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2022-2023学年上海市行知中学高二上学期第一次月考英语试卷 （解析版）
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这是一份2022-2023学年上海市行知中学高二上学期第一次月考英语试卷 （解析版），共22页。
2022-2023学年上海市行知中学高二上学期第一次月考英语试卷
I. Listening comprehension
略
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Scientists have measured levels of “third-hand” cigarette smoke and found it could be a dominant and lingering source of harmful chemicals.
Researchers reported how they tracked traces of cigarette smoke in a German cinema, where smoking was permitted, ____1____ (mean) the only source of tobacco smoke was from the bodies and clothes of movie-goers -- and found that some viewers ____2____ (expose) to the equivalent of secondhand hoke from up to 10 cigarettes.
The team led by Dr. Drew Gentner from Yale University sampled the exhaust air duct(导管)of the cinema for four days and detected 35 volatile(发挥性的)substances found in tobacco smoke.
Concentrations of such substances showed a sharper increase around the time when movie-goers entered the cinema. ____3____ (pronounced) increases were seen for earlier show-times. Meanwhile, levels of the substances were lower for family films than for R-rated action movies, ____4____ the latter having small audiences.
“In the R-rated films, especially the ____5____ that are occurring later in the evening, it appears there is a greater tendency of people attending those movies ____6____ (smoke), perhaps more frequently or more cigarettes, and so they are off gassing more,” said Gentner, noting that previous studies had suggested third-hand smoke ____7____ account for between 5% and 60% of the burden from cigarette smoke in non-smokers.
Analysis of particular substances revealed that, in the case of the action films, the third-hand smoke was relatively “fresh”, ____8____ its presence in family films was older -- possibly down to substances lingering from other screenings.
The team found a number of signs that substances from third-hand smoke build up over time. “That’s ____9____ the chemicals don’t remain entirely in the air, but are also absorbed on to various surfaces and furnishings, ____10____ they re-enter the air,” Gertner said.
The team said the study offered a real-life example of exposure, adding that smaller spaces with poorer ventilation, such as bars, offices, and underground trains, could have much higher levels of third-hand smoke.
【答案】1. meaning
2. were exposed
3. Less pronounced
4. despite 5. ones
6. to smoke
7. might 8. while##whereas
9. because 10. from which
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家测量了三手烟的烟雾水平，发现它可能是有害化学物质的主要和挥之不去的来源。
【1题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：研究人员报告了他们是如何在一家德国电影院追踪到香烟烟雾的痕迹的。在这家电影院，吸烟是被允许的，这意味着烟草烟雾的唯一来源是电影观众的身体和衣服。研究人员发现，一些观众接触的二手烟相当于多达10支香烟。此处非谓语动词与主句谓语平行（同步进行），用现在分词作伴随状语。故填meaning。
【2题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：同上。设空处使用动词作that引导的宾语从句的谓语。根据空前的found可知，此处应该使用一般过去时。同时expose为动词意为“暴露，接触”，some viewers与expose之间是被动关系，故使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were exposed。
【3题详解】
考查形容词。句意：较早的放映时间则没有出现明显的增长。分析句子，设空处使用形容词修饰名词increases，pronounced为形容词意为“明显的”，根据后文的earlier show-times可知，此处表示较早的放映时间中，这类物质浓度的增加相比之后是不明显的。故使用表示否定意义的比较级。同时，该空置于句首，首字母要大写。故填Less pronounced。
【4题详解】
考查介词。句意：与此同时，尽管R级动作片的观众较少，但家庭电影中的这种物质含量却低于R级动作片。分析句子，设空处使用介词与后文构成介宾短语。此处表示“尽管”，故使用despite。
【5题详解】
考查代词。句意：在R级电影中，特别是那些在晚上较晚时间播放的电影中，看这些电影的人似乎更倾向于吸烟，可能更频繁或更多的香烟，所以他们产生的烟雾更多。分析句子，设空处使用不定代词，指代同名异物，且为复数意义。故使用ones。
【6题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。分析句子，句中is为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词。句中a tendency to do sth为固定短语，意为“有趋势去做某事”。故填to smoke。
【7题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：此前的研究表明，三手烟可能占非吸烟者吸烟负担的5%至60%。分析句子，设空处使用情态动词后接动词原形account for。此处表示“可能，或许”，且为过去的猜测，故填might。
【8题详解】
考查连词。句意：对特定物质的分析显示，在动作片中，三手烟相对“新鲜”，而在家庭电影中三手烟的出现则更早——可能是其他放映场里残留的物质。分析句子，设空处使用连词，连接前后两个句子，此处表示“然而”即对前后两者进行对比。故填while/whereas。
【9题详解】
考查表语从句。句意：这是因为这些化学物质并不完全停留在空气中，还会被各种表面和家具吸收，然后重新进入空气。”分析句子，设空处引导的是表语从句，此处表示“因为”。故填because。
【10题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：同上。设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，此处构成的是介词+关系代词的结构，此处表示的是“从各种表面和家具中三手烟物质再次进入到空气中”，关系词指代先行词 surfaces and furnishings并在从句中作介词from的宾语，强调具体地点，故填from which。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. adjusting；B. casual；C. crawl；D. handle；E. interpret；F. limiting
G. lower；H. minimal；I. pooling；J. rough；K. spray
Your body avoids overheating by taking advantage of a bit of physics: When water evaporates from a surface, it leaves the surface cooler. When your body gets too hot, it pumps water onto your skin and lets it evaporate, carrying away heat. This effect can actually ____11____ the temperature of your skin to below the air temperature. This allows humans to survive in places where the air temperature is as high as human body temperature - as long as we keep drinking water to produce more sweat.
If there's a lot of moisture in the air, then evaporation slows to a(n)____12____, because water condenses (凝结) onto your skin almost as fast as the moisture evaporates off it. When you feel sticky from sweat ____13____ on your skin, it means your body is struggling to evaporate water fast enough to keep you cool.
I asked Zachary Schlader, a researcher at Indiana University who studies how our bodies ____14____extreme heat, about the hottest temperature a normal human could tolerate under ideal conditions. His 2014 study found that a person who is at rest, wearing ____15____ clothing, in a very dry room—10 percent relative humidity - and drinking water constantly could probably avoid overheating in temperatures as high as 115 degrees Fahrenheit (46℃) .
The ____16____ factor for our heat tolerance is sweat—how quickly we can produce it and how quickly it evaporates. If you kept your skin wet with a steady ____17____ of water, and sat in front of a powerful fan, you could increase the evaporation rate and keep your skin cool in even higher temperatures.
Models of human thermoregulation like the one in the 2014 paper don't usually cover such extreme conditions, but I tried ____18____ their formulas to approximate what would happen under extreme evaporation and high wind. The results suggested that, with the help of a pool of water and a powerful fan, a human could conceivably tolerate heat of up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60℃) in air with 10 percent humidity.
That seemed awfully high, so I ran the number by Dr. Schlader. “Doing some____19____calculations, I come up with a similar number,” he said, “Honestly, I was surprised.” But, he added, these models are likely not reliable at such extremes. “I would _____20_____ such findings with caution.”
【答案】11. G 12. H
13. I 14. D
15. B 16. F
17. K 18. A
19. J 20. E
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述人体是如何通过出汗适应高温的。
【11题详解】
考查动词。句意：这种影响实际上可以将你的皮肤温度降低到最低温度以下。分析句子可知缺少动词作谓语，根据上文“When your body gets too hot, it pumps water onto your skin and lets it evaporate, carrying away heat.( 当你的身体变热时，它会把水分输送到你的皮肤上，让它蒸发，带走热量)”可推断，这种影响降低了你的体温。lower“降低”是动词，情态动词can后接动词原形，故选G。
【12题详解】
考查名词。句意：如果空气中有大量水分，那么蒸发会减慢到最小，因为水凝结在皮肤上的速度几乎和水分蒸发一样快。冠词修饰名词，空格处需要名词作宾语，根据下文“因为水凝结在皮肤上的速度几乎和水分蒸发一样快”可知，这时候的蒸发降低到最小，minimal“最小，极小”符合句意，作宾语。故选H。
【13题详解】
考查动词。句意：当你感到皮肤上聚集的汗发粘时，这意味着你的身体正在努力蒸发水分，让你保持凉爽。pool“淤积”符合题意，表示汗液在皮肤表层淤积，此处用现在分词表示主动，作宾语补足语，宾语sweat与pool是主动关系，故选I。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：我问了印第安纳大学的研究员扎卡里的施拉德，他研究我们的身体如何处理极端温度，关于正常人在理想条件下能忍受的最热温度。分析句子可知，空格处需填动词作谓语，根据句意，handle“处理”符合语境，故选D。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：他2014年的研究发现，一个人在休息，穿着休闲服装，在一个非常干燥的房间——相对湿度为10%——不断的喝水，可以避免在高达115华氏度（46℃）的温度下过热。修饰名词用形容词，根据上文“at rest”可推断，是穿着休闲服装，casual“（服装）便装的”符合语境，故选B。
【16题详解】
考查形容词。句意：我们耐热性的限制性因素是汗——我们可以多快的创造和蒸发汗液。修饰名词用形容词，根据下文“how quickly we can produce it and how quickly it evaporates”可知，汗液限制着我们的耐热性。limiting“限制的”符合句意，故选F。
【17题详解】
考查名词。句意：如果你用稳定的水雾保持皮肤变湿，并坐在一个强大的风扇前，你可以提高蒸发速率，并在更高的温度下保持皮肤凉爽。形容词修饰名词，根据上文“kept your skin wet”可推断，是使用水雾保持皮肤变湿，spray“喷雾”符合句意，故选K。
【18题详解】
考查动词。句意：我试着调整他们的公式，以接近极端蒸发和大风会发生什么。try doing sth.“试试某事”，根据下文“their formulas to approximate what would happen under extreme evaporation and high wind”可推断，是调整公式，adjust“调整”符合语境，故选A。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：做一些粗略的计算，我得出了一个类似的数字。分析句子可知，空格处填形容词作定语，根据句意，rough“粗略的”符合句意，故选J。
【20题详解】
考查动词。句意：我会谨慎地领会这样的发现。分析句子可知，空格处用动词作谓语，根据上文“these models are likely not reliable at such extremes.”可推断，因为这些模式很可能在极端条件下不可靠，因此应该谨慎的领会。interpret“诠释；领会”符合句意，故选E。
III. Reading Comprehensions
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
I recently met a Texan couple whose son was still in diapers. They were seeking to get him into a preschool that ____21____ a private preparatory school with a great record for college admissions.
The couple were ambivalent (uncertain) about doing this. They were from immigrant and working-class backgrounds, and had thrived in public schools. In theory, they believed that all children should have an equal chance to succeed. But I ____22____ that if they got their son a spot in the preschool, they’d take it.
It’s a familiar story. Psychologists, sociologists and journalists have spent over a decade critiquing （评论；评判）the habits of “helicopter parents” and their school ____23____. They insist that hyper-parenting backfires — creating a generation of stressed-out kids who can’t ____24____ alone. Parents themselves alternate between feeling guilty, panicked and ridiculous.
But a new research shows that in our unequal era, this kind of parenting brings life-changing benefits. According to the research, when inequality hit a low in the 1970s, there wasn’t that much of a gap between what someone earned with or without a college degree. Strict parenting ____25____ an era of “permissive parenting” — giving children lots of freedom with little oversight.
In the 1980s, however, inequality increased sharply in Western countries, especially the United States, and the gap between white- and blue-collar pay widened. Permissive parenting was replaced by helicopter parenting. Middle- and upper-class parents who’d gone to public schools and spent evenings playing kickball in the neighborhood began elbowing their toddlers into fast-track preschools and spending evenings monitoring their homework and driving them to activities.
American parents eventually increased their ____26____ caregiving by about 12 hours a week, compared with the 1970s.
Not all the changes were rational. But____27____, the new parenting efforts seemed effective. When the researchers analyzed the 2012 PISA, an academic test of 15-year-olds around the world, along with reports from the teenagers and their parents about how they interact, they found that an “intensive parenting style” correlated with higher scores on the test.
It’s not enough just to ____28____ over your kids, however. If you do it as an “authoritarian” parent — defined as someone who ____29____ directives, expects children to obey and sometimes hits those who don’t — you won’t get the full benefits.
The most effective parents, according to the authors, are “authoritative.” They use reasoning to persuade kids to do things that are good for them. Instead of strict obedience, they emphasize ____30____, problem-solving and independence — skills that will help their offspring in future workplaces that we can’t even imagine yet.
And they seem most successful at helping their kids achieve the holy grails(圣杯) of modern parenting: college and postgraduate degrees which now have a huge financial payoff.
The benefits aren’t just ____31____. In a British study, kids raised by authoritative parents reported better health and higher self-esteem. In the American study, they were less likely to use drugs, smoke or ____32____ alcohol.
So why wouldn’t everyone just become a(n) ____33____ parent? Religious people, regardless of their income, are more likely to be authoritarian parents who expect obedience and believe in corporal punishment, the authors found. Working-class and poor parents might not have the leisure time to hover or the budget to pay for activities and expensive schools. And they may ___34___ feel that they need to prepare their children for jobs in which rule-following matters more than debating skills. Those who can afford to helicopter are probably making things even more unequal for the next generation. Since there’s apparently no ____35____ to how much people will do for their kids, the prognosis for parenting doesn’t look good. Yet another reason to elect people who’ll make America more equal: We grown-ups can finally stop doing homework.
21. A. changes into B. feeds into C. turns into D. transforms into
22. A. claimed B. doubted C. suspected D. questioned
23. A. obsessions B. associations C. observations D. investigations
24. A. mention B. action C. transition D. function
25. A. objected to B. contributed to C. gave rise to D. gave way to
26. A. hands-down B. hands-off C. hands-on D. hands-over
27. A. for all the attention B. for the most part C. within defined areas D. under right supervision
28. A. look B. hover C. take D. protect
29. A. issues B. figures C. employs D. evaluates
30. A. reliability B. probability C. regularity D. adaptability
31. A. financial B. physical C. academic D. mental
32. A. abuse B. refuse C. counter D. command
33. A. permissive B. authoritative C. authoritarian D. helicopter
34. A. neutrally B. formally C. rightly D. reluctantly
35. A. link B. proof C. comparison D. limit
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. B 29. A 30. D 31. C 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了心理学家、社会学家和记者花了十多年的时间来批评“直升机父母”的习惯和他们对学校的痴迷。他们坚持认为，过度养育会产生事与愿违的结果——产生一代压力过大、无法独立生活的孩子。但一项新的研究表明，在我们这个不平等的时代，这种教育方式带来了改变人生的好处。同时对比了不同时期家长教育方式的不同。得出结论在大多数情况下，这种新的育儿方式似乎很有效。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们想把他送进一所幼儿园，这所幼儿园隶属于一所私立预科学校，该学校有很好的大学录取记录。A. changes into变成；B. feeds into流入，注入；C. turns into变成，成为；D. transforms into转变成。幼儿园不可能“变成”预科学校，由此可以排除ACD三个选项。根据常识，该幼儿园应该是该私立学校旗下的一个分支机构，即：幼儿园“流入”私立预科学校。故选B。
【22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但我认为如果他们能让他们的儿子上这个幼儿园，他们会接受的。A. claimed宣称； B. doubted怀疑；C. suspected认为，怀疑；D. questioned质疑。该句前面提到：这对夫妇对这样做感到矛盾。他们来自移民和工人阶级家庭，在公立学校里茁壮成长。从理论上讲，他们认为所有的孩子都应该有平等的成功机会。根据But转折可知，尽管这对夫妇对于将孩子送入这个幼儿园感到矛盾，但是一旦有机会，他们是会这样做的。这是作者的看法。故选C。
【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：心理学家、社会学家和记者花了十多年来批评“直升机父母”的习惯和他们对学校的痴迷。A. obsessions痴迷； B. associations联系，社团； C. observations观察，观测；D. investigations调查。根据第一和第二段那对夫妇的例子可知，很多“直升机父母”追求名校，想让孩子上好学校。即：对名校的痴迷。故选A。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们坚持认为，过度养育会产生事与愿违的结果——产生一代压力过大、无法独立生活的孩子。A. mention提及；B. action务必做，确保处理；C. transition（n.）转变，过渡；D. function运转，正常工作。根据该句前面提到心理学家，社会学家和记者们批判“直升机父母”可以推知，他们认为这样做不好，会导致孩子无法独立“运转”。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：严格的家教让位于“宽松家教”的时代——给孩子们很多自由，几乎没有监督。A. objected to反对；B. contributed to为……做贡献； C. gave rise to引起，导致；D. gave way to给……让路。根据该句前面一句可知，根据这项研究，当不平等在20世纪70年代达到最低点时，拥有或没有大学学位的人之间的收入差距并没有那么大。由此推知，70年代，人们推崇的是“宽松家教”，即：“严格家教”给“宽松家教”让路。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与上世纪70年代相比，美国父母最终将他们的亲自照料孩子的时间增加了大约12个小时。A. hands-down无疑的，唾手可得的；B. hands-off 不干涉的，不插手的；C. hands-on亲身实践的，亲自动手的；D. hands-over。根据上一段可知，上过公立学校、晚上在社区里玩踢球的中上层阶级家长开始把他们的孩子推到快速学前班，晚上监督他们的家庭作业，开车带他们去参加活动。即：这些家长开始亲自照料孩子，教养孩子。故选C。
【27题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：但在大多数情况下，这种新育儿方式似乎很有效。A. for all the attention 对于所有的关注； B. for the most part在极大程度上，多半； C. within defined areas在定义的区域之内； D. under right supervision在正确的监督下。根据该段最后一句可知，研究发现，“强化教育方式”与考试高分相关。由此推知，尽管并非所有的改变都是合理的，但是，在大多数情况下，“强化教育方式”是有效的。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，仅仅盯着你的孩子是不够的。A. look看；B. hover盘旋，徘徊； C. take带走；D. protect保护。下一句提到，如果你是作为一个“专制”的父母来做这件事，你将不会得到全部的好处。下一段建议人们要通过“说理”来说服孩子们。由此推知，该句想表达的是“强化式教育”并不意味着仅仅围着孩子转。故选B。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你是作为一个“专制”的父母来做这件事，你将不会得到全部的好处。“专制”父母的定义是发布指令，希望孩子们服从，有时还会打击那些不服从的人。A. issues发布，出版，发行； B. figures认为，认定，计算； C. employs雇佣； D. evaluates评估。该句是对“专制”的父母的解释。根据常识可知，专制型的人往往会发布指令。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们强调的不是严格的服从，而是适应能力、解决问题的能力和独立性—这些技能将有助于他们的后代在未来的工作场所中发挥作用，这是我们甚至还无法想象的。A. reliability可靠性； B. probability可能性； C. regularity规律性； D. adaptability适应性。该空和problem-solving，independence并列，都是有助于孩子们未来工作的技能。由此推知，“适应性”符合语境。故选D。
【31题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些好处不仅仅是学业方面的。A. financial财务的，金融的； B. physical身体的，物理的；C. academic学业的，学术的； D. mental精神的，脑力的。上一段中提到的“college and postgraduate degrees”都是学业方面的成就。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这项美国研究中，他们吸毒，抽烟，酗酒的可能性更小。A. abuse滥用，辱骂； B. refuse拒绝； C. counter反驳，驳斥 D. command命令，指挥。结合前面的。____ alcohol和use drugs，smoke并列，都是一些不好的行为。故推知，该处应指“滥用酒精”。故选A。
【33题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那么，为什么不是每个人都成为一个权威的家长呢? A. permissive放任的，纵容的；B. authoritative命令式的，专断的；C. authoritarian威权主义的，专制的；D. helicopter（n.）直升机。前面三段介绍的是“权威型家长”的特点以及好处。该段承接上文，提出问题：既然“权威型家长”这么好，为什么不是每个人都成为一个权威型的家长呢？故选B。
【34题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们可能会理所当然地认为，他们需要为孩子们准备好工作，在这些工作中，遵守规则比辩论技巧更重要。A. neutrally中立地；B. formally正式地； C. rightly正当地，理由充分地； D. reluctantly不情愿地，嫌恶地。上一句提到：工薪阶层和贫困家庭的父母可能没有空闲时间或预算来支付活动和昂贵的学校费用。因此这些父母“有充足的理由”认为他们需要为孩子们准备好工作。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：显然人们为孩子所做的事情没有限度，所以父母对孩子的教育前景并不乐观。A. link联系； B. proof证明； C. comparison比较； D. limit限制。该段前面分别以“religious people”，“working-class and poor parents”，“helicopter parents”为例，分别阐述了这三类父母为孩子付出的不同。由此推知，不同类型的父母为孩子的付出是不同的，这种付出可多可少，没有“限度”。故选D。
Section B
Directions: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Sandra Boynton, a children’s author, has in more recent years branched out into kids music. Her most recent album Hog Wild!, for example, features Samuel L. Jackson as a Tyrannosaurus Rex. She talked in an interview about how to tap into kids' imaginations and how to make scary things less threatening for them.
In your years of writing and illustrating children’s books, have you noticed anything that really sparks a child’s imagination?
I think maybe there’s no basic difference between what fascinates a child and what fascinates the rest of us. We’re all drawn to things that wake us up, things that grab our attention through our hearing or our sight or our sense of touch. We’re curious about the world as it is, and we’re curious about what could be. Imagination follows curiosity pretty naturally.
It doesn’t feel to me like it’s been a long time that I’ve been drawing and writing things. It doesn’t feel like a short time, either. It just feels like what I do. I make things. I’m a permanent Kindergartner, I guess.
You often take a threatening figure like a Tyrannosaurus Rex or a monster and make him cute. Do you have any suggestions for how to make children less afraid of things?
Actually, I think kids kind of like being afraid of things, as long as someone calm is right there with reassurance. Hugging helps.
What have you learned about childhood from writing kids’ books?
Accessing childhood has actually never been that hard. It’s adulthood that’s still perplexing. I would guess that most children’s book writers are that way. I’m really writing books and making music for my own child-self. But I’m certainly delighted and grateful that my books work for people other than just me. It keeps me from having to find an actual job.
A lot of authors are worried that children spend too much time on digital devices rather than with books, but you seem to have embraced it. Why?
When the interactive book app universe was new, I was, as a creator of things, curious. My background is theater, and I thought it could be interesting to try to figure out how to create content that’s both theater-like and book-like. I found a superb partner in this, the insanely ingenious Loud Crow Interactive in Vancouver. We worked intensively together for a couple of years and made five very cool apps. I’m proud of them. But now, having too often seen very young kids sitting idly, staring at screens, I have my doubts.
36. What does Sandra Boynton think about imagination?
A. It fascinates both adults and children.
B. It can be waken up by attention to senses.
C. It can be naturally aroused out of curiosity.
D. It lasts for long in a permanent kindergartner.
37. When writing children’s books, Sandra ______.
A. finds herself confused about remembering childhood
B. agrees with other book writers that writing is hard
C. puts herself in a child’s place and thinks like a child
D. is delighted that she doesn’t need to find another job
38. Sandra thinks the apps she made with her partner were cool because they were ______.
A. new ways to increase interactions between users
B. interactive by combining theatre and book
C. beneficial with the content both theatre-like and book-like
D. created by an insanely ingenious expert and friend
39. We can conclude from the interview that ______.
A. Sandra is good at making a threatening figure cute
B. kids are always calm instead of being afraid of things
C. digital devices have been embraced by most of the authors
D. there were no interactive book apps before Sandra’s apps
【答案】36 C 37. C 38. B 39. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇应用文。本文是对Sandra Boynton的采访报道，她在一次采访中谈到了如何激发孩子们的想象力，以及如何让可怕的事情对他们的威胁降低。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章对Sandra采访的第一个问题的回答We’re curious about the world as it is, and we’re curious about what could be. Imagination follows curiosity pretty naturally. 可知，想象力是被好奇心激起的，故选C。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据对Sandra的采访的第三个问题的回答It’s adulthood that’s still perplexing. I would guess that most children’s book writers are that way. I’m really writing books and making music for my own child-self. 可知，作者设身处地为孩子着想，像孩子一样思考，故选C。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章的最后一部分I thought it could be interesting to try to figure out how to create content that’s both theater-like and book-like. I found a superb partner in this, the insanely ingenious Loud Crow Interactive in Vancouver. 可知，Sandra对与搭档的合作感到很棒是因为这个APP是戏剧与书的完美结合，故选B。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章的第二个问题You often take a threatening figure like a Tyrannosaurus Rex or a monster and make him cute 可知，Sandra很善于把有威胁性的人物可爱化，故选A。
(B)
FOUR BOOKS YOU SHOULD READ
Caroline Leavitt
Cruel Beautiful World
At age 16 Lucy is a lonely orphan living with older sister Charlotte and devoted aunt Iris in Waltham, Massachusetts. On the last day of school, she runs away with her 30-year-old teacher, William, and settles in a hillside shack in rural Pennsylvania, near his new teaching job. Though Lucy feels increasingly isolated, William won’t allow her any outlet. Leavitt draws upon a real-life crime that involved a girl she knew in high school. She tells her story from multiple viewpoints, building tension and empathy for Lucy and Charlotte as tragedy swallows them.
Steven Price
By Gaslight
Price, an award-winning Canadian poet, achieves an extraordinary achievement of Dickensian storytelling in his weighty second novel. His hero is William Pinkerton, son of the founder of the legendary detective agency, who finds clues in his late father’s safe to the case of William Shade. This mythic thief had disturbed and upset his father. William tracks a Shade accomplice（共犯）, Charlotte Reckitt, to London, only to find she’s been found dead in the Thames. Also on the scene is Adam Foole, who is obsessed with Charlotte, who he met while stealing De Beers diamonds from a South African mine. Price ably arranges dozens of interlinking plotlines as he spans three continents and several decades, from American Civil War battlefields to Scotland Yard at the end of the 19th Century.
GeFei
The Invisibility Cloak
Beijing-based GeFei (pen name for Liu Yong) won the 2015 Mao Dun Literature Prize for fiction “describing the changing spirit of Chinese society” over the past century. The Invisibility Cloak, his first English publication, revolves around Cui, a divorced man who creates customized hi-fi speakers for Beijing’s newly wealthy and a few intellectuals. Beijing’s rapid expansion has left Cui longing for an invisible life away from the city. His chance comes when he agrees to build a world-class sound system for a gangster（黑社会老大）. GeFei’s nice irony, translated from the Chinese by Canaan Morse, should find many fans.
Tim Harford
Messy
The temptation to be neat and tidy may be powerful, but “we would be better served by embracing a degree of mess,” Harford argues. His defense of the creative potential of the imperfect, crude, random, vague, difficult, diverse and even dirty is refreshing. Reaching into the arts, politics, business, science and technology, Harford makes a compelling case for opening up to disorder and luck.
40 Which author does NOT tell a story in his / her work listed above?
A. Caroline Leavitt B. Steven Price
C. GeFei D. Tim Harford
41. Jack is an American who would like everything to be neat and tidy. He loves reading novels with ironic humor and detective stories. He is going to work and live in Beijing for the next three years, and he is very curious about the place he is soon heading to. Which book will he most likely choose to read now?
A. Cruel Beautiful World B. By Gaslight
C. The Invisibility Cloak D. Messy
42. This page is intended for people who want to ______.
A. buy newly-published books at a discount
B. recommend books to friends and family
C. know what books are worthwhile to read
D. understand the current trend in literature
【答案】40. D 41. C 42. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了四本书的主要内容。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。由“The temptation to be neat and tidy may be powerful, but “we would be better served by embracing a degree of mess,” Harford argues. His defense of the creative potential of the imperfect, crude, random, vague, difficult, diverse and even dirty is refreshing. Reaching into the arts, politics, business, science and technology, Harford makes a compelling case for opening up to disorder and luck.”可知，Tim Harford讲述的是对不完美、粗糙、随意、模糊、困难、多样甚至肮脏的创作潜力的辩护，没有在他的作品中讲述故事。故D选项正确
【41题详解】
推理判断题。由“Beijing-based GeFei (pen name for Liu Yong) won the 2015 Mao Dun Literature Prize for fiction “describing the changing spirit of Chinese society” over the past century. The Invisibility Cloak, his first English publication,………. for Beijing’s newly wealthy and a few intellectuals. Beijing’s rapid expansion has left Cui longing for an invisible life away from the city.”可知，The Invisibility Cloak描述的是中国社会精神的变化。杰克是一个美国人。他将在北京工作和生活三年，对即将去的地方非常好奇，他现在最可能读 “The Invisibility Cloak ” 。故C选项正确。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文可知，每一本书都简要的介绍了书籍的主要内容。目的是让读者了解内容，并确定是否需要去读。所以这篇文章是为那些想知道哪些书值得一读的人准备的，故C选项正确。
(C)
Scientists, conservation organizations and governments trying to reverse the tide of extinction often focus efforts on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves. But with as many as a million species at risk, this strategy may not be enough to conserve wildlife, especially in a world increasingly disrupted by climate change.
Slowing the mass extinction that now appears to be underway will require more creative means of coexisting alongside wild plants and animals. A new study emphasizes the effectiveness of some such approaches by examining indigenous-managed lands.
“We show really strongly that, from a biodiversity standpoint in terms of species richness, indigenous-managed lands are at least comparable to protected areas,” says biologist Richard Schuster of Carleton University. And in some places, they do far better than parks and preserves - even though indigenous communities may use their lands’ resources by hunting for food.
Schuster and his team analyzed more than 15,000 areas in Australia, Brazil and Canada. They found that the total diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles was highest on lands either managed or co-managed by indigenous groups, while randomly selected locations with no formal protection were the least bio-diverse. For threatened species in particular, indigenous lands scored slightly higher than protected lands on overall species richness in Brazil and Canada, as well as higher for threatened amphibians and reptiles in Australia, mammals in Brazil, and brids and reptiles in Canada.
Each country has a different geography, climate and colonization history. Yet remarkably, Schuster says, the best indicator for species diversity is whether a given area was managed by an indigenous community. He points out that practices such as sustainable hunting and fishing, as well as prescribed(规定的)burning, are more likely to occur in such areas. Don Hankins, an ecologist at California State University, Chico, who is a member of the Plains Miwok indigenous nation and was not involved in the study, agrees. “There’s probably going to be more of a connection to the land,” he says, “and a use of the land for the things that are there, compared to a national park.”
“It’s really important to listen to the people who live on the land and have them drive the efforts going forward” Schuster says, adding that partnering with indigenous communities may enable the world’s countries to better meet a wide range of conservation goals: “We really need all the help we can get as a global community to avoid the extinction crisis that we’re facing right now.”
43. The word “indigenous” is closest in meaning to _________.
A. creative B. effective C. local D. traditional
44. What conclusion did Schuster draw from his analysis?
A. Some threatened species were in an even worse situation.
B. Protected lands failed to preserve overall species richness.
C. Indigenous groups play a positive role in wildlife conservation.
D. The total diversity of wildlife was higher in Brazil than in Australia.
45. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Proper hunting or fishing won’t have a negative effect on biodiversity.
B. We should stop counting on national parks for wildlife conservation.
C. The extinction crisis is much more serious than previously thought.
D. More studies are needed to explore the human-nature balance.
46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Biodiversity: What We Have Neglected
B. Partnering with National Parks
C. Efforts Moving Forward
D. Beating Back Extinction
【答案】43. C 44. C 45. A 46. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为议论文。文章主要论述了在阻止物种的灭绝的方法中，国家公园和野生动物保护区对物种的保护远不如当地组织的管理保护。
【43题详解】
词义猜测题。第一段“cientists, conservation organizations and governments trying to reverse the tide of extinction often focus efforts on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves. But with as many as a million species at risk, this strategy may not be enough to conserve wildlife, especially in a world increasingly disrupted by climate change.(科学家、保护组织和政府试图阻止物种灭绝的趋势，往往把重点放在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区。但是，由于有多达百万种物种面临危险，这项行动计划可能不足以保护野生动物, 尤其是在一个日益被气候变化破坏的世界里。)”可知这种国家公园和野生保护区有不足之处。因此推断第二段“A new study indicates the effectiveness of some such approaches by examining indigenous-managed lands.(一项新的研究表明，通过审查“indigenous”管理的一些方法是有效的。)”说明这个管理是与前面“national parks and wildlife preserves(国家公园和野生动物保护区)”国家管理是不同的，是相对的。结合第三段中的“even though indigenous communities may use their lands’ resources by hunting for food(尽管indigenous社区可以通过狩猎食物来利用他们的土地资源)”可推断出与国家保护区不同的是当地的组织管理。分析选项可知C中的local意为“本地的”符合题意，故选C。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“Schuster and his team analyzed more than 15,000 areas in Australia, Brazil and Canada. They found that the total diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles was highest on lands either managed or co-managed by indigenous groups, while randomly selected locations with no formal protection were the least bio-diverse. For threatened species in particular, indigenous lands scored slightly higher than protected lands on overall species richness in Brazil and Canada, as well as higher for threatened amphibians and reptiles in Australia, mammals in Brazil, and brids and reptiles in Canada.( Richard Schuster的团队分析了澳大利亚、巴西和加拿大的15000多个地区。他们发现，在由当地组织管理或共同管理的土地上，野生动物的多样性最高，而随机选择的没有正式保护的区域的生物多样性最低。特别是濒危的物种，在巴西和加拿大，本地管理的土地的物种丰富度略高于受保护土地，澳大利亚受威胁的两栖动物和爬行动物，巴西的哺乳动物，加拿大的鸟类和爬行动物也高于受保护土地)”可知，Richard Schuster的团队分析了澳大利亚、巴西和加拿大的15000多个地区。他们发现，在由当地组织管理或共同管理的土地上，野生动物的多样性最高，而随机选择的没有正式保护的区域的生物多样性最低。特别是濒危的物种，在巴西和加拿大，本地管理的土地的物种丰富度略高于受保护土地，澳大利亚受威胁的两栖动物和爬行动物，巴西的哺乳动物，加拿大的鸟类和爬行动物也高于受保护土地。由此可推断出当地的保护在保持生物多样性方面做得更好。故选C。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段“Each country has a different geography, climate and colonization history. Yet remarkably, Schuster says, the best indicator for species diversity is whether a given area was managed by an indigenous community. He points out that practices such as sustainable hunting and fishing, as well as prescribed(规定的)burning, are more likely to occur in such areas. (每个国家都有不同的地理、气候和殖民历史。然而值得注意的是，Schuster说，物种多样性最好的指标是一个特定的地区是否由一个土著社区管理。他指出,诸如可持续狩猎和渔业等做法,以及规定的燃烧,更有可能发生在这些地区。)”可知，适当的狩猎或捕鱼不会对生物多样性产生负面影响。故选A。
46题详解】
主旨大意题。第一段提出文章的主旨“Scientists, conservation organizations and governments trying to reverse the tide of extinction often focus efforts on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves.( 试图扭转物种灭绝趋势的科学家、保护组织和政府往往把努力集中在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区。)”可知，科学家、保护组织和政府试图阻止物种灭绝的趋势。接着文章叙述了保护物种灭绝的重点只放在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区不足以保护野生动物。从第二段起提出了一种新的方法—当地组织的管理来阻止物种的灭绝。由此可推断出本文主要讲述有效地与物种的灭绝作斗争，即击退物种的灭绝。分析选项可知D项符合题意，故选D。
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given behind. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Living off grid
When you need electricity, you just plug in the machine and switch it on. If you need water, you turn on the tap. ____47____ For many people, these facilities are the basics of civilized society and the idea of living without them seems risky. Yet for a growing number of people, the idea of living off grid — without electricity, water or sewage — is an increasingly attractive lifestyle.
Off-gridders do not have to give up electricity or a modern lifestyle — some choose to, but most use small hydroelectric power systems, solar panels or windmills to generate enough power for their needs. Heating and cooking needs are met by solar energy or wood burning systems, and toilet facilities range from non-water toilets to outside compost toilets. ____48____ It ranges from traditional yurts (a type of tent) to luxury house with high-speed internet and central heating. Whether they live in simple homes or luxury houses, what they all have in common is that their lifestyles do not create any pollution or carbon emissions — the ultimate goal for off-gridders.
Around 100,000 people are thought to be living off grid in the UK now. ____49____ They grow their own food, home-school their children and provide their own medical care. They are people who have been priced out of the housing market or who have grown disillusioned with what modern society can offer and who decides that an alternative lifestyle isn’t a pipe dream, but a viable option.
A part from living an alternative lifestyle, cost is a big factor in choosing to live off-grid. Off-grid houses are far cheaper to build than ordinary homes since they don’t need to be connected to the electricity or water supplies and even road access is not necessary. Materials tend to be cheaper, too. Popular options include straw or old tyres and cement.
Surprisingly, the biggest problem off-gridders face is not building their homes or becoming self-sufficient but getting permission to build. Rural areas away from town are the perfect choice but these are often protected by law from construction of any kind or have building restrictions. There are now several websites dedicated to land-sharing so that the costs of buying land and getting permission can be shared, and there are increasing numbers of off-grid communities. ____50____ Off-gridding could soon be common all over Europe and America.
A. Many are self-sufficient, not just providing their own electricity, water and sewage systems, but in all aspects.
B. After you use the toilet, you flush it and the waste disappears.
C. This shift from individual to group off-gridding reflects the fact that the trend is growing noticeably.
D. They live in a huge variety of types of accommodation.
E. Living off-grid still has a long way to go before it becomes a mainstream way of living.
F. Rather than building permanent homes, vans or mobile homes or even old shipping containers are other options.
【答案】47. B 48. D 49. A 50. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新生活——脱离电网的生活。
【47题详解】
根据上文When you need electricity, you just plug in the machine and switch it on. If you need water, you turn on the tap.(你需要电的时候，只要把机器插上电源就可以了。如果你需要水，就打开水龙头)可知，此处是在讲述我们的日常生活。由此可知，B. After you use the toilet, you flush it and the waste disappears.(上完厕所后，冲一冲，排泄物就不见了)符合语境。故选B。
【48题详解】
根据下文It ranges from traditional yurts (a type of tent) to luxury house with high-speed internet and central heating.(它的范围从传统的蒙古包（一种帐篷）到带有高速互联网和中央供暖的豪华住宅)可知，D. They live in a huge variety of types of accommodation.(他们住在各种各样的住所里)符合语境。故选D。
【49题详解】
根据下文They grow their own food, home-school their children and provide their own medical care.(他们种植自己的食物，在家教育他们的孩子，并提供自己的医疗保健)可知，A. Many are self-sufficient, not just providing their own electricity, water and sewage systems, but in all aspects. (许多人是自给自足的，不仅提供自己电力、水和排污系统，而且在各个方面都是自给自足的)符合语境。故选A。
【50题详解】
根据上文There are now several websites dedicated to land-sharing so that the costs of buying land and getting permission can be shared, and there are increasing numbers of off-grid communities.(现在有几个网站致力于土地共享，这样购买土地和获得许可的成本可以共享，而且越来越多的离网社区)及下文Off-gridding could soon be common all over Europe and America.(脱离电网的现象很快就会在欧洲和美国普遍存在)由此可知，C. This shift from individual to group off-gridding reflects the fact that the trend is growing noticeably.(这种从个体到群体的偏离反映了一个事实，即这一趋势正在显著增长)符合语境。故选C。
VI. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
51. 她逐渐爱上了自己创作诗歌。(taste)(汉译英)
【答案】She gradually developed a strong taste for composing poetry herself.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词和名词。分析句子，句子表述的是过去发生的动作，故使用一般过去时。表示“逐渐地”用gradually；表示“爱上了做某事”用develop a taste for doing sth；表示“自己创作诗歌”用compose poetry herself。故翻译为She gradually developed a strong taste for composing poetry herself。
52. 游乐场里好多孩子，轮流玩着滑滑梯。(turn) (汉译英)
【答案】There are many children in the playground, taking turns playing the slide.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词。分析句子，句子表述的是客观事实，故使用一般现在时。表示“有”应该用there be句型；表示“很多孩子”用many children；表示“在游乐场”用in the playground；表示“轮流玩滑梯”用take turns playing the slide，此处表示动作正在发生，故使用现在分词作伴随状语。故翻译为There are many children in the playground, taking turns playing the slide。
53. 家长们在校门外踮着脚往里看，好像孩子进了考场他们才放心。(as if) (汉译英)
【答案】Outside the school gate, the parents stood on tiptoe and looked in, as if they couldn’t feel relieved until their children entered the exam building/hall/room.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态，从句和短语。分析句子可知，句子用主从复合句，outside the school gate“在校门外”；主句“家长们踮着脚往里看”，根据句意用一般过去时，故译为： the parents stood on tiptoe and looked in；as if“似乎”，引导状语从句，从句“好像孩子进了考场他们才放心”中含有not...until“直到……才……”引导的时间状语从句，feel relieved“感到放心”，enter the exam building/hall/room“进入考场”，故从句译为：as if they couldn’t feel relieved until their children entered the exam building/hall/room.故答案为：Outside the school gate, the parents stood on tiptoe and looked in, as if they couldn’t feel relieved until their children entered the exam building/hall/room.
54. 到养老院做义工不仅让老人们感受到陪伴的温暖，也让学生们对人生的意义有了更深刻的理解。(Not only) (汉译英)
【答案】Not only can volunteering in nursing homes make old people feel of the warmth of company, but it also enables students to have a deeper understanding of life.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和倒装句。句子表述的是客观事实，故使用一般现在时。表示“不但……，而且……”用not only...but also...，not only置于句首时，后面句子使用部分倒装；表示“到养老院做义工”用 volunteering in nursing homes；表示“使得老人们感觉到温暖的陪伴”用make old people feel of the warmth of company；表示“使某人能够去做某事”用enable sb to do sth，表示“人生的意义有了更深刻的理解”用have a deeper understanding of life。故翻译为Not only can volunteering in nursing homes make old people feel of the warmth of company, but it also enables students to have a deeper understanding of life。
2022-2023学年上海市行知中学高二上学期第一次月考英语试卷
I. Listening comprehension
略
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Scientists have measured levels of “third-hand” cigarette smoke and found it could be a dominant and lingering source of harmful chemicals.
Researchers reported how they tracked traces of cigarette smoke in a German cinema, where smoking was permitted, ____1____ (mean) the only source of tobacco smoke was from the bodies and clothes of movie-goers -- and found that some viewers ____2____ (expose) to the equivalent of secondhand hoke from up to 10 cigarettes.
The team led by Dr. Drew Gentner from Yale University sampled the exhaust air duct(导管)of the cinema for four days and detected 35 volatile(发挥性的)substances found in tobacco smoke.
Concentrations of such substances showed a sharper increase around the time when movie-goers entered the cinema. ____3____ (pronounced) increases were seen for earlier show-times. Meanwhile, levels of the substances were lower for family films than for R-rated action movies, ____4____ the latter having small audiences.
“In the R-rated films, especially the ____5____ that are occurring later in the evening, it appears there is a greater tendency of people attending those movies ____6____ (smoke), perhaps more frequently or more cigarettes, and so they are off gassing more,” said Gentner, noting that previous studies had suggested third-hand smoke ____7____ account for between 5% and 60% of the burden from cigarette smoke in non-smokers.
Analysis of particular substances revealed that, in the case of the action films, the third-hand smoke was relatively “fresh”, ____8____ its presence in family films was older -- possibly down to substances lingering from other screenings.
The team found a number of signs that substances from third-hand smoke build up over time. “That’s ____9____ the chemicals don’t remain entirely in the air, but are also absorbed on to various surfaces and furnishings, ____10____ they re-enter the air,” Gertner said.
The team said the study offered a real-life example of exposure, adding that smaller spaces with poorer ventilation, such as bars, offices, and underground trains, could have much higher levels of third-hand smoke.
【答案】1. meaning
2. were exposed
3. Less pronounced
4. despite 5. ones
6. to smoke
7. might 8. while##whereas
9. because 10. from which
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学家测量了三手烟的烟雾水平，发现它可能是有害化学物质的主要和挥之不去的来源。
【1题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：研究人员报告了他们是如何在一家德国电影院追踪到香烟烟雾的痕迹的。在这家电影院，吸烟是被允许的，这意味着烟草烟雾的唯一来源是电影观众的身体和衣服。研究人员发现，一些观众接触的二手烟相当于多达10支香烟。此处非谓语动词与主句谓语平行（同步进行），用现在分词作伴随状语。故填meaning。
【2题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：同上。设空处使用动词作that引导的宾语从句的谓语。根据空前的found可知，此处应该使用一般过去时。同时expose为动词意为“暴露，接触”，some viewers与expose之间是被动关系，故使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were exposed。
【3题详解】
考查形容词。句意：较早的放映时间则没有出现明显的增长。分析句子，设空处使用形容词修饰名词increases，pronounced为形容词意为“明显的”，根据后文的earlier show-times可知，此处表示较早的放映时间中，这类物质浓度的增加相比之后是不明显的。故使用表示否定意义的比较级。同时，该空置于句首，首字母要大写。故填Less pronounced。
【4题详解】
考查介词。句意：与此同时，尽管R级动作片的观众较少，但家庭电影中的这种物质含量却低于R级动作片。分析句子，设空处使用介词与后文构成介宾短语。此处表示“尽管”，故使用despite。
【5题详解】
考查代词。句意：在R级电影中，特别是那些在晚上较晚时间播放的电影中，看这些电影的人似乎更倾向于吸烟，可能更频繁或更多的香烟，所以他们产生的烟雾更多。分析句子，设空处使用不定代词，指代同名异物，且为复数意义。故使用ones。
【6题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。分析句子，句中is为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓语动词。句中a tendency to do sth为固定短语，意为“有趋势去做某事”。故填to smoke。
【7题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：此前的研究表明，三手烟可能占非吸烟者吸烟负担的5%至60%。分析句子，设空处使用情态动词后接动词原形account for。此处表示“可能，或许”，且为过去的猜测，故填might。
【8题详解】
考查连词。句意：对特定物质的分析显示，在动作片中，三手烟相对“新鲜”，而在家庭电影中三手烟的出现则更早——可能是其他放映场里残留的物质。分析句子，设空处使用连词，连接前后两个句子，此处表示“然而”即对前后两者进行对比。故填while/whereas。
【9题详解】
考查表语从句。句意：这是因为这些化学物质并不完全停留在空气中，还会被各种表面和家具吸收，然后重新进入空气。”分析句子，设空处引导的是表语从句，此处表示“因为”。故填because。
【10题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：同上。设空处引导的是非限制性定语从句，此处构成的是介词+关系代词的结构，此处表示的是“从各种表面和家具中三手烟物质再次进入到空气中”，关系词指代先行词 surfaces and furnishings并在从句中作介词from的宾语，强调具体地点，故填from which。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. adjusting；B. casual；C. crawl；D. handle；E. interpret；F. limiting
G. lower；H. minimal；I. pooling；J. rough；K. spray
Your body avoids overheating by taking advantage of a bit of physics: When water evaporates from a surface, it leaves the surface cooler. When your body gets too hot, it pumps water onto your skin and lets it evaporate, carrying away heat. This effect can actually ____11____ the temperature of your skin to below the air temperature. This allows humans to survive in places where the air temperature is as high as human body temperature - as long as we keep drinking water to produce more sweat.
If there's a lot of moisture in the air, then evaporation slows to a(n)____12____, because water condenses (凝结) onto your skin almost as fast as the moisture evaporates off it. When you feel sticky from sweat ____13____ on your skin, it means your body is struggling to evaporate water fast enough to keep you cool.
I asked Zachary Schlader, a researcher at Indiana University who studies how our bodies ____14____extreme heat, about the hottest temperature a normal human could tolerate under ideal conditions. His 2014 study found that a person who is at rest, wearing ____15____ clothing, in a very dry room—10 percent relative humidity - and drinking water constantly could probably avoid overheating in temperatures as high as 115 degrees Fahrenheit (46℃) .
The ____16____ factor for our heat tolerance is sweat—how quickly we can produce it and how quickly it evaporates. If you kept your skin wet with a steady ____17____ of water, and sat in front of a powerful fan, you could increase the evaporation rate and keep your skin cool in even higher temperatures.
Models of human thermoregulation like the one in the 2014 paper don't usually cover such extreme conditions, but I tried ____18____ their formulas to approximate what would happen under extreme evaporation and high wind. The results suggested that, with the help of a pool of water and a powerful fan, a human could conceivably tolerate heat of up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60℃) in air with 10 percent humidity.
That seemed awfully high, so I ran the number by Dr. Schlader. “Doing some____19____calculations, I come up with a similar number,” he said, “Honestly, I was surprised.” But, he added, these models are likely not reliable at such extremes. “I would _____20_____ such findings with caution.”
【答案】11. G 12. H
13. I 14. D
15. B 16. F
17. K 18. A
19. J 20. E
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述人体是如何通过出汗适应高温的。
【11题详解】
考查动词。句意：这种影响实际上可以将你的皮肤温度降低到最低温度以下。分析句子可知缺少动词作谓语，根据上文“When your body gets too hot, it pumps water onto your skin and lets it evaporate, carrying away heat.( 当你的身体变热时，它会把水分输送到你的皮肤上，让它蒸发，带走热量)”可推断，这种影响降低了你的体温。lower“降低”是动词，情态动词can后接动词原形，故选G。
【12题详解】
考查名词。句意：如果空气中有大量水分，那么蒸发会减慢到最小，因为水凝结在皮肤上的速度几乎和水分蒸发一样快。冠词修饰名词，空格处需要名词作宾语，根据下文“因为水凝结在皮肤上的速度几乎和水分蒸发一样快”可知，这时候的蒸发降低到最小，minimal“最小，极小”符合句意，作宾语。故选H。
【13题详解】
考查动词。句意：当你感到皮肤上聚集的汗发粘时，这意味着你的身体正在努力蒸发水分，让你保持凉爽。pool“淤积”符合题意，表示汗液在皮肤表层淤积，此处用现在分词表示主动，作宾语补足语，宾语sweat与pool是主动关系，故选I。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：我问了印第安纳大学的研究员扎卡里的施拉德，他研究我们的身体如何处理极端温度，关于正常人在理想条件下能忍受的最热温度。分析句子可知，空格处需填动词作谓语，根据句意，handle“处理”符合语境，故选D。
【15题详解】
考查形容词。句意：他2014年的研究发现，一个人在休息，穿着休闲服装，在一个非常干燥的房间——相对湿度为10%——不断的喝水，可以避免在高达115华氏度（46℃）的温度下过热。修饰名词用形容词，根据上文“at rest”可推断，是穿着休闲服装，casual“（服装）便装的”符合语境，故选B。
【16题详解】
考查形容词。句意：我们耐热性的限制性因素是汗——我们可以多快的创造和蒸发汗液。修饰名词用形容词，根据下文“how quickly we can produce it and how quickly it evaporates”可知，汗液限制着我们的耐热性。limiting“限制的”符合句意，故选F。
【17题详解】
考查名词。句意：如果你用稳定的水雾保持皮肤变湿，并坐在一个强大的风扇前，你可以提高蒸发速率，并在更高的温度下保持皮肤凉爽。形容词修饰名词，根据上文“kept your skin wet”可推断，是使用水雾保持皮肤变湿，spray“喷雾”符合句意，故选K。
【18题详解】
考查动词。句意：我试着调整他们的公式，以接近极端蒸发和大风会发生什么。try doing sth.“试试某事”，根据下文“their formulas to approximate what would happen under extreme evaporation and high wind”可推断，是调整公式，adjust“调整”符合语境，故选A。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：做一些粗略的计算，我得出了一个类似的数字。分析句子可知，空格处填形容词作定语，根据句意，rough“粗略的”符合句意，故选J。
【20题详解】
考查动词。句意：我会谨慎地领会这样的发现。分析句子可知，空格处用动词作谓语，根据上文“these models are likely not reliable at such extremes.”可推断，因为这些模式很可能在极端条件下不可靠，因此应该谨慎的领会。interpret“诠释；领会”符合句意，故选E。
III. Reading Comprehensions
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
I recently met a Texan couple whose son was still in diapers. They were seeking to get him into a preschool that ____21____ a private preparatory school with a great record for college admissions.
The couple were ambivalent (uncertain) about doing this. They were from immigrant and working-class backgrounds, and had thrived in public schools. In theory, they believed that all children should have an equal chance to succeed. But I ____22____ that if they got their son a spot in the preschool, they’d take it.
It’s a familiar story. Psychologists, sociologists and journalists have spent over a decade critiquing （评论；评判）the habits of “helicopter parents” and their school ____23____. They insist that hyper-parenting backfires — creating a generation of stressed-out kids who can’t ____24____ alone. Parents themselves alternate between feeling guilty, panicked and ridiculous.
But a new research shows that in our unequal era, this kind of parenting brings life-changing benefits. According to the research, when inequality hit a low in the 1970s, there wasn’t that much of a gap between what someone earned with or without a college degree. Strict parenting ____25____ an era of “permissive parenting” — giving children lots of freedom with little oversight.
In the 1980s, however, inequality increased sharply in Western countries, especially the United States, and the gap between white- and blue-collar pay widened. Permissive parenting was replaced by helicopter parenting. Middle- and upper-class parents who’d gone to public schools and spent evenings playing kickball in the neighborhood began elbowing their toddlers into fast-track preschools and spending evenings monitoring their homework and driving them to activities.
American parents eventually increased their ____26____ caregiving by about 12 hours a week, compared with the 1970s.
Not all the changes were rational. But____27____, the new parenting efforts seemed effective. When the researchers analyzed the 2012 PISA, an academic test of 15-year-olds around the world, along with reports from the teenagers and their parents about how they interact, they found that an “intensive parenting style” correlated with higher scores on the test.
It’s not enough just to ____28____ over your kids, however. If you do it as an “authoritarian” parent — defined as someone who ____29____ directives, expects children to obey and sometimes hits those who don’t — you won’t get the full benefits.
The most effective parents, according to the authors, are “authoritative.” They use reasoning to persuade kids to do things that are good for them. Instead of strict obedience, they emphasize ____30____, problem-solving and independence — skills that will help their offspring in future workplaces that we can’t even imagine yet.
And they seem most successful at helping their kids achieve the holy grails(圣杯) of modern parenting: college and postgraduate degrees which now have a huge financial payoff.
The benefits aren’t just ____31____. In a British study, kids raised by authoritative parents reported better health and higher self-esteem. In the American study, they were less likely to use drugs, smoke or ____32____ alcohol.
So why wouldn’t everyone just become a(n) ____33____ parent? Religious people, regardless of their income, are more likely to be authoritarian parents who expect obedience and believe in corporal punishment, the authors found. Working-class and poor parents might not have the leisure time to hover or the budget to pay for activities and expensive schools. And they may ___34___ feel that they need to prepare their children for jobs in which rule-following matters more than debating skills. Those who can afford to helicopter are probably making things even more unequal for the next generation. Since there’s apparently no ____35____ to how much people will do for their kids, the prognosis for parenting doesn’t look good. Yet another reason to elect people who’ll make America more equal: We grown-ups can finally stop doing homework.
21. A. changes into B. feeds into C. turns into D. transforms into
22. A. claimed B. doubted C. suspected D. questioned
23. A. obsessions B. associations C. observations D. investigations
24. A. mention B. action C. transition D. function
25. A. objected to B. contributed to C. gave rise to D. gave way to
26. A. hands-down B. hands-off C. hands-on D. hands-over
27. A. for all the attention B. for the most part C. within defined areas D. under right supervision
28. A. look B. hover C. take D. protect
29. A. issues B. figures C. employs D. evaluates
30. A. reliability B. probability C. regularity D. adaptability
31. A. financial B. physical C. academic D. mental
32. A. abuse B. refuse C. counter D. command
33. A. permissive B. authoritative C. authoritarian D. helicopter
34. A. neutrally B. formally C. rightly D. reluctantly
35. A. link B. proof C. comparison D. limit
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. D 26. C 27. B 28. B 29. A 30. D 31. C 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了心理学家、社会学家和记者花了十多年的时间来批评“直升机父母”的习惯和他们对学校的痴迷。他们坚持认为，过度养育会产生事与愿违的结果——产生一代压力过大、无法独立生活的孩子。但一项新的研究表明，在我们这个不平等的时代，这种教育方式带来了改变人生的好处。同时对比了不同时期家长教育方式的不同。得出结论在大多数情况下，这种新的育儿方式似乎很有效。
【21题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们想把他送进一所幼儿园，这所幼儿园隶属于一所私立预科学校，该学校有很好的大学录取记录。A. changes into变成；B. feeds into流入，注入；C. turns into变成，成为；D. transforms into转变成。幼儿园不可能“变成”预科学校，由此可以排除ACD三个选项。根据常识，该幼儿园应该是该私立学校旗下的一个分支机构，即：幼儿园“流入”私立预科学校。故选B。
【22题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但我认为如果他们能让他们的儿子上这个幼儿园，他们会接受的。A. claimed宣称； B. doubted怀疑；C. suspected认为，怀疑；D. questioned质疑。该句前面提到：这对夫妇对这样做感到矛盾。他们来自移民和工人阶级家庭，在公立学校里茁壮成长。从理论上讲，他们认为所有的孩子都应该有平等的成功机会。根据But转折可知，尽管这对夫妇对于将孩子送入这个幼儿园感到矛盾，但是一旦有机会，他们是会这样做的。这是作者的看法。故选C。
【23题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：心理学家、社会学家和记者花了十多年来批评“直升机父母”的习惯和他们对学校的痴迷。A. obsessions痴迷； B. associations联系，社团； C. observations观察，观测；D. investigations调查。根据第一和第二段那对夫妇的例子可知，很多“直升机父母”追求名校，想让孩子上好学校。即：对名校的痴迷。故选A。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们坚持认为，过度养育会产生事与愿违的结果——产生一代压力过大、无法独立生活的孩子。A. mention提及；B. action务必做，确保处理；C. transition（n.）转变，过渡；D. function运转，正常工作。根据该句前面提到心理学家，社会学家和记者们批判“直升机父母”可以推知，他们认为这样做不好，会导致孩子无法独立“运转”。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：严格的家教让位于“宽松家教”的时代——给孩子们很多自由，几乎没有监督。A. objected to反对；B. contributed to为……做贡献； C. gave rise to引起，导致；D. gave way to给……让路。根据该句前面一句可知，根据这项研究，当不平等在20世纪70年代达到最低点时，拥有或没有大学学位的人之间的收入差距并没有那么大。由此推知，70年代，人们推崇的是“宽松家教”，即：“严格家教”给“宽松家教”让路。故选D。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：与上世纪70年代相比，美国父母最终将他们的亲自照料孩子的时间增加了大约12个小时。A. hands-down无疑的，唾手可得的；B. hands-off 不干涉的，不插手的；C. hands-on亲身实践的，亲自动手的；D. hands-over。根据上一段可知，上过公立学校、晚上在社区里玩踢球的中上层阶级家长开始把他们的孩子推到快速学前班，晚上监督他们的家庭作业，开车带他们去参加活动。即：这些家长开始亲自照料孩子，教养孩子。故选C。
【27题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：但在大多数情况下，这种新育儿方式似乎很有效。A. for all the attention 对于所有的关注； B. for the most part在极大程度上，多半； C. within defined areas在定义的区域之内； D. under right supervision在正确的监督下。根据该段最后一句可知，研究发现，“强化教育方式”与考试高分相关。由此推知，尽管并非所有的改变都是合理的，但是，在大多数情况下，“强化教育方式”是有效的。故选B。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，仅仅盯着你的孩子是不够的。A. look看；B. hover盘旋，徘徊； C. take带走；D. protect保护。下一句提到，如果你是作为一个“专制”的父母来做这件事，你将不会得到全部的好处。下一段建议人们要通过“说理”来说服孩子们。由此推知，该句想表达的是“强化式教育”并不意味着仅仅围着孩子转。故选B。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你是作为一个“专制”的父母来做这件事，你将不会得到全部的好处。“专制”父母的定义是发布指令，希望孩子们服从，有时还会打击那些不服从的人。A. issues发布，出版，发行； B. figures认为，认定，计算； C. employs雇佣； D. evaluates评估。该句是对“专制”的父母的解释。根据常识可知，专制型的人往往会发布指令。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们强调的不是严格的服从，而是适应能力、解决问题的能力和独立性—这些技能将有助于他们的后代在未来的工作场所中发挥作用，这是我们甚至还无法想象的。A. reliability可靠性； B. probability可能性； C. regularity规律性； D. adaptability适应性。该空和problem-solving，independence并列，都是有助于孩子们未来工作的技能。由此推知，“适应性”符合语境。故选D。
【31题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些好处不仅仅是学业方面的。A. financial财务的，金融的； B. physical身体的，物理的；C. academic学业的，学术的； D. mental精神的，脑力的。上一段中提到的“college and postgraduate degrees”都是学业方面的成就。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这项美国研究中，他们吸毒，抽烟，酗酒的可能性更小。A. abuse滥用，辱骂； B. refuse拒绝； C. counter反驳，驳斥 D. command命令，指挥。结合前面的。____ alcohol和use drugs，smoke并列，都是一些不好的行为。故推知，该处应指“滥用酒精”。故选A。
【33题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那么，为什么不是每个人都成为一个权威的家长呢? A. permissive放任的，纵容的；B. authoritative命令式的，专断的；C. authoritarian威权主义的，专制的；D. helicopter（n.）直升机。前面三段介绍的是“权威型家长”的特点以及好处。该段承接上文，提出问题：既然“权威型家长”这么好，为什么不是每个人都成为一个权威型的家长呢？故选B。
【34题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们可能会理所当然地认为，他们需要为孩子们准备好工作，在这些工作中，遵守规则比辩论技巧更重要。A. neutrally中立地；B. formally正式地； C. rightly正当地，理由充分地； D. reluctantly不情愿地，嫌恶地。上一句提到：工薪阶层和贫困家庭的父母可能没有空闲时间或预算来支付活动和昂贵的学校费用。因此这些父母“有充足的理由”认为他们需要为孩子们准备好工作。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：显然人们为孩子所做的事情没有限度，所以父母对孩子的教育前景并不乐观。A. link联系； B. proof证明； C. comparison比较； D. limit限制。该段前面分别以“religious people”，“working-class and poor parents”，“helicopter parents”为例，分别阐述了这三类父母为孩子付出的不同。由此推知，不同类型的父母为孩子的付出是不同的，这种付出可多可少，没有“限度”。故选D。
Section B
Directions: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Sandra Boynton, a children’s author, has in more recent years branched out into kids music. Her most recent album Hog Wild!, for example, features Samuel L. Jackson as a Tyrannosaurus Rex. She talked in an interview about how to tap into kids' imaginations and how to make scary things less threatening for them.
In your years of writing and illustrating children’s books, have you noticed anything that really sparks a child’s imagination?
I think maybe there’s no basic difference between what fascinates a child and what fascinates the rest of us. We’re all drawn to things that wake us up, things that grab our attention through our hearing or our sight or our sense of touch. We’re curious about the world as it is, and we’re curious about what could be. Imagination follows curiosity pretty naturally.
It doesn’t feel to me like it’s been a long time that I’ve been drawing and writing things. It doesn’t feel like a short time, either. It just feels like what I do. I make things. I’m a permanent Kindergartner, I guess.
You often take a threatening figure like a Tyrannosaurus Rex or a monster and make him cute. Do you have any suggestions for how to make children less afraid of things?
Actually, I think kids kind of like being afraid of things, as long as someone calm is right there with reassurance. Hugging helps.
What have you learned about childhood from writing kids’ books?
Accessing childhood has actually never been that hard. It’s adulthood that’s still perplexing. I would guess that most children’s book writers are that way. I’m really writing books and making music for my own child-self. But I’m certainly delighted and grateful that my books work for people other than just me. It keeps me from having to find an actual job.
A lot of authors are worried that children spend too much time on digital devices rather than with books, but you seem to have embraced it. Why?
When the interactive book app universe was new, I was, as a creator of things, curious. My background is theater, and I thought it could be interesting to try to figure out how to create content that’s both theater-like and book-like. I found a superb partner in this, the insanely ingenious Loud Crow Interactive in Vancouver. We worked intensively together for a couple of years and made five very cool apps. I’m proud of them. But now, having too often seen very young kids sitting idly, staring at screens, I have my doubts.
36. What does Sandra Boynton think about imagination?
A. It fascinates both adults and children.
B. It can be waken up by attention to senses.
C. It can be naturally aroused out of curiosity.
D. It lasts for long in a permanent kindergartner.
37. When writing children’s books, Sandra ______.
A. finds herself confused about remembering childhood
B. agrees with other book writers that writing is hard
C. puts herself in a child’s place and thinks like a child
D. is delighted that she doesn’t need to find another job
38. Sandra thinks the apps she made with her partner were cool because they were ______.
A. new ways to increase interactions between users
B. interactive by combining theatre and book
C. beneficial with the content both theatre-like and book-like
D. created by an insanely ingenious expert and friend
39. We can conclude from the interview that ______.
A. Sandra is good at making a threatening figure cute
B. kids are always calm instead of being afraid of things
C. digital devices have been embraced by most of the authors
D. there were no interactive book apps before Sandra’s apps
【答案】36 C 37. C 38. B 39. A
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇应用文。本文是对Sandra Boynton的采访报道，她在一次采访中谈到了如何激发孩子们的想象力，以及如何让可怕的事情对他们的威胁降低。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章对Sandra采访的第一个问题的回答We’re curious about the world as it is, and we’re curious about what could be. Imagination follows curiosity pretty naturally. 可知，想象力是被好奇心激起的，故选C。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据对Sandra的采访的第三个问题的回答It’s adulthood that’s still perplexing. I would guess that most children’s book writers are that way. I’m really writing books and making music for my own child-self. 可知，作者设身处地为孩子着想，像孩子一样思考，故选C。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章的最后一部分I thought it could be interesting to try to figure out how to create content that’s both theater-like and book-like. I found a superb partner in this, the insanely ingenious Loud Crow Interactive in Vancouver. 可知，Sandra对与搭档的合作感到很棒是因为这个APP是戏剧与书的完美结合，故选B。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章的第二个问题You often take a threatening figure like a Tyrannosaurus Rex or a monster and make him cute 可知，Sandra很善于把有威胁性的人物可爱化，故选A。
(B)
FOUR BOOKS YOU SHOULD READ
Caroline Leavitt
Cruel Beautiful World
At age 16 Lucy is a lonely orphan living with older sister Charlotte and devoted aunt Iris in Waltham, Massachusetts. On the last day of school, she runs away with her 30-year-old teacher, William, and settles in a hillside shack in rural Pennsylvania, near his new teaching job. Though Lucy feels increasingly isolated, William won’t allow her any outlet. Leavitt draws upon a real-life crime that involved a girl she knew in high school. She tells her story from multiple viewpoints, building tension and empathy for Lucy and Charlotte as tragedy swallows them.
Steven Price
By Gaslight
Price, an award-winning Canadian poet, achieves an extraordinary achievement of Dickensian storytelling in his weighty second novel. His hero is William Pinkerton, son of the founder of the legendary detective agency, who finds clues in his late father’s safe to the case of William Shade. This mythic thief had disturbed and upset his father. William tracks a Shade accomplice（共犯）, Charlotte Reckitt, to London, only to find she’s been found dead in the Thames. Also on the scene is Adam Foole, who is obsessed with Charlotte, who he met while stealing De Beers diamonds from a South African mine. Price ably arranges dozens of interlinking plotlines as he spans three continents and several decades, from American Civil War battlefields to Scotland Yard at the end of the 19th Century.
GeFei
The Invisibility Cloak
Beijing-based GeFei (pen name for Liu Yong) won the 2015 Mao Dun Literature Prize for fiction “describing the changing spirit of Chinese society” over the past century. The Invisibility Cloak, his first English publication, revolves around Cui, a divorced man who creates customized hi-fi speakers for Beijing’s newly wealthy and a few intellectuals. Beijing’s rapid expansion has left Cui longing for an invisible life away from the city. His chance comes when he agrees to build a world-class sound system for a gangster（黑社会老大）. GeFei’s nice irony, translated from the Chinese by Canaan Morse, should find many fans.
Tim Harford
Messy
The temptation to be neat and tidy may be powerful, but “we would be better served by embracing a degree of mess,” Harford argues. His defense of the creative potential of the imperfect, crude, random, vague, difficult, diverse and even dirty is refreshing. Reaching into the arts, politics, business, science and technology, Harford makes a compelling case for opening up to disorder and luck.
40 Which author does NOT tell a story in his / her work listed above?
A. Caroline Leavitt B. Steven Price
C. GeFei D. Tim Harford
41. Jack is an American who would like everything to be neat and tidy. He loves reading novels with ironic humor and detective stories. He is going to work and live in Beijing for the next three years, and he is very curious about the place he is soon heading to. Which book will he most likely choose to read now?
A. Cruel Beautiful World B. By Gaslight
C. The Invisibility Cloak D. Messy
42. This page is intended for people who want to ______.
A. buy newly-published books at a discount
B. recommend books to friends and family
C. know what books are worthwhile to read
D. understand the current trend in literature
【答案】40. D 41. C 42. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。介绍了四本书的主要内容。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。由“The temptation to be neat and tidy may be powerful, but “we would be better served by embracing a degree of mess,” Harford argues. His defense of the creative potential of the imperfect, crude, random, vague, difficult, diverse and even dirty is refreshing. Reaching into the arts, politics, business, science and technology, Harford makes a compelling case for opening up to disorder and luck.”可知，Tim Harford讲述的是对不完美、粗糙、随意、模糊、困难、多样甚至肮脏的创作潜力的辩护，没有在他的作品中讲述故事。故D选项正确
【41题详解】
推理判断题。由“Beijing-based GeFei (pen name for Liu Yong) won the 2015 Mao Dun Literature Prize for fiction “describing the changing spirit of Chinese society” over the past century. The Invisibility Cloak, his first English publication,………. for Beijing’s newly wealthy and a few intellectuals. Beijing’s rapid expansion has left Cui longing for an invisible life away from the city.”可知，The Invisibility Cloak描述的是中国社会精神的变化。杰克是一个美国人。他将在北京工作和生活三年，对即将去的地方非常好奇，他现在最可能读 “The Invisibility Cloak ” 。故C选项正确。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文可知，每一本书都简要的介绍了书籍的主要内容。目的是让读者了解内容，并确定是否需要去读。所以这篇文章是为那些想知道哪些书值得一读的人准备的，故C选项正确。
(C)
Scientists, conservation organizations and governments trying to reverse the tide of extinction often focus efforts on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves. But with as many as a million species at risk, this strategy may not be enough to conserve wildlife, especially in a world increasingly disrupted by climate change.
Slowing the mass extinction that now appears to be underway will require more creative means of coexisting alongside wild plants and animals. A new study emphasizes the effectiveness of some such approaches by examining indigenous-managed lands.
“We show really strongly that, from a biodiversity standpoint in terms of species richness, indigenous-managed lands are at least comparable to protected areas,” says biologist Richard Schuster of Carleton University. And in some places, they do far better than parks and preserves - even though indigenous communities may use their lands’ resources by hunting for food.
Schuster and his team analyzed more than 15,000 areas in Australia, Brazil and Canada. They found that the total diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles was highest on lands either managed or co-managed by indigenous groups, while randomly selected locations with no formal protection were the least bio-diverse. For threatened species in particular, indigenous lands scored slightly higher than protected lands on overall species richness in Brazil and Canada, as well as higher for threatened amphibians and reptiles in Australia, mammals in Brazil, and brids and reptiles in Canada.
Each country has a different geography, climate and colonization history. Yet remarkably, Schuster says, the best indicator for species diversity is whether a given area was managed by an indigenous community. He points out that practices such as sustainable hunting and fishing, as well as prescribed(规定的)burning, are more likely to occur in such areas. Don Hankins, an ecologist at California State University, Chico, who is a member of the Plains Miwok indigenous nation and was not involved in the study, agrees. “There’s probably going to be more of a connection to the land,” he says, “and a use of the land for the things that are there, compared to a national park.”
“It’s really important to listen to the people who live on the land and have them drive the efforts going forward” Schuster says, adding that partnering with indigenous communities may enable the world’s countries to better meet a wide range of conservation goals: “We really need all the help we can get as a global community to avoid the extinction crisis that we’re facing right now.”
43. The word “indigenous” is closest in meaning to _________.
A. creative B. effective C. local D. traditional
44. What conclusion did Schuster draw from his analysis?
A. Some threatened species were in an even worse situation.
B. Protected lands failed to preserve overall species richness.
C. Indigenous groups play a positive role in wildlife conservation.
D. The total diversity of wildlife was higher in Brazil than in Australia.
45. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Proper hunting or fishing won’t have a negative effect on biodiversity.
B. We should stop counting on national parks for wildlife conservation.
C. The extinction crisis is much more serious than previously thought.
D. More studies are needed to explore the human-nature balance.
46. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. Biodiversity: What We Have Neglected
B. Partnering with National Parks
C. Efforts Moving Forward
D. Beating Back Extinction
【答案】43. C 44. C 45. A 46. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为议论文。文章主要论述了在阻止物种的灭绝的方法中，国家公园和野生动物保护区对物种的保护远不如当地组织的管理保护。
【43题详解】
词义猜测题。第一段“cientists, conservation organizations and governments trying to reverse the tide of extinction often focus efforts on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves. But with as many as a million species at risk, this strategy may not be enough to conserve wildlife, especially in a world increasingly disrupted by climate change.(科学家、保护组织和政府试图阻止物种灭绝的趋势，往往把重点放在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区。但是，由于有多达百万种物种面临危险，这项行动计划可能不足以保护野生动物, 尤其是在一个日益被气候变化破坏的世界里。)”可知这种国家公园和野生保护区有不足之处。因此推断第二段“A new study indicates the effectiveness of some such approaches by examining indigenous-managed lands.(一项新的研究表明，通过审查“indigenous”管理的一些方法是有效的。)”说明这个管理是与前面“national parks and wildlife preserves(国家公园和野生动物保护区)”国家管理是不同的，是相对的。结合第三段中的“even though indigenous communities may use their lands’ resources by hunting for food(尽管indigenous社区可以通过狩猎食物来利用他们的土地资源)”可推断出与国家保护区不同的是当地的组织管理。分析选项可知C中的local意为“本地的”符合题意，故选C。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“Schuster and his team analyzed more than 15,000 areas in Australia, Brazil and Canada. They found that the total diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles was highest on lands either managed or co-managed by indigenous groups, while randomly selected locations with no formal protection were the least bio-diverse. For threatened species in particular, indigenous lands scored slightly higher than protected lands on overall species richness in Brazil and Canada, as well as higher for threatened amphibians and reptiles in Australia, mammals in Brazil, and brids and reptiles in Canada.( Richard Schuster的团队分析了澳大利亚、巴西和加拿大的15000多个地区。他们发现，在由当地组织管理或共同管理的土地上，野生动物的多样性最高，而随机选择的没有正式保护的区域的生物多样性最低。特别是濒危的物种，在巴西和加拿大，本地管理的土地的物种丰富度略高于受保护土地，澳大利亚受威胁的两栖动物和爬行动物，巴西的哺乳动物，加拿大的鸟类和爬行动物也高于受保护土地)”可知，Richard Schuster的团队分析了澳大利亚、巴西和加拿大的15000多个地区。他们发现，在由当地组织管理或共同管理的土地上，野生动物的多样性最高，而随机选择的没有正式保护的区域的生物多样性最低。特别是濒危的物种，在巴西和加拿大，本地管理的土地的物种丰富度略高于受保护土地，澳大利亚受威胁的两栖动物和爬行动物，巴西的哺乳动物，加拿大的鸟类和爬行动物也高于受保护土地。由此可推断出当地的保护在保持生物多样性方面做得更好。故选C。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段“Each country has a different geography, climate and colonization history. Yet remarkably, Schuster says, the best indicator for species diversity is whether a given area was managed by an indigenous community. He points out that practices such as sustainable hunting and fishing, as well as prescribed(规定的)burning, are more likely to occur in such areas. (每个国家都有不同的地理、气候和殖民历史。然而值得注意的是，Schuster说，物种多样性最好的指标是一个特定的地区是否由一个土著社区管理。他指出,诸如可持续狩猎和渔业等做法,以及规定的燃烧,更有可能发生在这些地区。)”可知，适当的狩猎或捕鱼不会对生物多样性产生负面影响。故选A。
46题详解】
主旨大意题。第一段提出文章的主旨“Scientists, conservation organizations and governments trying to reverse the tide of extinction often focus efforts on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife preserves.( 试图扭转物种灭绝趋势的科学家、保护组织和政府往往把努力集中在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区。)”可知，科学家、保护组织和政府试图阻止物种灭绝的趋势。接着文章叙述了保护物种灭绝的重点只放在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区不足以保护野生动物。从第二段起提出了一种新的方法—当地组织的管理来阻止物种的灭绝。由此可推断出本文主要讲述有效地与物种的灭绝作斗争，即击退物种的灭绝。分析选项可知D项符合题意，故选D。
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given behind. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Living off grid
When you need electricity, you just plug in the machine and switch it on. If you need water, you turn on the tap. ____47____ For many people, these facilities are the basics of civilized society and the idea of living without them seems risky. Yet for a growing number of people, the idea of living off grid — without electricity, water or sewage — is an increasingly attractive lifestyle.
Off-gridders do not have to give up electricity or a modern lifestyle — some choose to, but most use small hydroelectric power systems, solar panels or windmills to generate enough power for their needs. Heating and cooking needs are met by solar energy or wood burning systems, and toilet facilities range from non-water toilets to outside compost toilets. ____48____ It ranges from traditional yurts (a type of tent) to luxury house with high-speed internet and central heating. Whether they live in simple homes or luxury houses, what they all have in common is that their lifestyles do not create any pollution or carbon emissions — the ultimate goal for off-gridders.
Around 100,000 people are thought to be living off grid in the UK now. ____49____ They grow their own food, home-school their children and provide their own medical care. They are people who have been priced out of the housing market or who have grown disillusioned with what modern society can offer and who decides that an alternative lifestyle isn’t a pipe dream, but a viable option.
A part from living an alternative lifestyle, cost is a big factor in choosing to live off-grid. Off-grid houses are far cheaper to build than ordinary homes since they don’t need to be connected to the electricity or water supplies and even road access is not necessary. Materials tend to be cheaper, too. Popular options include straw or old tyres and cement.
Surprisingly, the biggest problem off-gridders face is not building their homes or becoming self-sufficient but getting permission to build. Rural areas away from town are the perfect choice but these are often protected by law from construction of any kind or have building restrictions. There are now several websites dedicated to land-sharing so that the costs of buying land and getting permission can be shared, and there are increasing numbers of off-grid communities. ____50____ Off-gridding could soon be common all over Europe and America.
A. Many are self-sufficient, not just providing their own electricity, water and sewage systems, but in all aspects.
B. After you use the toilet, you flush it and the waste disappears.
C. This shift from individual to group off-gridding reflects the fact that the trend is growing noticeably.
D. They live in a huge variety of types of accommodation.
E. Living off-grid still has a long way to go before it becomes a mainstream way of living.
F. Rather than building permanent homes, vans or mobile homes or even old shipping containers are other options.
【答案】47. B 48. D 49. A 50. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新生活——脱离电网的生活。
【47题详解】
根据上文When you need electricity, you just plug in the machine and switch it on. If you need water, you turn on the tap.(你需要电的时候，只要把机器插上电源就可以了。如果你需要水，就打开水龙头)可知，此处是在讲述我们的日常生活。由此可知，B. After you use the toilet, you flush it and the waste disappears.(上完厕所后，冲一冲，排泄物就不见了)符合语境。故选B。
【48题详解】
根据下文It ranges from traditional yurts (a type of tent) to luxury house with high-speed internet and central heating.(它的范围从传统的蒙古包（一种帐篷）到带有高速互联网和中央供暖的豪华住宅)可知，D. They live in a huge variety of types of accommodation.(他们住在各种各样的住所里)符合语境。故选D。
【49题详解】
根据下文They grow their own food, home-school their children and provide their own medical care.(他们种植自己的食物，在家教育他们的孩子，并提供自己的医疗保健)可知，A. Many are self-sufficient, not just providing their own electricity, water and sewage systems, but in all aspects. (许多人是自给自足的，不仅提供自己电力、水和排污系统，而且在各个方面都是自给自足的)符合语境。故选A。
【50题详解】
根据上文There are now several websites dedicated to land-sharing so that the costs of buying land and getting permission can be shared, and there are increasing numbers of off-grid communities.(现在有几个网站致力于土地共享，这样购买土地和获得许可的成本可以共享，而且越来越多的离网社区)及下文Off-gridding could soon be common all over Europe and America.(脱离电网的现象很快就会在欧洲和美国普遍存在)由此可知，C. This shift from individual to group off-gridding reflects the fact that the trend is growing noticeably.(这种从个体到群体的偏离反映了一个事实，即这一趋势正在显著增长)符合语境。故选C。
VI. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
51. 她逐渐爱上了自己创作诗歌。(taste)(汉译英)
【答案】She gradually developed a strong taste for composing poetry herself.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词和名词。分析句子，句子表述的是过去发生的动作，故使用一般过去时。表示“逐渐地”用gradually；表示“爱上了做某事”用develop a taste for doing sth；表示“自己创作诗歌”用compose poetry herself。故翻译为She gradually developed a strong taste for composing poetry herself。
52. 游乐场里好多孩子，轮流玩着滑滑梯。(turn) (汉译英)
【答案】There are many children in the playground, taking turns playing the slide.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词。分析句子，句子表述的是客观事实，故使用一般现在时。表示“有”应该用there be句型；表示“很多孩子”用many children；表示“在游乐场”用in the playground；表示“轮流玩滑梯”用take turns playing the slide，此处表示动作正在发生，故使用现在分词作伴随状语。故翻译为There are many children in the playground, taking turns playing the slide。
53. 家长们在校门外踮着脚往里看，好像孩子进了考场他们才放心。(as if) (汉译英)
【答案】Outside the school gate, the parents stood on tiptoe and looked in, as if they couldn’t feel relieved until their children entered the exam building/hall/room.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态，从句和短语。分析句子可知，句子用主从复合句，outside the school gate“在校门外”；主句“家长们踮着脚往里看”，根据句意用一般过去时，故译为： the parents stood on tiptoe and looked in；as if“似乎”，引导状语从句，从句“好像孩子进了考场他们才放心”中含有not...until“直到……才……”引导的时间状语从句，feel relieved“感到放心”，enter the exam building/hall/room“进入考场”，故从句译为：as if they couldn’t feel relieved until their children entered the exam building/hall/room.故答案为：Outside the school gate, the parents stood on tiptoe and looked in, as if they couldn’t feel relieved until their children entered the exam building/hall/room.
54. 到养老院做义工不仅让老人们感受到陪伴的温暖，也让学生们对人生的意义有了更深刻的理解。(Not only) (汉译英)
【答案】Not only can volunteering in nursing homes make old people feel of the warmth of company, but it also enables students to have a deeper understanding of life.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和倒装句。句子表述的是客观事实，故使用一般现在时。表示“不但……，而且……”用not only...but also...，not only置于句首时，后面句子使用部分倒装；表示“到养老院做义工”用 volunteering in nursing homes；表示“使得老人们感觉到温暖的陪伴”用make old people feel of the warmth of company；表示“使某人能够去做某事”用enable sb to do sth，表示“人生的意义有了更深刻的理解”用have a deeper understanding of life。故翻译为Not only can volunteering in nursing homes make old people feel of the warmth of company, but it also enables students to have a deeper understanding of life。
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