: Car Wash or DIY?
C. Why Dishwashers Are Better than Hand Washing?
D. Do Americans Use Less Water than They Did Years Ago?
【答案】9. D 10. B 11. D 12. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哪一种洗车方法对环境更有益处：在家还是去洗车公司。
9. 词句猜测题。根据划线部分所在句子“For many of us, summertime means road trips to the beach or mountains, or at the very least some additional dust and bird poop on the exterior of our vehicles.”可知，对于我们中的许多人来说，夏天意味着去海滩或山上的公路旅行，或者至少意味着在我们车的exterior有一些灰尘和鸟粪。结合句意和常识可知，灰尘和鸟粪通常在车的外部，即划线词意为 “外部，外面”，与outside同义。故选D。
10. 细节理解题。根据第二段中““It’s just like brushing your teeth,” she says, “You don’t want to leave the water running of more than you need for the job.”（ “这就像刷牙一样，”她说，“你不想让水流得比所需的更多。”）”可知，人们在外边洗车时担心会浪费掉更多的水。故选B。
11. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But even following this advice comes with an environmental risk: Washing your car in the driveway or street flushes the dirty water into storm drains.（但即使遵循这一建议，也会带来环境风险：在车道或街道上洗车会将脏水冲进雨水沟）”可知，在家自己洗车的缺点是对环境有害处。故选D。
12. 主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“The extra dirt leads us to do one of two things: wash our car in the driveway or head to the car wash. But which choice is better for the environment?（这些额外的脏东西会让我们做以下两件事之一：在私人车道上洗车，还是去洗车处洗车。但是哪种选择对环境更好呢？） ”结合下文对两种方法优缺点的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了在专业洗车店里洗车和自己动手洗车，到底哪个对环境更有益处，故B选项“洗车处和自己动手洗车哪个更好?”符合文章标题。故选B。
4
We are not who we think we are.
The American self-image is spread with the golden glow of opportunity. We think of the United States as a land of unlimited possibility, not so much a classless society but as a place where class is mutable—a place where brains, energy and ambition are what count, not the circumstances of one’s birth.
The Economic Mobility Project, an ambitious research led by Pew Charitable Trusts, looked at the economic fortunes of a large group of families over time, comparing the income of parents in the late 1960s with the income of their children in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Here is the finding: The “rags to riches” story is much more common in Hollywood than on Main Street. Only 6 percent of children born to parents with family income at the very bottom move to the top.
That is right, just 6 percent of children born to parents who ranked in the bottom of the study sample, in terms of income, were able to bootstrap their way into the top. Meanwhile, an incredible 42 percent of children born into that lowest are still stuck at the bottom, having been unable to climb a single rung of the income ladder.
It is noted that even in Britain—a nation we think of as burdened with a hidebound (守旧的) class system—children who are born poor have a better chance of moving up. When the studies were released, most reporters focused on the finding that African-Americans born to middle-class or upper middle-class families are earning slightly less, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than did their parents.
One of the studies indicates, in fact, that most of the financial gains white families have made in the past three decades can be attributed to the entry of white women into the labor force. This is much less true for African-Americans.
The picture that emerges from all the correlations and percentages is of a nation in which, over all, “the current generation of adults is better off than the previous one”, as one of the studies notes.
The median income of the families in the sample group was $55,600 in the late 1960s; their children’s median family income was measured at $71,900. However, this rising ride has not lifted all boats equally. The rich have seen far greater income gains than the poor.
Even more troubling is that our nation of America as the land of opportunity gets little supper: from the data. Americans move fairly easily up and down the middle rungs of the ladder, but there is “stickiness at the end”—four out of ten children who are born poor will remain poor, and four out of ten who are born rich will stay rich.
13. What did the Economic Mobility Project find in its research?
A. Children from low-income families are unable to bootstrap their way to the top.
B. Hollywood actors and actresses are upwardly mobile from rags to riches.
C. The rags to riches story is more fiction than reality.
D. The rags to riches story is only true for a small minority of whites.
14. It can be inferred from the writer that America, as a classless society, should ________.
A. perfect its self-image as a land of opportunity
B. have a higher level of upward mobility than Britain
C. enable African-Americans to have exclusive access to well-paid employment
D. encourage the current generation to work as hard as the previous generation
15. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The US is a land where brains, energy and ambition are what count.
B. Inequality persists between whites and blacks in financial gains.
C. Middle-class families earn slightly less with inflation considered.
D. Children in lowest-income families manage to climb a single rung of the ladder.
16. What might be the best title for this passage?
A. Social Upward Mobility in America B. Incredible Income Gains in America
C. America: Land of Unequal Wealth D. America: Not Land of Opportunity for all
【答案】13. C 14. A 15. B 16. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了The Economic Mobility Project的研究发现，美国并不是一个到处充满机会的地方，白人和黑人之间还是存在不平等的，由穷到富的故事与其说是现实不如说是幻想。
13. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Here is the finding: The “rags to riches” story is much more common in Hollywood than on Main Street. Only 6 percent of children born to parents with family income at the very bottom move to the top.（研究发现:“白手起家”的故事在好莱坞比在普通民众中更为常见。在家庭收入最低的家庭中，只有6%的孩子能升到社会顶层。）”可知，白手起家的故事与其说是现实，不如说是虚构的。故选C。
14. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The American self-image is spread with the golden glow of opportunity. We think of the United States as a land of unlimited possibility, not so much a classless society but as a place where class is mutable—a place where brains, energy and ambition are what count, not the circumstances of one’s birth.（美国人的自我形象洋溢着机会的金光。我们认为美国是一块充满无限可能的土地，与其说它是一个没有阶级的社会，不如说它是一个阶级是可变的地方——在这里，智力、精力和雄心是最重要的，而不是一个人的出身。）”可推知，美国，作为一个无阶级社会，应该完善自己的自我形象，成为一个充满机遇的国家。故选A。
15. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段“When the studies were released, most reporters focused on the finding that African-Americans born to middle-class or upper middle-class families are earning slightly less, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than did their parents.（当这些研究公布时，大多数记者关注的是出生于中产阶级或中上层家庭的非裔美国人的收入(经通胀因素调整后)略低于他们的父母。）”和文章第六段“One of the studies indicates, in fact, that most of the financial gains white families have made in the past three decades can be attributed to the entry of white women into the labor force. This is much less true for African-Americans.（事实上，其中一项研究表明，白人家庭在过去三十年里取得的经济收益大部分可以归因于白人女性进入劳动力市场。这对非裔美国人来说就不那么真实了。）”可知，在经济收入方面，白人和黑人之间的不平等依然存在。故选B。
16. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Even more troubling is that our nation of America as the land of opportunity gets little supper: from the data. Americans move fairly easily up and down the middle rungs of the ladder, but there is “stickiness at the end”—four out of ten children who are born poor will remain poor, and four out of ten who are born rich will stay rich.（更令人不安的是，从数据来看，我们这个充满机遇的国家却得不到什么晚餐。美国人很容易就能爬上爬下梯子的中间梯级，但是有一个“最后的粘性”——10个出身贫困的孩子中有4个会继续贫穷，10个出身富裕的孩子中有4个会继续富有。）”可知，美国并不是所有人都有机会的土地。故选D。
5
One after another telecommunications giants have announced their latest fifth generation (5G) products. They have also claimed that 5G technology would be used on a massive scale by 2020. Yet, when reporting about 5G, many domestic media have described it as a"much faster" technology than 4G without mentioning any of its other advantages. As a result. the common public view about 5G is that they could "download a HD movie within one second". Beyond that, most people know nothing about 5G.
Actually, 5G technology has many more advantages than 4G apart from speed. According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.
“Connecting everything” is an appropriate slogan for 5G technology, without which the Internet of Things would be impossible. 5G would enable one server to connect to multiple terminals, and thus establish high-speed coordination among them, and help the chips inside the terminals timely react to meet people’s needs. Take autonomous vehicles for example, they are mature technology products. Self-driving cars combine a variety of sensors, such as radar, computer vision, and GPS to identify navigation paths and obstacles. 5G technology will link all the elements of a transportation system, such as traffic lights, cameras and, of course, cars to establish perfect coordination so they can avoid obstacles and move on navigation paths, which will help strengthen self-driving technology.
Reliability of connections is another essential characteristic of 5G technology, whose use can be extended to other fields where high safety standards are required. For instance, in certain surgeries, surgeons insert nano-robots inside a patient’s body and have to maintain constant control over the robots to ensure they perform their functions and do not cause any harm to the patient. This is a technology that can be of great help, as it can establish reliable and continuous connections between the monitor and the nano-robots.
17. Which of the following can serve as an example of "connecting everything"?
A. Improvement of smart phone signals. B. Decrease in telecommunication cost.
C. High speed in playing computer games. D. Online tests for all members at the same time.
18. Why can 5G be used in the fields with high safety standards?
A. It can attract most eyeballs on a massive scale.
B. It can provide dependable and constant service.
C. It offers massive machine types of communication.
D. It employs 4G base stations and occupies less space.
19. What will the author most probably discuss in the following paragraph?
A. Eliminating delays. B. 5G network capacity
C. Disadvantages of 5G D. Building 5G base stations
20. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. 5G Technology: More than about High Speed
B. 5G Technology Will Shape the Future of Connectivity
C. Telecom Giants Work Together to Better 5G Technology
D. Advantages and Disadvantages of 5G Technology and Products
【答案】17. D 18. B 19. A 20. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍除了高速，5G技术还有连接一切、连接可靠性以及消除延迟等特点。
17. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“5G would enable one server to connect to multiple terminals and thus establish high-speed coordination among them, and help the chips inside the terminals to timely react to meet people’s needs.( 5G能让一个计算机服务器连接到多个终端，然后在它们之中建立高速协调，并且帮助在终端里面的芯片能够及时做出反应满足人们的需求)”结合选项可推知，选项D表达的是“同时对所有成员进行网络测试”，符合5G的连接一切的特征，可以作为5G连接一切这个特征的具体举例。故选D。
18. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“This is an technology can be of great help, as it can establish reliable and continuous connections between the monitor and the nano-robots.(这是一项非常有帮助的技术，因为它能在监控器和纳米机器人之间建立可靠而且持续的连接)”可知，5G技术能够在高安全标准的领域使用，是因为它能提供可靠而且持续的服务。故选B。
19. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—for connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.(根据3GPP，一个国际标准化组织的标准，5G技术能够在至少3个方面使用，分别是：连接一切、连接的可靠性以及消除延迟)”；第三段中““Connecting everything” is an appropriate slogan for 5G technology, without which the Internet of things would be impossible.(连接一切对于5G技术来说是一个合适的口号，没有这个特征因特网的所有事情都将变成不可能)”以及第四段中“Reliability of connections is another essential characteristic of 5G technology, whose use can be extended to other fields where high safety standards are required.(连接可靠性是5G技术的另外一个基本特征，这一技术的使用可以延申到要求高安全标准的其他领域)”可推知，作者接下来可能会讨论的是5G技术的消除延迟这个特征。故选A。
20. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Actually, 5G technology has many more advantages than 4G apart from speed. According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.(实际上，除了速度，5G技术比4G有更多的优势。根据国际标准化组织3GPP的标准，5G技术至少可以用于三个目的：连接所有东西、提高连接的可靠性和消除延迟)”结合文章主要介绍除了高速，5G技术还有连接一切、连接可靠性以及消除延迟等特点。可知A选项“5G技术：不仅仅是高速”最符合文章标题。故选A。
6
It looked just like another aircraft from the outside. The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964, a Boeing KC-135 refuelling tanker, based on the 707. But appearances were deceptive, and the 13 students from Europe and USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives.
For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions.
For the next two hours the Boeings flight resembled that of an enormous bird which had lost its reason, shooting upwards towards the heavens before moving down towards Earth. The intention was to achieve weightlessness for a few seconds.
The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless. Everything became confused, and left or right, up or down no longer had any meaning. After ten seconds of free-fall descent (下降) the pilot pulled aircraft out of its nosedive. The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss, but it was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump.
Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless, a new team conducted its experiment. First it was the Dutch, who wanted to discover why cats always land on their feet. Then it was the German team, who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional building method to see if it could be used for building a future space station. The Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites.
After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat.
21. What did the pilot do with the plane?
A. He climbed and then made the plane fall slowly.
B. He climbed and then made the plane turn over.
C. He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines.
D. He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds.
22. What was the point of being weightless?
A. To show the judges of the competition what they could do.
B. To prepare the young scientists for future work in space.
C. To see what conditions are like in space.
D. To allow the teams to try out their ideas.
23. The pronoun “it” (in the last paragraph) refers to ________.
A. the excitement B. the trip
C. the opportunity D. the plane
24. The passage is intended to ________.
A. report on a new scientific technique
B. encourage young people to take science
C. show scientists what young people can do
D. describe the outcome of a scientific competition
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. B 24. D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述富有想象力的实验是在失重的条件下进行的，旨在讲述一个科学竞赛的结果，让学生们产生新的想法。
21. 细节理解题。根据第四段“The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless.（飞机起飞得很平稳，但当飞行员让飞机进入持续约20秒的45度爬升时，我和这些年轻科学家们的任何感觉都很快消失了。然后引擎熄火，我们失重了。）”可知，飞行员快速上升然后停止发动机，故选C。
22. 细节理解题。根据第二段“For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions. （12个月来，来自各大洲的理科学生应欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的邀请，为赢得这次飞行的机会而竞争。挑战是建议在失重条件下进行富有想象力的实验。）”富有想象力的实验是在失重的条件下进行的，故失重的目的是为了让学生们产生新的想法，故选D。
23. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段的第一句“After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. （在飞机上做了两个小时的实验后，主要的感觉是兴奋而不是恶心。）”由此可推断下文意思为大多数学生都认为这是一次难忘的经历，是一个渴望重复的经历。所以it指代这两个小时的飞机旅程，故选B。
24. 推理判断题。根据第二段“For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency.（12个月来，来自各大洲的理科学生应欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的邀请，为赢得这次飞行的机会而竞争。）和最后一段“Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat. （大多数学生都认为这是一次难忘的经历，是一个渴望重复的经历。）”所以本文的目的就是要描述一个科学竞赛的结果，故选D。
专题17阅读理解命题来源句式
《考点•题型 •技巧》
考向分析
题型特点及命题趋势
分析近几年来全国以及各省的高考英语试题，发现阅读理解部分的主要特点是：
1.内容新颖，语言地道
几乎所有的阅读材料都来自于国外的媒体或者仅在语言上稍做了加工，但是都保持了原文地道的语言特点。
2.体裁多样，话题广泛
阅读理解考察最多的是说明文，占45%左右，其次为记叙文，占30%左右，应用文和议论文各占15%和10%。
3.题型分布合理，突出智力题目的考察力度
近几年的高考英语《考试大纲》对学生的考察角度大都从以下几个方面着手：(1)理解主旨和主要意义。(2)理解文中具体信息。(3)根据上下文推断生词的意义。(4)做出简单的判断和推理。(5)理解文章的基本结构。(6)理解作者的意图，观点和态度。
高考阅读时间分配
1.4篇75—80分钟，平均每篇15—20分钟。
2.读文章的时间分配：用6—8分钟完成第一遍阅读，10—14分钟来琢磨题目，每题平均2分钟。
高考阅读的特点：
①文章单词量不大，但句型结构复杂。(熟背大纲，将每篇文章中的长难句摘录下来，加以背诵)
②作者的观点不一定明确。
③选项的迷惑性比较大。
复习建议
阅读理解是历年高考命题中难度最大、分值比例最高的题，高三英语复习一般要求学生在30～35分钟内完成5篇不同题材、体裁的短文的理解。每题2分，共计20小题，总分40分，属客观题部分。高三学英语主要测学生对一篇大概300字的书面英语理解能力，即在阅读中准确地获取信息的能力以及推断材料隐含意义的能力。
考点导航
阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
①标志类、指示类的信息。
a.表示并列关系:and;also;coupled with等
b.表示转折关系:but;yet;however;by contrast等
c.表示因果关系:therefor;thereby;consequently;as a result等
d.表示递进关系:in addition to;even;what'more;furthermore等
e.表示重要性的词: prime;above all;first等
以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握
②具有感情色彩显示作者态度的词:blind盲目的(贬)excessively过分的
阅读理解答题技巧
1.先审题，后阅读
在做阅读理解部分的试题时，许多学生急于先精读文章，而不看题目所问。而事实上，对于一些特殊的文章首先应该对后面的题目浏览一下，弄清楚每一道题问的是什么，然后再带着问题有目地地阅读文章。
2.精读全文，找到主旨
高考阅读理解的考查点是理解文章的主旨和要义，这就需要我们在读文章时找准文章的主旨句，理解文章大意。一般情况下，在一些新闻报道中，主题句一般都出现在文章的第一段，以概括全文的中心。而在说明文或者议论文中，作者则在段首开门见山地提出文章说明的中心或阐述的观点或在篇末概括全文，少部分文章的中心句出现在句中，而极少部分文章的主旨需要读完全文来进行自我概括。总之，找到主题句对做主旨大意题有很大帮助，而高考阅读理解则以这样的题目出现得较多，也是近几年来考题的一个热点，几乎每个阅读里面都会出现，所以一定要加强这一部分的训练。
【题型分析】
1. It was on October 1st,1949when he joined the Party that he was killed.
2. Where was it that you found your lost pen?
3. Down fell the mirror, breaking to piece.
4. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts.
5. Outsides were two men.
1.At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat.
2.Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as consumer rather than a producer.
3.There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes.
4.So there is real cause for concern if consumers distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead.
1. Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food. Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership (伙伴关系) which does good to both of them. You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep.
2. Doctors have found that the "pears" have less internal fat, but the "apples" have more internal fat than external fat.
3. For about a century, French became the official language of England while Old English became the language of peasants.（注意强对比的双方；及双方的不同点）
4. Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer to the computer, David does not see it that way.
5. The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. But unfortunately it seems that dieting simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear. (unfortunately 不幸地；fortunately 幸运地)
There are two types of fat: external fat (fat under skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the "pears" have less internal fat, but the "apples" have more internal fat than external fat. This seems to be what causes the health problems.
1. For about a century, French became the official language of England while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of Politics and the law come from French rather than German. ...
2. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem.
3. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of.（one result 其中的一种结果）
4. …the result is no sound. Therefore, by producing a perfect copy of the noise and delaying it by half a wave cycle, we can kill the unwanted noise. （therefore 表示因果关系，前因后果）
5. So why bother even to try imagining life far in the future? Here are two reasons. First, unless we remember how short our own lives are compared with the whole human history,…Second, by trying to escape from present interests and imagine life far in the future, we may arrive at quite fresh ideas that we can use ourselves..
检测训练
1
Students in Washington, D. C. , will return to classrooms this month to begin a new school year. But at least five percent of their teachers will not return with them. Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay.
The school system dismissed seventy-five teachers last year. It was the first year of a new teacher rating system. Experts say such large numbers of dismissals are rare in American schools. But in Washington the rating system is not governed by the labor contract (劳务合同) with teachers union. So school officials have more freedom. The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores.
Emily Cohen, a policy director, says the National Council supports the IMPACT system She says, “This is an evaluation method that is finally able to find who is highly effective and who is ineffective.” Michelle Rhee created the IMPACT system. She gained national attention for her aggressive reform efforts when she led the troubled school system in the nation’s capital.
Some Washington teachers say their rating depend too heavily on test scores. For some teachers, half of their rating is based on how well their students do. But Emily Cohen says test scores are important. “Testing is probably one of the-it’s the most objective data that we have on teacher performance. So it’s not just looking at student test performance, it is using other sources of data.”
Almost sixty percent of the teachers who were rated “minimally effective” last year stayed in the school system and improved. School officials say these teachers received help to become better.
1. We can infer from paragraph l and 2 that________.
A. there are more than 3000 teachers in Washington, D. C
B. this is the first year that teachers are fired
C. such a large number of dismissals is very common in American schools
D. schools officials in Washington, D. C have more rights to dismiss teachers
2. The teachers’ ratings depend on________.
A. the test scores the students get
B. their relationship with school officials
C. test scores and other sources of data
D. how well their students perform in the class
3. The author’s attitude towards the IMPACT system is________.
A. objective B. positive C. negative D. questioning
4. The best title for the text might be________.
A. New School Year B. The IMPACT System
C. Teachers Are Dismissed D. Students’ Test Scores
【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了华盛顿学校实施新的教师评估系统——IMPACT系统，不够好的教师将被解雇，不能留下来。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay. (上个月，哥伦比亚特区的公立学校告诉206名教师，他们不够好，不能留下来)”和第二段中“But in Washington the rating system is not governed by the labor contract (劳务合同) with teachers union. So school officials have more freedom. (但在华盛顿，评分系统并不受与教师工会签订的劳动合同的约束。所以学校官员有更多的自由)”可知，华盛顿特区的学校官员有更多的权利解雇教师。故选D项。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores. (该系统称为IMPACT。教师每年在教室里被观察五次，每次至少30分钟。他们也由学生的考试成绩来判断)”和倒数第二段中““Testing is probably one of the-it’s the most objective data that we have on teacher performance. So it’s not just looking at student test performance, it is using other sources of data.”(“测试可能是我们掌握的关于教师表现的最客观的数据之一。所以它不只是考察学生的考试成绩，还使用了其他数据来源。”)”可知，教师的评分取决于学生的考试分数和其他数据来源。故选C项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Michelle Rhee created the IMPACT system. She gained national attention for her aggressive reform efforts when she led the troubled school system in the nation’s capital. (Michelle Rhee创建了IMPACT系统。当她引领美国首都陷入困境的学校系统时，她积极的改革努力赢得了全国的关注)”和最后一段中“Almost sixty percent of the teachers who were rated “minimally effective” last year stayed in the school system and improved. (在去年被评为“低效”的教师中，有近60%的人留在了学校系统并得到了改善)”可知，作者对IMPACT系统的态度是客观的。故选A项。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中“But at least five percent of their teachers will not return with them. Last month, the District of Columbia public schools told two hundred six teachers that they are not good enough to stay. (但至少有5%的老师不会和他们一起回来。上个月，哥伦比亚特区的公立学校告诉206名教师，他们不够好，不能留下来)”和第二段中“The system is called IMPACT. Teachers are observed in the classrooms five times a year for at least thirty minutes each time. They are also judged by student test scores. (该系统称为IMPACT。教师每年在教室里被观察五次，每次至少30分钟。他们也由学生的考试成绩来判断)”以及下文的相关描述，可知，本文主要介绍了华盛顿学校实施新的教师评估系统——IMPACT系统，因此本文的最佳标题选项B“IMPACT系统”符合题意。故选B项。
2
Good Morning Britain weather girl Laura Tobin left her co-hosts and viewers speechless after she accidentally tore a rare Superhero poster worth about £150,000 live on air.
To mark the start of comic book and sci-fi festival London Super Comic Con, Laura was tasked with showing rare magazines and expensive collection. She informed the audience: “We’ve got a very special display here called The Replicator Man. This was a character back in the 1970s. This is a special poster that is worth about £150,000 and there are only ten of them in the world.” Laura was seen telling viewers at home about the history of the comic book poster (连环画海报). Handling the image, Laura continued: “No one’s really seen this before.”
She attempted to pick up the picture in order to “get a closer look”. “I’ve got my gloves on but I’m feeling really nervous because it is said the oils can really spoil them.” As she tried to remove the picture from the display board, it tore in half and Laura screamed: “Oh my goodness! Is this the original one that’s worth £150.000?”
The set fell silent and the presenters weren’t quite sure how to react after the awkward moment. Fellow Good Morning Britain hosts Charlotte Hawkins and Ranvir Singh, on her right, didn’t know how to react to the “mishap”.
“My heart is going ten to the dozen. Was it the gloves?” Laura cried. Completely unaware of the joke, co-host Richard Arnold threw his hand to his face and said: “We are making this up, right?” He added: “I’m a bag of nerves now, Laura.”
Meanwhile, newsreader Ranvir Singh said: “We’ve probably got some insurance that covers this.” While panicked, Charlotte Hawkins looked around the studio and said: “Can we just glue that back down again? Can we go to an advertisement?”
Clearly pleased that she had managed to fool her colleagues, Laura finally revealed: “Guys—it was a joke! It’s not really worth £150,000. It’s worth nothing!” She then took much delight in tearing the rest of the picture into tiny pieces.
5. Which is the right order of the happening according to the passage?
a. Laura’s colleagues were at a loss b. the poster was completely ruined
c. Laura was blaming the gloves d. Laura tore the poster
A. a-b-d-c B. a-d-b-c C. d-a-c-b D. d-c-a-b
6. It can be inferred that Laura________.
A. organized the start of a sci-fi festival London Super Comic Con
B. felt really nervous so she decided to wear a pair of white gloves
C. had bought some rare memorabilia about the Replicator Man
D. successfully conducted a trick on her colleagues in a program
7. The underlined word “mishap” in the fourth paragraph can be replaced by________.
A. accident B. piece C. girl D. program
8. The underlined sentence in Para 5 passes us the message that________.
A. Richard Arnold didn’t want people to recognize him
B. Richard Arnold tried to hide his anxiety
C. Richard Arnold wanted to give himself a good beat
D. Richard Arnold couldn’t help laughing
【答案】5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了《早安英国》天气预报员 Laura Tobin 在一个节目直播时不小心撕毁了一张罕见的超级英雄海报，成功地捉弄了她的同事，这令这让其他主持人和观众们哑口无语。
5. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“As she tried to remove the picture from the display board, it tore in half and Laura screamed: “Oh my goodness! Is this the original one that’s worth £150.000?”(当她试图把画从展示板上拿下来时，画被撕成了两半，劳拉尖叫道：“哦，我的天哪!这就是那幅价值15万英镑的原画吗?”)”可知d是第一个；第四段中“Fellow Good Morning Britain hosts Charlotte Hawkins and Ranvir Singh, on her right, didn’t know how to react to the “mishap”. (《早安英国》的主持人Charlotte Hawkins和Ranvir Singh(在她右边)不知道如何应对“意外”)”可知a是第二个；第五段中““My heart is going ten to the dozen. Was it the gloves?” Laura cried. (“我的心都快跳出来了。是因为手套吗?”劳拉哭了)”可知c是第三个；以及最后一段中“She then took much delight in tearing the rest of the picture into tiny pieces. (然后，她非常高兴地把画的其余部分撕成小碎片)”可知b是最后一个。因此顺序为d-a-c-b。故选C项。
6. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Clearly pleased that she had managed to fool her colleagues, Laura finally revealed: “Guys—it was a joke! It’s not really worth £150,000. It’s worth nothing!” (显然，Laura很高兴自己能骗过同事，她最终揭露了：“伙计们，这是个笑话!它不值15万英镑。它一文不值!”)”可知，Laura在一个节目中成功地捉弄了她的同事。故选D项。
7. 词句猜测题。根据第三段中“As she tried to remove the picture from the display board, it tore in half (当她试图把画从展示板上拿下来时，画被撕成了两半)”和第四段中“Fellow Good Morning Britain hosts Charlotte Hawkins and Ranvir Singh, on her right, didn’t know how to react to the “mishap”. (《早安英国》的主持人Charlotte Hawkins和Ranvir Singh(在她右边)不知道如何应对mishap)”Laura把画撕成了两半可知，此时她的两个同事应该是不知道如何应对这个意外，因此猜测划线词mishap意为“意外”，因此可用accident代替。故选A项。
8. 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Completely unaware of the joke, co-host Richard Arnold threw his hand to his face and said: “We are making this up, right?” He added: “I’m a bag of nerves now, Laura.”(搭档主持Richard Arnold完全没有意识到这个玩笑，他用手捂住他的脸说：“我们会修补这个的，对吧?”他补充说：“劳拉，我现在非常紧张。”)”由Richard Arnold说自己现在非常紧张，可知，面对这个意外，Richard Arnold一时间没办法面对，因此Richard Arnold试图（用手）掩饰自己的焦虑。故选B项。
3
For many of us, summertime means road trips to the beach or mountains, or at the very least some additional dust and bird poop on the exterior of our vehicles. The extra dirt leads us to do one of two things: wash our car in the driveway or head to the car wash. But which choice is better for the environment?
The main concerns with either choice are the amount of fresh water being used and the types of chemicals used to remove the dirt. Both of these concerns can be closely monitored when washing the car at home, says Katy Gresh, spokeswoman for the Southwest Region of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. She advises car owners to put aside a set amount of water for the entire wash. “It’s just like brushing your teeth, ”she says. “You don’t want to leave the water running or use more than you need for the job.” But even following this advice comes with an environmental risk: Washing your car in the driveway or street flushes the dirty water into storm drains.
John Schombert is executive director of 3 Rivers Wet Weather. His organization works to educate the public about storm sewers(下水道)and water runoff, keeping this untreated water from entering the Allegheny region’s waterways. “We ask people to consider washing their cars on lawns or other permeable(透水的)surfaces where the water gets absorbed, ” Schombert says. “Soil can break down and help filter(过滤)those things,” Schombert says. “Storm sewers are not made for waste disposal.” Even when car owners use natural soaps to wash their cars, which Schombert says are probably ineffective at breaking down grease anyway.
The commercial car wash down the street knows full well the rules regarding waste water in storm sewers. According to the International Carwash Association(ICA), professional car washes must use water reclamation systems. These mandated processes not only keep the dirty water out of storm sewers and regular water treatment systems, but they also work to reduce water usage at commercial facilities.
9. What does the underlined word probably mean in the first paragraph?
A. top B. bottom
C. inside D. outside
10. What worries people when they have their cars washed?
A. The dirt cannot be removed easily.
B. Large quantities of water are wasted.
C. The washing ways do no good to their cars.
D. D The used chemicals are harmless to the environment.
11. What’s the disadvantage of washing cars at home?
A. It is not easy to deal with.
B. It cannot clean the dirt completely.
C. It consumes a larger amount of water.
D. It does much damage to the environment.
12. What can be the best title of the text?
A. Do You Put Car washing at Risk?
B. Which Is Better: Car Wash or DIY?
C. Why Dishwashers Are Better than Hand Washing?
D. Do Americans Use Less Water than They Did Years Ago?
【答案】9. D 10. B 11. D 12. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哪一种洗车方法对环境更有益处：在家还是去洗车公司。
9. 词句猜测题。根据划线部分所在句子“For many of us, summertime means road trips to the beach or mountains, or at the very least some additional dust and bird poop on the exterior of our vehicles.”可知，对于我们中的许多人来说，夏天意味着去海滩或山上的公路旅行，或者至少意味着在我们车的exterior有一些灰尘和鸟粪。结合句意和常识可知，灰尘和鸟粪通常在车的外部，即划线词意为 “外部，外面”，与outside同义。故选D。
10. 细节理解题。根据第二段中““It’s just like brushing your teeth,” she says, “You don’t want to leave the water running of more than you need for the job.”（ “这就像刷牙一样，”她说，“你不想让水流得比所需的更多。”）”可知，人们在外边洗车时担心会浪费掉更多的水。故选B。
11. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But even following this advice comes with an environmental risk: Washing your car in the driveway or street flushes the dirty water into storm drains.（但即使遵循这一建议，也会带来环境风险：在车道或街道上洗车会将脏水冲进雨水沟）”可知，在家自己洗车的缺点是对环境有害处。故选D。
12. 主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“The extra dirt leads us to do one of two things: wash our car in the driveway or head to the car wash. But which choice is better for the environment?（这些额外的脏东西会让我们做以下两件事之一：在私人车道上洗车，还是去洗车处洗车。但是哪种选择对环境更好呢？） ”结合下文对两种方法优缺点的介绍可知，本文主要介绍了在专业洗车店里洗车和自己动手洗车，到底哪个对环境更有益处，故B选项“洗车处和自己动手洗车哪个更好?”符合文章标题。故选B。
4
We are not who we think we are.
The American self-image is spread with the golden glow of opportunity. We think of the United States as a land of unlimited possibility, not so much a classless society but as a place where class is mutable—a place where brains, energy and ambition are what count, not the circumstances of one’s birth.
The Economic Mobility Project, an ambitious research led by Pew Charitable Trusts, looked at the economic fortunes of a large group of families over time, comparing the income of parents in the late 1960s with the income of their children in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Here is the finding: The “rags to riches” story is much more common in Hollywood than on Main Street. Only 6 percent of children born to parents with family income at the very bottom move to the top.
That is right, just 6 percent of children born to parents who ranked in the bottom of the study sample, in terms of income, were able to bootstrap their way into the top. Meanwhile, an incredible 42 percent of children born into that lowest are still stuck at the bottom, having been unable to climb a single rung of the income ladder.
It is noted that even in Britain—a nation we think of as burdened with a hidebound (守旧的) class system—children who are born poor have a better chance of moving up. When the studies were released, most reporters focused on the finding that African-Americans born to middle-class or upper middle-class families are earning slightly less, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than did their parents.
One of the studies indicates, in fact, that most of the financial gains white families have made in the past three decades can be attributed to the entry of white women into the labor force. This is much less true for African-Americans.
The picture that emerges from all the correlations and percentages is of a nation in which, over all, “the current generation of adults is better off than the previous one”, as one of the studies notes.
The median income of the families in the sample group was $55,600 in the late 1960s; their children’s median family income was measured at $71,900. However, this rising ride has not lifted all boats equally. The rich have seen far greater income gains than the poor.
Even more troubling is that our nation of America as the land of opportunity gets little supper: from the data. Americans move fairly easily up and down the middle rungs of the ladder, but there is “stickiness at the end”—four out of ten children who are born poor will remain poor, and four out of ten who are born rich will stay rich.
13. What did the Economic Mobility Project find in its research?
A. Children from low-income families are unable to bootstrap their way to the top.
B. Hollywood actors and actresses are upwardly mobile from rags to riches.
C. The rags to riches story is more fiction than reality.
D. The rags to riches story is only true for a small minority of whites.
14. It can be inferred from the writer that America, as a classless society, should ________.
A. perfect its self-image as a land of opportunity
B. have a higher level of upward mobility than Britain
C. enable African-Americans to have exclusive access to well-paid employment
D. encourage the current generation to work as hard as the previous generation
15. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The US is a land where brains, energy and ambition are what count.
B. Inequality persists between whites and blacks in financial gains.
C. Middle-class families earn slightly less with inflation considered.
D. Children in lowest-income families manage to climb a single rung of the ladder.
16. What might be the best title for this passage?
A. Social Upward Mobility in America B. Incredible Income Gains in America
C. America: Land of Unequal Wealth D. America: Not Land of Opportunity for all
【答案】13. C 14. A 15. B 16. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了The Economic Mobility Project的研究发现，美国并不是一个到处充满机会的地方，白人和黑人之间还是存在不平等的，由穷到富的故事与其说是现实不如说是幻想。
13. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Here is the finding: The “rags to riches” story is much more common in Hollywood than on Main Street. Only 6 percent of children born to parents with family income at the very bottom move to the top.（研究发现:“白手起家”的故事在好莱坞比在普通民众中更为常见。在家庭收入最低的家庭中，只有6%的孩子能升到社会顶层。）”可知，白手起家的故事与其说是现实，不如说是虚构的。故选C。
14. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The American self-image is spread with the golden glow of opportunity. We think of the United States as a land of unlimited possibility, not so much a classless society but as a place where class is mutable—a place where brains, energy and ambition are what count, not the circumstances of one’s birth.（美国人的自我形象洋溢着机会的金光。我们认为美国是一块充满无限可能的土地，与其说它是一个没有阶级的社会，不如说它是一个阶级是可变的地方——在这里，智力、精力和雄心是最重要的，而不是一个人的出身。）”可推知，美国，作为一个无阶级社会，应该完善自己的自我形象，成为一个充满机遇的国家。故选A。
15. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段“When the studies were released, most reporters focused on the finding that African-Americans born to middle-class or upper middle-class families are earning slightly less, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than did their parents.（当这些研究公布时，大多数记者关注的是出生于中产阶级或中上层家庭的非裔美国人的收入(经通胀因素调整后)略低于他们的父母。）”和文章第六段“One of the studies indicates, in fact, that most of the financial gains white families have made in the past three decades can be attributed to the entry of white women into the labor force. This is much less true for African-Americans.（事实上，其中一项研究表明，白人家庭在过去三十年里取得的经济收益大部分可以归因于白人女性进入劳动力市场。这对非裔美国人来说就不那么真实了。）”可知，在经济收入方面，白人和黑人之间的不平等依然存在。故选B。
16. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Even more troubling is that our nation of America as the land of opportunity gets little supper: from the data. Americans move fairly easily up and down the middle rungs of the ladder, but there is “stickiness at the end”—four out of ten children who are born poor will remain poor, and four out of ten who are born rich will stay rich.（更令人不安的是，从数据来看，我们这个充满机遇的国家却得不到什么晚餐。美国人很容易就能爬上爬下梯子的中间梯级，但是有一个“最后的粘性”——10个出身贫困的孩子中有4个会继续贫穷，10个出身富裕的孩子中有4个会继续富有。）”可知，美国并不是所有人都有机会的土地。故选D。
5
One after another telecommunications giants have announced their latest fifth generation (5G) products. They have also claimed that 5G technology would be used on a massive scale by 2020. Yet, when reporting about 5G, many domestic media have described it as a"much faster" technology than 4G without mentioning any of its other advantages. As a result. the common public view about 5G is that they could "download a HD movie within one second". Beyond that, most people know nothing about 5G.
Actually, 5G technology has many more advantages than 4G apart from speed. According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.
“Connecting everything” is an appropriate slogan for 5G technology, without which the Internet of Things would be impossible. 5G would enable one server to connect to multiple terminals, and thus establish high-speed coordination among them, and help the chips inside the terminals timely react to meet people’s needs. Take autonomous vehicles for example, they are mature technology products. Self-driving cars combine a variety of sensors, such as radar, computer vision, and GPS to identify navigation paths and obstacles. 5G technology will link all the elements of a transportation system, such as traffic lights, cameras and, of course, cars to establish perfect coordination so they can avoid obstacles and move on navigation paths, which will help strengthen self-driving technology.
Reliability of connections is another essential characteristic of 5G technology, whose use can be extended to other fields where high safety standards are required. For instance, in certain surgeries, surgeons insert nano-robots inside a patient’s body and have to maintain constant control over the robots to ensure they perform their functions and do not cause any harm to the patient. This is a technology that can be of great help, as it can establish reliable and continuous connections between the monitor and the nano-robots.
17. Which of the following can serve as an example of "connecting everything"?
A. Improvement of smart phone signals. B. Decrease in telecommunication cost.
C. High speed in playing computer games. D. Online tests for all members at the same time.
18. Why can 5G be used in the fields with high safety standards?
A. It can attract most eyeballs on a massive scale.
B. It can provide dependable and constant service.
C. It offers massive machine types of communication.
D. It employs 4G base stations and occupies less space.
19. What will the author most probably discuss in the following paragraph?
A. Eliminating delays. B. 5G network capacity
C. Disadvantages of 5G D. Building 5G base stations
20. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. 5G Technology: More than about High Speed
B. 5G Technology Will Shape the Future of Connectivity
C. Telecom Giants Work Together to Better 5G Technology
D. Advantages and Disadvantages of 5G Technology and Products
【答案】17. D 18. B 19. A 20. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍除了高速，5G技术还有连接一切、连接可靠性以及消除延迟等特点。
17. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“5G would enable one server to connect to multiple terminals and thus establish high-speed coordination among them, and help the chips inside the terminals to timely react to meet people’s needs.( 5G能让一个计算机服务器连接到多个终端，然后在它们之中建立高速协调，并且帮助在终端里面的芯片能够及时做出反应满足人们的需求)”结合选项可推知，选项D表达的是“同时对所有成员进行网络测试”，符合5G的连接一切的特征，可以作为5G连接一切这个特征的具体举例。故选D。
18. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“This is an technology can be of great help, as it can establish reliable and continuous connections between the monitor and the nano-robots.(这是一项非常有帮助的技术，因为它能在监控器和纳米机器人之间建立可靠而且持续的连接)”可知，5G技术能够在高安全标准的领域使用，是因为它能提供可靠而且持续的服务。故选B。
19. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—for connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.(根据3GPP，一个国际标准化组织的标准，5G技术能够在至少3个方面使用，分别是：连接一切、连接的可靠性以及消除延迟)”；第三段中““Connecting everything” is an appropriate slogan for 5G technology, without which the Internet of things would be impossible.(连接一切对于5G技术来说是一个合适的口号，没有这个特征因特网的所有事情都将变成不可能)”以及第四段中“Reliability of connections is another essential characteristic of 5G technology, whose use can be extended to other fields where high safety standards are required.(连接可靠性是5G技术的另外一个基本特征，这一技术的使用可以延申到要求高安全标准的其他领域)”可推知，作者接下来可能会讨论的是5G技术的消除延迟这个特征。故选A。
20. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Actually, 5G technology has many more advantages than 4G apart from speed. According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.(实际上，除了速度，5G技术比4G有更多的优势。根据国际标准化组织3GPP的标准，5G技术至少可以用于三个目的：连接所有东西、提高连接的可靠性和消除延迟)”结合文章主要介绍除了高速，5G技术还有连接一切、连接可靠性以及消除延迟等特点。可知A选项“5G技术：不仅仅是高速”最符合文章标题。故选A。
6
It looked just like another aircraft from the outside. The pilot told his young passengers that it was built in 1964, a Boeing KC-135 refuelling tanker, based on the 707. But appearances were deceptive, and the 13 students from Europe and USA who boarded the aircraft were in for the flight of their lives.
For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions.
For the next two hours the Boeings flight resembled that of an enormous bird which had lost its reason, shooting upwards towards the heavens before moving down towards Earth. The intention was to achieve weightlessness for a few seconds.
The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless. Everything became confused, and left or right, up or down no longer had any meaning. After ten seconds of free-fall descent (下降) the pilot pulled aircraft out of its nosedive. The return of gravity was less immediate than its loss, but it was still sudden enough to ensure that some students came down with a bump.
Each time the pilot cut the engines and we became weightless, a new team conducted its experiment. First it was the Dutch, who wanted to discover why cats always land on their feet. Then it was the German team, who conducted a successful experiment on a traditional building method to see if it could be used for building a future space station. The Americans had an idea to create solar sails that could be used by satellites.
After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat.
21. What did the pilot do with the plane?
A. He climbed and then made the plane fall slowly.
B. He climbed and then made the plane turn over.
C. He quickly climbed and then stopped the engines.
D. He took off normally and then cut the engines for 20 seconds.
22. What was the point of being weightless?
A. To show the judges of the competition what they could do.
B. To prepare the young scientists for future work in space.
C. To see what conditions are like in space.
D. To allow the teams to try out their ideas.
23. The pronoun “it” (in the last paragraph) refers to ________.
A. the excitement B. the trip
C. the opportunity D. the plane
24. The passage is intended to ________.
A. report on a new scientific technique
B. encourage young people to take science
C. show scientists what young people can do
D. describe the outcome of a scientific competition
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. B 24. D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要描述富有想象力的实验是在失重的条件下进行的，旨在讲述一个科学竞赛的结果，让学生们产生新的想法。
21. 细节理解题。根据第四段“The aircraft took off smoothly enough, but any feelings that I and the young scientists had that we were on anything like a scheduled passenger service were quickly dismissed when the pilot put the plane into a 45-degree climb which lasted around 20 seconds. Then the engines cut out and we became weightless.（飞机起飞得很平稳，但当飞行员让飞机进入持续约20秒的45度爬升时，我和这些年轻科学家们的任何感觉都很快消失了。然后引擎熄火，我们失重了。）”可知，飞行员快速上升然后停止发动机，故选C。
22. 细节理解题。根据第二段“For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency. The challenge had been to suggest imaginative experiments to be conducted in weightless conditions. （12个月来，来自各大洲的理科学生应欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的邀请，为赢得这次飞行的机会而竞争。挑战是建议在失重条件下进行富有想象力的实验。）”富有想象力的实验是在失重的条件下进行的，故失重的目的是为了让学生们产生新的想法，故选D。
23. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段的第一句“After two hours of going up and down in the plane doing experiments, the dominant feeling was one of excitement rather than sickness. （在飞机上做了两个小时的实验后，主要的感觉是兴奋而不是恶心。）”由此可推断下文意思为大多数学生都认为这是一次难忘的经历，是一个渴望重复的经历。所以it指代这两个小时的飞机旅程，故选B。
24. 推理判断题。根据第二段“For 12 months, science students from across the continents had competed to win a place on the flight at the invitation of the European Space Agency.（12个月来，来自各大洲的理科学生应欧洲航天局(European Space Agency)的邀请，为赢得这次飞行的机会而竞争。）和最后一段“Most of the students thought it was an unforgettable experience and one that would be keen to repeat. （大多数学生都认为这是一次难忘的经历，是一个渴望重复的经历。）”所以本文的目的就是要描述一个科学竞赛的结果，故选D。
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