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【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题09：代词、形容词副词、介词、情态动词等-精讲精练（上海用）
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这是一份【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题09：代词、形容词副词、介词、情态动词等-精讲精练（上海用），文件包含备战2023高考英语全复习专题09代词形容词副词介词情态动词等用法梳理-精讲精练上海用解析版docx、备战2023高考英语全复习专题09代词形容词副词介词情态动词等用法梳理-精讲精练上海用原题版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共38页， 欢迎下载使用。
►专题09 代词、介词、形容词副词、情态动词等用法+高考题型组合练
_________________________________________________________________________________________
考点精讲
【考情链接】
语法填空题将语法知识的考查融千一篇英语短文中，通过设置纯空格题填空和给词填空两种形式来表
现，突出考查了学生通过语境运用语法知识的能力，更能客观，准确地考察学生的语法知识水平。考查形式包括有提示词(4~5个)和无提示词(5~6 个)两种。有提示词的考向主要有:名词的单复数、谓语动词的时态，语态和主谓一致以及非谓语动词、形容词/副词的级别等;无提示词的考向主要有;介词、冠词、连接词、代词等;且每空只能填一个单词。。
【要点梳理】
Ø 考点一：代词
常考代词
人称代词we, you, her, it, they等；物主代词my, their, yours, hers等；反身代词himself, themselves等；指示代词this, these, that, those;不定代词 everything, something, anything, nothing, everyone, someone, everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody, both, either, neither, all, none, each, others, the other, another, the others, one, the one(s).
例1: We all know it is quite common now that many teenagers, especially ________ from one-child families, like to make net friends and spend lots of time chatting with them because they need someone to talk with and share their sorrow and happiness.
解析：此题的正确答案为those。根据句子成分分析可知，本空应该填入一名词性成分，作为同位语结构especially ______ from one-child families的中心词，因此考虑填入代词，代指children(from one-child families)，用those较为合适。
例2: When we feel like we don’t have time to do something important, it is ________ because we’re not making time or because our priorities are not what we actually need.
解析：此题的正确答案为either。此空提示信息点比较隐蔽，跟其他填代词的考题有些区别。但只要发现此句中有两个because就可以知道考察either…or...结构。
例3: Instead of having to choose one or the other, we can benefit from ________ of the approaches.
解析：此题的正确答案为those。题干中出现了one, the other可以推测此题应该会考察关于两者之间的一些代词：either, both等。后面又出现of和复数名词approaches，可以确定填入both表示两者都。
Ø 考点一：介词
常考介词
in, on, at, to, from, of, off, under, above, below, over, across, through, beyond, behind, beside, between, among, near, up, down, before, after, since, for, against, besides, except, by, with, without, about, as, like, during, into, throughout, until, within, toward, past, despite, regardless of, in spite of, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, except for, apart from, other than, such as, according to, instead of, rather than, as well as, in addition to, …
例1：As a student, I get so many assignments every day. I have to stay up late in order to finish all my homework. I used to complain about all this pressure ________ school with my classmates.
解析：此题的正确答案为from。分析知“来自学校的压力”，做定语成分。
例2：Then Penny sees an incredibly handsome man. She stares at him. He catches her staring. He smiles and walks ________ to her.
解析：此题的正确答案为up/over。根据介词与不及物动词walk构成搭配walk up/over to sb，走近某人。
例3：Roald Dahl, the famous children’s book writer, was born to Harold and Sofie Dahl on 13 September 1916. He was named ________ the explorer, Roald Amundsen, their national hero in Norway of that time.
解析：此题的正确答案为after。根据固定搭配 be named after，“以…命名”。
Ø 考点三：形容词副词
1、判断
括号中给出形容词或副词，考查其原级、比较级、最高级。
2、解题技巧
技巧1：空格前有可修饰比较级的词even，much，far，still，a little，a bit，a lot等时，或句子中有than 时，需改为比较级形式。
例1：After a few months, we did not complain about homework anymore because we knew that our teachers worked ________ (hard) than we did.
解析：此题的正确答案为harder。有明显的提示than，所以需比较级形式。
例2：Susan, who has just completed her third summer camp on the river cleanup, sees a change in this river. “Since we started three years ago, the river is getting a lot ________ (clean),” she says.
解析：此题的正确答案为cleaner。前有a lot进行修饰，所以需比较级形式。
技巧2：空格前为定冠词the，或整个句子中有范围限定时，所给出的形容词或副词需改最高级的形式。
例1：The contest requires the chosen laughers to face off against each other as the audience determines who has ________ (attractive) laugh.
解析：此题的正确答案为the most attractive。分析句子含义，有范围限定“在此比赛中谁的笑容最迷人”，所以需要最高级形式。
Ø 考点四：情态动词
考法1 考查情态动词的基本用法
对于情态动词,通常是在具体的语境(尤其是对话)中考查其基本含义。个别高频情态动词在特殊语境下的特殊含义(如:must“非得;偏要”,should“竟然”,shall用于第二、三人称表示警告、命令、威胁、允诺、规定等)是高考的热点和难点。常见情态动词的基本用法是高考考查的重点。
考法2 考查“情态动词+have done”的用法
“情态动词+have done”用法是高考的难点,主要是给出动词,让考生根据语境选择适当的情态动词填空,既可能考查情态动词的使用,也可能考查动词过去分词的形式。
考法3 考查虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气主要会在语篇填空或短文改错题目中出现,同时if的省略所产生的倒装现象也是常考的语法点。考生要根据上下文语境来揣摩句子的语气,同时注意if引导的非真实条件句中省略if引起倒装的语法现象。
(1)虚拟语气用于条件状语从句时,从句或主句中动词的形式。
(2)虚拟语气在with,without,but for,under,or等构成的结构代替条件状语从句时的用法。
(3)wish后的宾语从句,表示建议、愿望、命令等的动词或名词后的名词性从句以及as if/as though引导的从句中虚拟语气的用法。
例题：
1．Time is very limited, so you ________ get to that mountain village within 15 minutes.
答案：shall 句意为：时间很有限，你必须在十五分钟以内到达那个山村。shall与第二、三人称连用，表示命令，意为“一定，必须”。
2．—What does the sign over there say?
—No person ________ bring drinks into the student computer room.
答案：shall 句意为：——那边的标志是什么意思？——不允许任何人带饮料进入学生计算机室。shall表示规定、法令等中的义务，意为“应该，必须”。
3．I ________ have passed my examination easily, but I made too many stupid mistakes.
答案：could/would/might 句意为：我本能很轻松地通过考试，但我犯了很多愚蠢的错误。与过去事实相反，主句用would/could/might/have done。
4．I'm really concerned about you. If something ________ happen to you, call me at once.
答案：should 句意为：我真的很关心你。你如果发生了什么事，马上打电话给我。should do表示对将来的虚拟。
5．Some scientific evidence suggests musical training before the age of seven ________ have a significant impact on the brain's development.
答案：can 句意为：一些科学证据表明人在七岁以前的音乐训练对大脑的发育可能有重要影响。can表示可能性。
6．I couldn't________ (go) through the hard times but for my teacher's generous and timely help.
答案 have gone [句意：要不是老师慷慨而及时的帮助，我不可能熬过那段艰难的岁月。根据句意可知设空处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为have gone。本句中的but for相当于if it hadn't been for...。]
7．I was ill that day, otherwise I would ________ (take) part in the sports meet.
答案 have taken [句意：那天我病了，否则我就参加运动会了。根据语境可推知设空处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为have taken。]
8．The nationwide smog serves as a constant reminder, indicating that it's high time we ________ (reflect) on ourselves.
答案 reflected/should reflect [句意：全国范围内的雾霾在不断提醒我们是时候反思自己了。由“it is high time sb. did/should do sth.”可知填reflected/should reflect。]
9．It has been accepted that all the students ________ put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus.
答案 shall [句意：为防学生感染病毒，学生们在进校前要戴上口罩。在第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示规定、规则，用shall。]
_____
重点小练
代词介词形容词副词情态动词练习
1. Both teams were in hard training. __________ was willing to lose the game.
2. No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of __________ __________ .
3. To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered __________ .
4. Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly from __________ of the past.
5. The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money __________ me.
6. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back __________ a big tree.
7. He invited me to a dance after the show __________ Christmas Eve.
8. Mary kept weighing herself to see how much __________ (heavy) she was getting.
9. John has three sisters. Mary is __________ (clever) of the three.
10. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with __________ (little) money and __________ (few) people.
11. Wright said that the study suggests people __________ prioritize sleep, cutting out the optional “sleep stealers”, such as watching television shows or spending time on electronic devices.【2019川中期末】
12. From the moment he __________ read, he was never without a book in his hands.【2018金山月考】
13. It is taken for granted in China that children __________ __________ support their parents.
14. We __________ __________ be careful when we are making friends on the Internet.
15. They __________ have missed the plane, or perhaps they have been prevented from coming for some reason.
16. The school has made it a rule that students __________ not use mobile phones in class.
17. You __________ not return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.
18. One __________ never be too careful when driving.
19. I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. She __________ not have spoken at the meeting.
20. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but __________ didn’t help.
21. Everybody was touched __________ words after they heard her moving story.
22. It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot __________ easy reach.
23. Frankly speaking, Mr White’s lecture is __________ (wonderful) one I have ever attended.
24. Not knowing what he was really interested in, he found it hard to decide which of the two courses could be __________ (appropriate).
【答案】 1. Neither 2. the other 3. another 4. those 5. with 6. against 7. on 8. heavier 9. the cleverest 10. less, fewer 11. should 12. could 13. ought to 14. have to/ ought to 15. may 16. must 17. need 18. can 19. could 20.it 21. beyond 22. within 23. the most wonderful
24. more appropriate
_____
好题必测
1.But Johan Stenevad, my host at Lapland Guesthouse, showed me ____26____ else. One day, on a snowmobile path lined with tall trees on both sides, he turned off his engine and asked me what I saw. “Trees,” I answered. “A forest.” 【2022浦东二模】
2.The slow growing lichen (地衣) and mushrooms upon which the reindeer depend for survival are not found in plantations. So, the death of one _____30_____ mean the death of the other, and an uncertain future for an entire people. 【2022浦东二模】
【答案】26. something 30. can##may##might##could
【解析】
【26题详解】
考查代词。句意：但我在拉普兰宾馆的主人Johan Stenevad向我展示了其他东西。结合句意表示“其他东西”短语为something else。故填something。
【30题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：因此，一个人的死亡可能意味着另一个人的死亡，整个民族的未来也不确定。根据“an uncertain future for an entire people”可知，此处表示不确定推测，表示“可能”，应用情态动词can/may/might/could。故填can/may/might/could。
3.However, it did not stop her from completing her college and graduate studies before becoming a white-collar worker in Shanghai, ____22____ her parents’ great support. 【2022金山二模】
“ ____28____ made me feel that there were many things worth sharing in my life, and it also gave me a sense of mission,” she explains.【2022金山二模】
【答案】22. due to##thanks to 28. It##This
【解析】
【22题详解】
考查介词。句意：然而，由于父母的大力支持，这并没有妨碍她在上海完成大学和研究生学业，成为一名白领。根据上文“it did not stop her from completing her college and graduate studies before becoming a white-collar worker in Shanghai”以及下文的“great support”可知，因为父母的支持她才能完成学业。介词短语due to/thanks to，表示“因为”，后接名词。故填due to/thanks to。
【28题详解】
考查代词。句意：她解释说：“这让我觉得在我的生命中有很多值得分享的东西，也让我有了使命感。”代指上文一件事，用it或者this。出现在句首，注意首字母大写。故填It/This。
4.Hundreds of thousands of people suddenly found themselves in the dark ___2___ water, electricity, air conditioning, and internet. 【2022静安二模】
5.People shared their food, ice, and gasoline. People who still had power opened their homes to ___6___ who had none. 【2022静安二模】
6.How we respond to them, however, is up to us. We ___9___ react to them like evils of selfishness or like heroes of love. 【2022静安二模】
【答案】2. without 6. those 9. can
【解析】
【2题详解】
考查介词。句意：成千上万的人突然发现自己身处黑暗之中，没有水、电、空调和网络。根据空前的in the dark可知，是没有水、电等的；根据其后water可知，空处为介词without，表示“没有”。故填without。
【6题详解】
考查代词。句意：那些还有电的人会向那些没有电的人敞开家门。根据下文的“who had none”可知，指的是没有电的那些人，用代词those。故填those。
【9题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：我们可以像自私的恶魔或有爱的英雄那样对待他们。根据上文的“How we respond to them, however, is up to us.”可知，这里指的是我们可以采取的方式，表示“可以、能够”用情态动词can。故填can。
7.The giant “snowflake” was made from 91 smaller ____22____, each with the name of a participating country or region. According to Zhang, __to combine__23____ (combine) the smaller snowflakes symbolizes people’s joint efforts to build a community with a shared future for humanity and only through such efforts ____24____ man overcome the pandemic (流行病). 【2022松江二模】
8. 76 participants ____26____ different countries walked shoulder to shoulder through the performance zone in a program that greeted all the people around the world. 【2022松江二模】
【答案】22. ones 24. can## will##may##could##would##might 26. from
【解析】
【22题详解】
考查代词。句意：巨大的“雪花”由91个较小的“雪花”组成，每个“雪花”上都有一个参赛国家或地区的名字。由句意可知，空处指的是“雪花”，且空处前有数词91修饰，则应该表示复数的“雪花”，因此使用代词ones代指上文提到的“snowflake”的复数形式。故填ones。
【24题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：张艺谋表示，将小雪花结合起来，象征着人类携手构建人类命运共同体，只有这样，人类才能/会战胜疫情。分析句子结构，and引导的并列句中，only置于句首修饰方式状语through such efforts，则句子用部分倒装，即提前助动词或情态动词。由句意可知，空处可填写can或will或may或could或would或might来补全句意。故答案填写can或will或may或could或would或might。
【26题详解】
考查介词。句意：来自不同国家的76名选手肩并肩走过表演区，向全世界人民致意。分析句子结构，主语为“76 participants ____ different countries”，其中，“76 participants ”与“different countries”之间的逻辑关系是：76名选手来自于不同国家。介词from表示“来自于”。故填from。
9.“But ____24____ that tragedy and loss, we are still here. You are still here. And that’s ____25____ to celebrate,” She said the people then relied on bison for food and livelihood, believing future generations would do the same. 【2022青浦二模】
10.Whisper Camel-Means, the tribes division manager for the wildlife refuge, said under the Fish and Wildlife Service supervision, the exhibits there previously used a different tribes’ word for bison, which they ____27____ not accept. 【2022青浦二模】
11. The tribes are working to build a ____30____ (big) museum that will be closer to U.S. Highway 93. It’s a push to share their history with more people. 【2022青浦二模】
【答案】24. in spite of 25. something##what 27. would##could 30. bigger
【解析】
【24题详解】
考查介词短语。句意：但是，尽管有这样的悲剧和损失，我们仍然在这里。根据句意，“that tragedy and loss”和“we are still here”之间有转折关系，可用介词短语in spite of引导让步状语，意为“尽管”。故填in spite of。
【25题详解】
考查代词和不定式复合结构。句意：这是一件值得庆祝的事情。分析句子可知，“ to celebrate”是句子表语，结合句意可使用“不定代词something+不定式”结构，其中不定式作后置定语修饰something，也可使用不定式复合结构“特殊疑问词what+不定式”作表语，意为“值得庆祝的事情”。故填something/what。
【27题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：野生动物保护区的部落部门经理hisper Camel-Means说，在鱼类和野生动物管理局的监督下，那里的展品之前用了不同部落的词来形容野牛，他们不会接受。根据句意，可用情态动词would或者could与动词原形accept构谓语。故填would/could。
【30题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：这些部落正在努力建造一个更大的博物馆，它将更靠近美国93号公路。根据句意和下文“share their history with more people”可推知，一个更大的博物馆能与更多的人分享历史，应使用比较级。故填bigger。
12.But grocery store bread ____26____ stay fresh during long shipping and storage times. So companies often put a chemical preservative in it.【2022宝山二模】
13. And consumers need to compromise（妥协）when it comes to preservatives because they make food ______30______ (safe) to eat. 【2022宝山二模】
【答案】26. must 30. safer
【解析】
【26题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：但是食品杂货店的面包必须在漫长的运输和贮存期间保持新鲜度。分析句子结构可知，bread是句子的主语且是单数形式，而空格后动词stay用了动词原形。换言之，空格要填上一个词使得stay保持形式不变，考虑情态动词。再分析句意，长时间的运输和贮存肯定会使面包失去新鲜度，因此就得想办法让它保持新鲜。must语气最强烈。故填must。
【30题详解】
考查形容词。句意：当谈论到防腐剂时，消费者们要妥协，因为防腐剂让食物吃起来更安全。分析句子结构可知，此处safe作宾补修饰food，因此要填形容词形式。结合本句句意推断，消费者之所以要妥协是因为防腐剂可以让食品更保质，所以吃起来会更安全。故要用safe的比较级形式。故填safer。
14.Women in Africa experience greater barriers to developing careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) than ____22____ in high-income countries do, with lack of funding a particular problem. Africa’s researchers badly need long-term, stable investment from internal and external funding sources, including venture capital. In the latest poll, 56% of respondents working in science in Africa cited a lack of funding as their ____23____ (great) career challenge, and it was the top concern for both men and women. If only Africa’s governments and the international donor community ____24____ do more to help scientists to realize their ambitions: even modest funding increases might go a long way ____25____ accelerating nation-building.【2022奉贤二模】
【答案】22. those 23. greatest 24. could 25. towards##to
【解析】
【22题详解】
考查代词。句意：与高收入国家的妇女相比，非洲妇女在发展科学、技术、工程和数学（STEM）职业方面遭遇了更大的障碍，缺乏资金是一个特别的问题。空处指代高收入国家的女性，为同类指代，应用that/those，又上文women是复数形式，故此处应用those，those in high-income countries相当于the women in high-income countries。故填those。
【23题详解】
考查最高级。句意：在最新的民意调查中，在非洲从事科学工作的受访者中，56%的人认为缺乏资金是他们最大的职业挑战，这是男性和女性最关心的问题。由后面的“it was the top concern for both men and women”可知，句子表示“56%的人认为缺乏资金是他们最大的职业挑战”，空格处意为“最大的”，用最高级greatest，故填greatest。
【24题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：如果非洲各国政府和国际捐赠界能够做更多的事情来帮助科学家实现他们的雄心壮志，那就好了：即使是适度的资金增加也可能对加速国家建设大有帮助。do是原形，空格处用情态动词，由If only可知，句子是虚拟语气，句子表示“如果非洲各国政府和国际捐赠界能够做更多的事情来帮助科学家实现他们的雄心就好了”，是对现在情况的虚拟，且空格处意为“能够”，用情态动词could，故填could。
【25题详解】
考查介词。句意：如果非洲各国政府和国际捐赠界能够做更多的事情来帮助科学家实现他们的雄心壮志，那就好了：即使是适度的资金增加也可能对加速国家建设大有帮助。由“accelerating nation-building”可知，句子表示“即使是适度的资金增加也可能对加速国家建设大有帮助”，go a long way towards/to意为“大大有利于”，故填towards/to。
15. First ____21__constructed__(construct) in the 10th century as a part of a villa, the garden of Keyuan in Suzhou, Jiangsu province, was rebuilt and renewed on numerous occasions ____22____ history until it became a Confucian academy in 1805.【2022徐汇二模】
16.Every step in the refurbishing and decorating process has to follow historical recordings and precedent, says the designer. If relevant documentation is vague, restorers ____30____ leave certain parts untouched to retain marks left by time.【2022徐汇二模】
【答案】22. throughout##in 30. would rather/have to
【解析】
【22题详解】
考查介词。句意：江苏省苏州可园始建于 10 世纪，它是一座别墅的一部分，在历史上曾多次重建和翻新，直到 1805 年成为文学院。根据句意的需要可知，此处填入介词throughout或者in构成固定短语throughout/in history，意为“纵观历史”。故填throughout或者in。
【30题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：如果相关文件模糊不清，修复者宁愿（不得不）保留某些部分原封不动，以保留时间留下的痕迹。根据句意和语境的需要，使用表示“宁愿（would rather）”或者“不得不（have to）”的表达方式。故填would rather或者have to。
17.It started with things ____23____ assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten characters from zip codes. 【2022嘉定二模】
18.Machine learning is now capable of far, far ____25____ (complex) tasks.【2022嘉定二模】
19.A teacher ____28____ read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career. A machine can read millions of essays within minutes. We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent, high-volume tasks.【2022嘉定二模】
【答案】23. like 25. more complex 28. may##might
【解析】
【23题详解】
考查介词。句意：它从像评估贷款申请的信用风险开始，通过阅读邮政编码中的手写字符来分类邮件。根据句意可知，需填介词like。故填like。
【25题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：机器学习现在能够完成极其复杂的任务。根据上文的far以及句意可知，此处应用形容词的比较级。故填more complex。
【28题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：一名教师在40年的职业生涯中可能阅读10000篇论文。根据后文“A machine can read millions of essays within minutes.”（一台机器可以在几分钟内阅读数百万篇文章。）可知，此处是在做一种推断，且没有具体事实支撑，故可能性相对较小。故填may或者might。
20.If you don’t know the names of certain people, you ____4____ be able to ask older relatives, thereby involving them in your research. 【2022长宁二模】
21.After you’ve gone back as far as your living relatives can remember, tracing your family history gets ____5____ (hard). Depending on where you come from, there may or may not be documents with ____6 recorded____ (record) names, birth dates, ect. In some places, however, records ____7____ these might be available online. 【2022长宁二模】
【答案】 4. might##may 5. harder 7. like
【解析】
【4题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：如果你不知道某些人的名字，你可以询问年长的亲戚，从而让他们参与你的研究。空后为be动词原形，且结合句意此处表示“可以，能够”，应用情态动词may/might。故填may/might。
【5题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：当你回溯到你在世的亲戚能记得的最远的时候，追溯你的家族史就变得更难了。空处应填形容词作表语，结合语境和上文“as far as your living relatives can remember”可知，回溯到你在世的亲戚能记得的最远的时，追溯家族史就变得更困难了，表示“更难”应用比较级。故填harder。
【7题详解】
考查介词。句意：然而，在某些地方，像这样的记录可以在网上找到。结合句意和句子结构，表示“像”此处应填介词like，records like these“像这样的记录”。故填like。
22.Some think of the office as the new offsite, the purpose of ___which_3____ is to get people together so they can do the things that remote working makes harder: establishing deeper relationships or cooperating in real time on specific projects. ____4____ talk of the office as a destination, a place that has to make the idea of getting out of bed earlier seem attractive. 【2022虹口二模】
23.Another theme is data. Managers alike will want more data in order to understand how facilities are being used, and the question of who owns data and what data are needed is about to become ____10____ (pressing).【2022虹口二模】
【答案】 4. Others 10. more pressing
【解析】
【4题详解】
考查代词。句意：另一些人则将办公室视为一个目的地，一个必须让早起的想法看起来更有吸引力的地方。talk是原形，因此空格处是复数，由前面的“Some think”可知，此处表示“另一些人则将办公室视为一个目的地”，空格处意为“另一些人”，用others，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Others。
【10题详解】
考查比较级。句意：管理者们都想要更多的数据，以便了解设施是如何使用的，谁拥有数据以及需要什么数据的问题将变得更加紧迫。由前面的“want more data”可知，句子表示“管理者们都想要更多的数据，以便了解设施是如何使用的，谁拥有数据以及需要什么数据的问题将变得更加紧迫”，空格处用比较级more pressing，故填more pressing。
24.According to some reports, this satellite and other US spy satellites have the technology to take even ____24____ (sharp) images, with a resolution of up to around 4 inches (10cm). 【2022黄埔二模】
25. Live, high-detail satellite mapping could probably be used to keep tags on anybody at any time, ____26____ the person’s knowledge. 【2022黄埔二模】
At the same time, live, detailed maps of Earth’s surface ____29____ aid humanity in amazing ways. 【2022黄埔二模】
【答案】24. sharper 26. without 29. could/can/may/might
【解析】
【24题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：据报道，这颗卫星和其他美国间谍卫星拥有拍摄更清晰图像的技术，分辨率高达4英寸（10厘米）左右。根据句意可知，此处表示“更清晰的图像”，所以应用sharp的比较级形式，sharp的比较级是sharper，故填sharper。
【26题详解】
考查介词。句意：实时的、高细节的卫星地图可能会被用来在任何人不知情的情况下，随时对任何人保持标记。根据语境可知，句子表示“实时的、高细节的卫星地图可能会被用来在任何人不知情的情况下，随时对任何人保持标记”，空格处意为“没有”，用介词without。故填without。
【29题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：与此同时，实时的、详细的地球表面地图可以/可能以惊人的方式帮助人类。aid是动词原形，空格处用情态动词，根据语境可知，句子表示“实时的、详细的地球表面地图可以/可能以惊人的方式帮助人类”，空格处意为“可以/可能”，用情态动词could/can/may/might。故填could/can/may/might。
26/.As we emerge from the pandemic (大流行病), we’re starting to see the return of an age-old custom: the handshake. Many of us went ____21____ shaking someone else’s hands for about two years.【2022崇明二模】
27.Handshaking ____23____ have started as an ancient custom to demonstrate to a stranger that you had no weapon in your hand. 【2022崇明二模】
【答案】21. without 23. may##might
【解析】
【21题详解】
考查介词。句意：我们中的许多人在大约两年的时间里都没有和别人握手。根据前文“As we emerge from the pandemic, we’re starting to see the return of an age-old custom: the handshake.(随着疫情的结束，我们开始看到一个古老的习俗的回归——握手)”可知，因为疫情之前2年都没有握手。故填without。
【23题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：握手最初可能是一种古老的习俗，用来向陌生人展示你手中没有武器。分析句子结构可知，本句中谓语动词是have started，且have是用的原形。结合句意，此处表达一种猜测，所以应该用情态动词。故填may / might。
28.A banana peel ____23____ take up two years to break down. An orange peel and a cigarette butt (烟蒂) has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to ____24____ of a banana, but tin and aluminum cans last up to 100 years; and plastic bottles last forever, so ___do_25____ glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.【2022闵行二模】
29.____26____ the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can’t only measure the severity (严重性) of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. 【2022闵行二模】
【答案】23. can 24. that 26. Despite
【解析】
【23题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：一个香蕉皮可能需要两年时间才能分解。后跟动词原形，表示“能够”应用情态动词can。故填can。
【24题详解】
考查代词。句意：橙子皮和烟蒂的生物降解术语与香蕉相似，但锡罐和铝罐降解可达100年；塑料瓶、玻璃瓶、泡沫塑料杯和塑料袋也可以永久保存。此处指与香蕉的降解情况相似，应用代词that。故填that。
【25题详解】
【26题详解】
考查介词。句意：尽管更持久的材料会更长时间地破坏环境和动物，但我们不能只通过垃圾的寿命来衡量其严重程度。结合句意表示“尽管”可知短语为despite the fact that…，句首单词首字母要大写。故填Despite。
30.____28____ the dozens of LEED-certified buildings in Taiwan, Taipei 101 is the most notable recipient. That’s because it is the tallest building in the world ____29____ (hold) a LEED certification.【2022杨浦二模】
31.Many other buildings around the world have also been certified by LEED, ____30____ of which serves a step in the right direction towards a cleaner future.【2022杨浦二模】
【答案】 28. Among##Of 30. each##any
【解析】
【28题详解】
考查介词。句意：在台湾数十个LEED认证建筑中，台北101建筑是最著名的获奖者。由“the dozens of LEED-certified buildings in Taiwan, Taipei 101 is the most notable recipient”可知，句子表示“在台湾数十个LEED认证建筑中，台北101建筑是最著名的获奖者”，空格处意为“在……中”，是among/of，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Among/Of。
【30题详解】
考查代词。句意：世界上许多其他的建筑也通过了LEED认证，每一个都是朝着更清洁的未来的正确方向迈出的一步。由后文的“serves a step in the right direction towards a cleaner future”可知，句子表示“世界上许多其他的建筑也通过了LEED认证，每一个都是朝着更清洁的未来的正确方向迈出的一步”，空格处意为“每一个或任何一个”，可用each/any。故填each/any。
_____
高考题型组合练
Section A：词汇运用
Directions: After reading the passage and the sentences below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.
Daily Life in Ancient Africa
A. respectable B. unique C. graduating D. return E. evident F. moved
G. distinctive H. travelled I. harmony J. creativity K. winning
This painting titled Enchanied Melody (1986) (魔法旋律) was created by the Iranian master of Persian miniature Mahmoud Farshchian (1930-).
He was born in the great city of architecture, art and love, Esfahan. At the age of five, it became ___11___ that his life would be devoted to art and painting. His father, a ___12___ Persian Carpet merchant in Esfahan, encouraged his interest in design and planted the seeds of art in his heart. While still in school, he was invited to learn painting from the famous masters of the time. After ___13___ from the Academy of Fine Arts in Isfahan, he ___14___ to Europe to study the works of western artists. Upon his ___15___ to Isfahan, he began working in the Directorate of Fine Arts. He joined the Faculty of Fine Arts of Tehran University as an art professor. It was there that he created many of his ___16___ masterpieces. And then he ___17___ to the United States and currently resides in New York.
The painting, Enchanted Melody, portrays the beautiful ancient story of falling in love. There is ___18___ with mature and the melody of the flute (长笛) flows through the rich air of a sweet autumn day. The man is clearly successful in winning the young woman's heart by playing the flute. He has achieved a ___19___ style and created a school of his own in painting. Some of his talents are his own wonderful sense of ____20____, his motive designs, his creation of round spaces, his smooth and powerful lines, and his creation of undulating colors.
Today, Farshchian does not only belong to Iran, but he is a global artist. He had travelled the globe, studied, taught and worked with various global artists and left us a rich legacy of artwork.
【答案】11. E 12. A 13. C 14. H 15. D 16. B 17. F 18. I 19. G 20. J
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球闻名的艺术家Farshchian及其作品。
【11题详解】
考查形容词。句意：在他五岁的时候，很明显，他的一生将致力于艺术和绘画。it became evident that很明显……。evident明显的。故选E。
【12题详解】
考查形容词。句意：他的父亲是一位在伊斯法罕的受人尊敬的波斯地毯商人，鼓励他对设计的兴趣，并在他心中播下艺术的种子。修饰名词merchant，前用形容词形式。respectable值得尊重的。故选A。
【13题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：从伊斯法罕美术学院毕业后，他前往欧洲学习西方艺术家的作品。句中逻辑主语he与graduate之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。所以填graduating。故选C。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：从伊斯法罕美术学院毕业后，他前往欧洲学习西方艺术家的作品。句中缺少谓语动词。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。所以填travelled。故选H。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：回到伊斯法罕后，他开始在美术理事会工作。介词upon后接名词或动名词，根据形容词性物主代词his可知，用名词形式。所以填return。故选D。
【16题详解】
考查形容词。句意：正是在那里，他创作了许多独特的杰作。修饰名词masterpieces，前用形容词形式。unique独特的。故选B。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：之后他移居美国，目前居住在纽约。move to移到。故选F。
【18题详解】
考查名词。句意：有成熟的和谐，长笛的旋律在甜美的秋日浓郁的空气中流淌。harmony with与……调和/融洽。故选I。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：他在绘画方面独树一帜，创造了自己的画派。修饰名词，用形容词形式。distinctive 独特的，有特色的，与众不同的。故选G。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：他的一些才能是他自己奇妙的创新意识，他的动机设计，他的创造圆形空间，他的流畅和有力的线条，他的创造波
动的色彩。sense of creativity 创新意识。故选J。
Section B：完型填空
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Many things happen when people are ageing. Apart from the greying hair and wrinkled skin, there is a(n) 41 change which comes with older age. When humans reach their later years, they favour more long-term 42 and their social cirele is reduced.
Now, for what appears to be the first time, scientists have seen the same 43 in another species. Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees (猩猩) reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their 44 friends at the expense of other relationships.
The researchers studied 78,000 hours of observations made between 1996 and 2016 that followed the social 45 of 21 male chimpanzees between the ages of 15 and 58 years old. They classified the chimps' 46 depending on the amount of time they sat with others and groomed (梳毛) them. They then rated (分类) the various pairings as mutual (相互的) friendships, where both chimps seemed to enjoy the relationship; 47 friendships, where one chimp was more keen to be friends than the other; and non-friendships, where neither chimp showed 48 the other.
When the scientists looked at the 49 of friendships, they found that the older chimps had more mutual friendships and fewer one-sided friendships than younger chimps. Another 50 seen in older humans was also spotted in the chimps. As the males got older, their levels of 51 gradually become less, meaning they started fewer fights and tended to threaten others in their group less often.
The observations have left the researchers 52 . According to an idea in psychology known as socio-emotional selectivity theory, older humans prefer more 53 relationships because they are aware that time is running out. However many animal experts argue that chimpanzees 54 the human sense of mortality (死亡) , suggesting something else is driving the behaviour.
Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at the University of Oxford, said in humans, the 55 social circles with age is due to declining social motivation to get out and meet people combined by lack of opportunity. In chimpanzees, as older males compete less for mates, they may focus on close, reciprocal (互惠的) relationships with trusted partners, he said.
41．A．physical B．intellectual C．emotional D．functional
42．A．habits B．friends C．tasks D．ideas
43．A．problem B．obstacle C．struggle D．behaviour
44．A．established B．respective C．experienced D．thoughtful
45．A．skills B．reputations C．interactions D．positions
46．A．intelligence B．relationships C．popularity D．performances
47．A．easy-going B．warm-hearted C．self-relying D．one-sided
48．A．respect for B．courage to C．interest in D．loyalty to
49．A．patterns B．importance C．meanings D．development
50．A．instinct B．disadvantage C．feature D．belief
51．A．responsibility B．aggression C．reliability D．advancement
52．A．delighted B．amused C．relived D．puzzled
53．A．unknown B．positive C．insecure D．senseless
54．A．lack B．obtain C．imitate D．abandon
55．A．absence from B．isolation from C．decrease in D．distinction in
答案：
41．C 42．B 43．D 44．A 45．C
46．B 47．D 48．C 49．A 50．C
51．B 52．D 53．B 54．A 55．C
本文是一篇说明文。文章通过科学研究来说明猩猩与人类一样，随着年龄变大，他们所交的朋友类型也会发生变化，年老时喜欢选择少数几个亲近的又积极活跃的朋友。
41．【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：除了白发和皮肤起皱外，还有随年龄增长而来的情绪变化。A. physical身体的；B. intellectual智力的；C. emotional感情的；D. functional实用的。根据“According to an idea in psychology known as socio-emotional selectivity theory, older humans prefer more ___53___ relationships because they are aware that time is running out.”可知，人类随年龄增长而带来情绪变化。故选C。
42．【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当人到了晚年，他们更喜欢长期的朋友，他们的社交圈减少了。A. habits习惯；B. friends朋友；C. tasks任务；D. ideas想法。根据“Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees (猩猩) reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their ___44___ friends at the expense of other relationships.”可知，当人到了晚年更喜欢长期的朋友。故选B。
43．【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：现在，科学家们似乎首次在另一个物种身上发现了同样的行为。A. problem问题；B. obstacle障碍；C. struggle奋斗；D. behaviour行为。根据“Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees (猩猩) reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their ___44___ friends at the expense of other relationships.”可知，科学家发现黑猩猩的行为和人类的行为相似。故选D。
44．【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对黑猩猩长达20年的观察表明，年长的雄性选择与已有的朋友保持联系，而牺牲其他关系。A. established建立的；B. respective各自的；C. experienced有经验的；D. thoughtful体贴的。根据“at the expense of other relationships.”可知，年长的黑猩猩选择与已建立关系的朋友保持联系而牺牲其他关系。故选A。
45．【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员研究了1996年至2016年期间进行的7.8万个小时的观察，这些观察跟踪了21只15至58岁雄性黑猩猩的社会互动。A. skills技巧；B. reputations名声；C. interactions相互作用；D. positions位置。根据“The researchers studied 78,000 hours of observations made between 1996 and 2016”可知，研究人员跟踪研究了黑猩猩的社会互动。故选C。
46．【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们根据黑猩猩与其他黑猩猩坐在一起和为它们梳理毛发的时间长短来划分黑猩猩之间的关系。A. intelligence智力；B. relationships关系；C. popularity流行；D. performances表现。根据“They then rated (分类) the various pairings as mutual (相互的) friendships, where both chimps seemed to enjoy the relationship;”可知，研究人员通过观察来了解黑猩猩之间的关系。故选B。
47．【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：单方面的友谊，其中一只黑猩猩比另一只更愿意成为朋友。A. easy-going随和的；B. warm-hearted热心的；C. self-relying自力更生的；D. one-sided片面的。根据“where one chimp was more keen to be friends than the other;”可知，这是单方面的友谊。故选D。
48．【答案】C
【解析】考查短语词义辨析。句意：以及非友谊，即两只黑猩猩都没有对对方表现出兴趣。A. respect for尊敬；B. courage to勇气；C. interest in兴趣；D. loyalty to忠诚。show interest in对……有兴趣。根据“___47___ friendships, where one chimp was more keen to be friends than the other;”和“and non-friendships,”可知，两只黑猩猩没有友谊就对彼此之间没有兴趣。故选C。
49．【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当科学家们观察友谊的模式时，他们发现年长的黑猩猩比年轻的黑猩猩有更多的共同友谊，而更少的是单方面的友谊。A. patterns模式；B. importance重要性；C. meanings意义；D. development发展。根据“they found that the older chimps had more mutual friendships and fewer one-sided friendships than younger chimps.”可知，这里指科学家们观察黑猩猩的友谊模式。故选A。
50．【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：老年人类的另一个特征也出现在黑猩猩身上。A. instinct直觉；B. disadvantage缺点；C. feature特色；D. belief信念。根据“Now, for what appears to be the first time, scientists have seen the same ___43___ in another species.”可知，这里指研究人员发现老年人类的另一个特征也出现在黑猩猩身上。故选C。
51．【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着雄性年龄的增长，它们的攻击性会逐渐减弱，这意味着它们开始很少打架，也不会经常威胁群体中的其他成员。A. responsibility责任；B. aggression侵犯；C. reliability可靠性；D. advancement进步。根据“meaning they started fewer fights and tended to threaten others in their group less often.”可知，雄性黑猩猩随着年龄的增长攻击性会逐渐减弱。故选B。
52．【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些观察让研究人员感到困惑。A. delighted高兴的；B. amused愉快的；C. relived再生的；D. puzzled困惑的。根据“According to an idea in psychology known as socio-emotional selectivity theory, older humans prefer more ___53___ relationships because they are aware that time is running out. However many animal experts argue that chimpanzees ___54___ the human sense of mortality (死亡), suggesting something else is driving the behaviour.”可知，研究人员对这些观察感到困惑。故选D。
53．【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据心理学上被称为社会情感选择性理论的观点，老年人更喜欢积极的关系，因为他们意识到时间不多了。A. unknown未知的；B. positive积极的；C. insecure不安全的；D. senseless无意义的。根据“because they are aware that time is running out.”可知，老年人因为意识到时间不多了，更喜欢积极的关系。故选B。
54．【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，许多动物专家认为，黑猩猩缺乏人类的死亡意识，这表明有其他因素驱动着这种行为。A. lack缺乏；B. obtain获得；C. imitate仿效；D. abandon抛弃。根据“suggesting something else is driving the behaviour.”可知，动物专家认为黑猩猩缺乏人类的死亡意识。故选A。
55．【答案】C
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意：牛津大学进化心理学教授罗宾·邓巴表示，就人类而言，随着年龄的增长，社交圈的减少是由于缺少机会，人们走出去和他人见面的动机下降。A. absence from缺；B. isolation from疏远；C. decrease in减少；D. distinction in区分。根据“due to declining social motivation to get out and meet people combined by lack of opportunity.”可知，人类随着年龄的增长，社交圈的减少是由于缺乏机会而减少的。故选C。
Section C：六选四阅读
Bill Gates doesn't pretend he lives in an egalitarian（主张平等的） household． When it comes to parenting his three children， the billionaire Microsoft giant readily admits his wife Melinda has done more than her share of the work raising the kids．
"My wife does 80%，" Gates told a crowd of Harvard students last Thursday． Gates spent two years there taking math and computer science courses as a pre﹣law student， but never finished up his degree． "Myeldest graduates from Stanford in June， so I'm optimistic she won't fall into my footsteps，" Gates joked．
___47___ They followed a 1970s "Love and Logic" parenting model． The core idea of the philosophy is centered on the idea of exerting emotional control， essentially minimizing emotional reactions like shouting or scolding kids．___48___ Gates admits he and his wife haven't been perfect at carrying out the approach．
"Can you get rid of the emotion？ You can't totally do it，" he said．
Aside from ruling in hot﹣blooded parent tempers， the love and logic model also stresses the importance of not leaning into rewards for kids， but instead demonstrating unconditional love and admiring kids for who they are， not what they do （or don't） achieve， like a poor test score．
"Many highly successful people struggled with grades as children，" Fay wrote on his site． "___49___"
The model is a bit like the ideal method， in that it pushes parents to focus on asking questions of their kids and getting them to think about how to solve their own problems， instead of feeding them answers．
___50___． However， he knew he wanted to do things differently with his own kids．It wasn't the only way he set boundaries for his children while they were growing up． None of his kids owned a cell phone until they were 14 years old． And they will each get about ﹩10 million of their parents fortune as inheritance，a mere fraction of the giant's roughly ﹩90 billion net worth． "We want to strike a balance where they have the freedom to do anything， but not a lot of money showered on them so they could go out and do nothing，" Gates once told TED．
【答案】47. F 48. B 49. D 50. C
【解析】本文是一篇选句填空，文章主要介绍了比尔•盖茨应该算是世界上最成功的人了，拥有成功人生的他是如何培养和教育自己的下一代的呢？盖茨日前透露，他对子女贯行的教育方法是"爱和逻辑"，也就是控制父母的情绪反应，多赞美孩子本身而不是依靠物质奖励，引导孩子自己去解决问题。
【47题详解】
理解判断题。根据后文They followed a 1970s "Love and Logic" parenting model. The core idea of the philosophy is centered on the idea of exerting emotional control，essentially minimizing emotional reactions like shouting or scolding kids.（他们遵循的是上世纪70年代的“爱与逻辑”教育模式，其核心理念是运用情感控制，将大喊大叫或责骂孩子等情感反应降到最低）可知，F项：Gates said he and his wife have been quite deliberate about the model they've used to raise their three children.（盖茨夫妇育有三个子女，他们夫妇二人对孩子的教育模式非常慎重）符合文意，故选F。
【48题详解】
联系上下文。根据前文They followed a 1970s "Love and Logic" parenting model. The core idea of the philosophy is centered on the idea of exerting emotional control，essentially minimizing emotional reactions like shouting or scolding kids.（他们遵循的是上世纪70年代的“爱与逻辑”教育模式，其核心理念是运用情感控制，将大喊大叫或责骂孩子等情感反应降到最低）再根据后文Gates admits he and his wife haven't been perfect at carrying out the approach.（盖茨承认，他和他的妻子在实施这种方法方面并不完美）可知，B项：One of the greatest benefits of applying Love and Logic is that it helps us learn how to keep a tighter leash on our emotions and on our tongues.（运用爱和逻辑的最大好处之一是，它帮助我们学会如何更严格地控制自己的情绪和语言）符合文意，故选B。
【49题详解】
语境辨析题。根据前文"Many highly successful people struggled with grades as children，" Fay wrote on his site."（费伊在他的网站上写道："许多非常成功的人小时候成绩并不好"）可知，D项：What's most important is that our children develop good character， curiosity， and problem﹣solving skills.（最重要的是使孩子具备良好的品格、好奇心和解决问题的技巧）符合文意，故选D。
【50题详解】
文章衔接题。根据后文However，he knew he wanted to do things differently with his own kids.（但他希望为自己的孩子做点不一样的事情）可知，C项：Gates says the "Love and Logic" method is a far cry from the way he grew up.（盖茨表示，"爱和逻辑"教育法和他自己的成长经历相距甚远）符合文意，故选C。
【点睛】对于此类题型的解答，可以将整个文段首先浏览一遍，大概理解意思。答题过程中，根据所提供的答语或是后文进行作答，同时，做题过程中也可以使用排除法，将选项带到文章中逐一的作答，答完后注意通读检查是否符合逻辑，语义顺畅。
V. Translation (第1-2句，每句3分；第3句，4分；第4句5分；共15分)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72.这是他第一次回老家过年，是吗？(time)
73. 教育学家们很想知道究竟是什么塑造了一个人的人格。(it)
74. 在线预订出租车虽然很时尚，但许多相关问题尚待解决。(as)
75. 这首歌在今年的艺术节上首发时，因其旋律欢快，风格诙谐引起轰动，但只是昙花一现。（when）
【参考答案】
72.这是他第一次回老家过年，是吗？(time)
This is the first time that he has gone back hometown to spend the Spring Festival, isn’t it?
73. 教育学家们很想知道究竟是什么塑造了一个人的人格。(it)
Educators are intended to know what it is that shapes a person’s character.
74.在线预订出租车虽然很时尚，但许多相关问题尚待解决。(as)
Fashionable as booking taxis online is, many related problems remain to be solved.
75.这首歌在今年的艺术节上首发时，因其旋律欢快，风格诙谐引起轰动，但只是昙花一现。（when）
The song caused a stir /became a hit for its cheerful melody and comic style when it was first performed/released at the Art Festival this year, but its popularity didn’t last long/a flash in the pan .
►专题09 代词、介词、形容词副词、情态动词等用法+高考题型组合练
_________________________________________________________________________________________
考点精讲
【考情链接】
语法填空题将语法知识的考查融千一篇英语短文中，通过设置纯空格题填空和给词填空两种形式来表
现，突出考查了学生通过语境运用语法知识的能力，更能客观，准确地考察学生的语法知识水平。考查形式包括有提示词(4~5个)和无提示词(5~6 个)两种。有提示词的考向主要有:名词的单复数、谓语动词的时态，语态和主谓一致以及非谓语动词、形容词/副词的级别等;无提示词的考向主要有;介词、冠词、连接词、代词等;且每空只能填一个单词。。
【要点梳理】
Ø 考点一：代词
常考代词
人称代词we, you, her, it, they等；物主代词my, their, yours, hers等；反身代词himself, themselves等；指示代词this, these, that, those;不定代词 everything, something, anything, nothing, everyone, someone, everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody, both, either, neither, all, none, each, others, the other, another, the others, one, the one(s).
例1: We all know it is quite common now that many teenagers, especially ________ from one-child families, like to make net friends and spend lots of time chatting with them because they need someone to talk with and share their sorrow and happiness.
解析：此题的正确答案为those。根据句子成分分析可知，本空应该填入一名词性成分，作为同位语结构especially ______ from one-child families的中心词，因此考虑填入代词，代指children(from one-child families)，用those较为合适。
例2: When we feel like we don’t have time to do something important, it is ________ because we’re not making time or because our priorities are not what we actually need.
解析：此题的正确答案为either。此空提示信息点比较隐蔽，跟其他填代词的考题有些区别。但只要发现此句中有两个because就可以知道考察either…or...结构。
例3: Instead of having to choose one or the other, we can benefit from ________ of the approaches.
解析：此题的正确答案为those。题干中出现了one, the other可以推测此题应该会考察关于两者之间的一些代词：either, both等。后面又出现of和复数名词approaches，可以确定填入both表示两者都。
Ø 考点一：介词
常考介词
in, on, at, to, from, of, off, under, above, below, over, across, through, beyond, behind, beside, between, among, near, up, down, before, after, since, for, against, besides, except, by, with, without, about, as, like, during, into, throughout, until, within, toward, past, despite, regardless of, in spite of, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, except for, apart from, other than, such as, according to, instead of, rather than, as well as, in addition to, …
例1：As a student, I get so many assignments every day. I have to stay up late in order to finish all my homework. I used to complain about all this pressure ________ school with my classmates.
解析：此题的正确答案为from。分析知“来自学校的压力”，做定语成分。
例2：Then Penny sees an incredibly handsome man. She stares at him. He catches her staring. He smiles and walks ________ to her.
解析：此题的正确答案为up/over。根据介词与不及物动词walk构成搭配walk up/over to sb，走近某人。
例3：Roald Dahl, the famous children’s book writer, was born to Harold and Sofie Dahl on 13 September 1916. He was named ________ the explorer, Roald Amundsen, their national hero in Norway of that time.
解析：此题的正确答案为after。根据固定搭配 be named after，“以…命名”。
Ø 考点三：形容词副词
1、判断
括号中给出形容词或副词，考查其原级、比较级、最高级。
2、解题技巧
技巧1：空格前有可修饰比较级的词even，much，far，still，a little，a bit，a lot等时，或句子中有than 时，需改为比较级形式。
例1：After a few months, we did not complain about homework anymore because we knew that our teachers worked ________ (hard) than we did.
解析：此题的正确答案为harder。有明显的提示than，所以需比较级形式。
例2：Susan, who has just completed her third summer camp on the river cleanup, sees a change in this river. “Since we started three years ago, the river is getting a lot ________ (clean),” she says.
解析：此题的正确答案为cleaner。前有a lot进行修饰，所以需比较级形式。
技巧2：空格前为定冠词the，或整个句子中有范围限定时，所给出的形容词或副词需改最高级的形式。
例1：The contest requires the chosen laughers to face off against each other as the audience determines who has ________ (attractive) laugh.
解析：此题的正确答案为the most attractive。分析句子含义，有范围限定“在此比赛中谁的笑容最迷人”，所以需要最高级形式。
Ø 考点四：情态动词
考法1 考查情态动词的基本用法
对于情态动词,通常是在具体的语境(尤其是对话)中考查其基本含义。个别高频情态动词在特殊语境下的特殊含义(如:must“非得;偏要”,should“竟然”,shall用于第二、三人称表示警告、命令、威胁、允诺、规定等)是高考的热点和难点。常见情态动词的基本用法是高考考查的重点。
考法2 考查“情态动词+have done”的用法
“情态动词+have done”用法是高考的难点,主要是给出动词,让考生根据语境选择适当的情态动词填空,既可能考查情态动词的使用,也可能考查动词过去分词的形式。
考法3 考查虚拟语气的用法
虚拟语气主要会在语篇填空或短文改错题目中出现,同时if的省略所产生的倒装现象也是常考的语法点。考生要根据上下文语境来揣摩句子的语气,同时注意if引导的非真实条件句中省略if引起倒装的语法现象。
(1)虚拟语气用于条件状语从句时,从句或主句中动词的形式。
(2)虚拟语气在with,without,but for,under,or等构成的结构代替条件状语从句时的用法。
(3)wish后的宾语从句,表示建议、愿望、命令等的动词或名词后的名词性从句以及as if/as though引导的从句中虚拟语气的用法。
例题：
1．Time is very limited, so you ________ get to that mountain village within 15 minutes.
答案：shall 句意为：时间很有限，你必须在十五分钟以内到达那个山村。shall与第二、三人称连用，表示命令，意为“一定，必须”。
2．—What does the sign over there say?
—No person ________ bring drinks into the student computer room.
答案：shall 句意为：——那边的标志是什么意思？——不允许任何人带饮料进入学生计算机室。shall表示规定、法令等中的义务，意为“应该，必须”。
3．I ________ have passed my examination easily, but I made too many stupid mistakes.
答案：could/would/might 句意为：我本能很轻松地通过考试，但我犯了很多愚蠢的错误。与过去事实相反，主句用would/could/might/have done。
4．I'm really concerned about you. If something ________ happen to you, call me at once.
答案：should 句意为：我真的很关心你。你如果发生了什么事，马上打电话给我。should do表示对将来的虚拟。
5．Some scientific evidence suggests musical training before the age of seven ________ have a significant impact on the brain's development.
答案：can 句意为：一些科学证据表明人在七岁以前的音乐训练对大脑的发育可能有重要影响。can表示可能性。
6．I couldn't________ (go) through the hard times but for my teacher's generous and timely help.
答案 have gone [句意：要不是老师慷慨而及时的帮助，我不可能熬过那段艰难的岁月。根据句意可知设空处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为have gone。本句中的but for相当于if it hadn't been for...。]
7．I was ill that day, otherwise I would ________ (take) part in the sports meet.
答案 have taken [句意：那天我病了，否则我就参加运动会了。根据语境可推知设空处为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，故答案为have taken。]
8．The nationwide smog serves as a constant reminder, indicating that it's high time we ________ (reflect) on ourselves.
答案 reflected/should reflect [句意：全国范围内的雾霾在不断提醒我们是时候反思自己了。由“it is high time sb. did/should do sth.”可知填reflected/should reflect。]
9．It has been accepted that all the students ________ put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with flu virus.
答案 shall [句意：为防学生感染病毒，学生们在进校前要戴上口罩。在第三人称作主语的陈述句中，表示规定、规则，用shall。]
_____
重点小练
代词介词形容词副词情态动词练习
1. Both teams were in hard training. __________ was willing to lose the game.
2. No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side would accept the conditions of __________ __________ .
3. To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered __________ .
4. Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly from __________ of the past.
5. The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money __________ me.
6. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back __________ a big tree.
7. He invited me to a dance after the show __________ Christmas Eve.
8. Mary kept weighing herself to see how much __________ (heavy) she was getting.
9. John has three sisters. Mary is __________ (clever) of the three.
10. If we had followed his plan, we could have done the job better with __________ (little) money and __________ (few) people.
11. Wright said that the study suggests people __________ prioritize sleep, cutting out the optional “sleep stealers”, such as watching television shows or spending time on electronic devices.【2019川中期末】
12. From the moment he __________ read, he was never without a book in his hands.【2018金山月考】
13. It is taken for granted in China that children __________ __________ support their parents.
14. We __________ __________ be careful when we are making friends on the Internet.
15. They __________ have missed the plane, or perhaps they have been prevented from coming for some reason.
16. The school has made it a rule that students __________ not use mobile phones in class.
17. You __________ not return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.
18. One __________ never be too careful when driving.
19. I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. She __________ not have spoken at the meeting.
20. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but __________ didn’t help.
21. Everybody was touched __________ words after they heard her moving story.
22. It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot __________ easy reach.
23. Frankly speaking, Mr White’s lecture is __________ (wonderful) one I have ever attended.
24. Not knowing what he was really interested in, he found it hard to decide which of the two courses could be __________ (appropriate).
【答案】 1. Neither 2. the other 3. another 4. those 5. with 6. against 7. on 8. heavier 9. the cleverest 10. less, fewer 11. should 12. could 13. ought to 14. have to/ ought to 15. may 16. must 17. need 18. can 19. could 20.it 21. beyond 22. within 23. the most wonderful
24. more appropriate
_____
好题必测
1.But Johan Stenevad, my host at Lapland Guesthouse, showed me ____26____ else. One day, on a snowmobile path lined with tall trees on both sides, he turned off his engine and asked me what I saw. “Trees,” I answered. “A forest.” 【2022浦东二模】
2.The slow growing lichen (地衣) and mushrooms upon which the reindeer depend for survival are not found in plantations. So, the death of one _____30_____ mean the death of the other, and an uncertain future for an entire people. 【2022浦东二模】
【答案】26. something 30. can##may##might##could
【解析】
【26题详解】
考查代词。句意：但我在拉普兰宾馆的主人Johan Stenevad向我展示了其他东西。结合句意表示“其他东西”短语为something else。故填something。
【30题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：因此，一个人的死亡可能意味着另一个人的死亡，整个民族的未来也不确定。根据“an uncertain future for an entire people”可知，此处表示不确定推测，表示“可能”，应用情态动词can/may/might/could。故填can/may/might/could。
3.However, it did not stop her from completing her college and graduate studies before becoming a white-collar worker in Shanghai, ____22____ her parents’ great support. 【2022金山二模】
“ ____28____ made me feel that there were many things worth sharing in my life, and it also gave me a sense of mission,” she explains.【2022金山二模】
【答案】22. due to##thanks to 28. It##This
【解析】
【22题详解】
考查介词。句意：然而，由于父母的大力支持，这并没有妨碍她在上海完成大学和研究生学业，成为一名白领。根据上文“it did not stop her from completing her college and graduate studies before becoming a white-collar worker in Shanghai”以及下文的“great support”可知，因为父母的支持她才能完成学业。介词短语due to/thanks to，表示“因为”，后接名词。故填due to/thanks to。
【28题详解】
考查代词。句意：她解释说：“这让我觉得在我的生命中有很多值得分享的东西，也让我有了使命感。”代指上文一件事，用it或者this。出现在句首，注意首字母大写。故填It/This。
4.Hundreds of thousands of people suddenly found themselves in the dark ___2___ water, electricity, air conditioning, and internet. 【2022静安二模】
5.People shared their food, ice, and gasoline. People who still had power opened their homes to ___6___ who had none. 【2022静安二模】
6.How we respond to them, however, is up to us. We ___9___ react to them like evils of selfishness or like heroes of love. 【2022静安二模】
【答案】2. without 6. those 9. can
【解析】
【2题详解】
考查介词。句意：成千上万的人突然发现自己身处黑暗之中，没有水、电、空调和网络。根据空前的in the dark可知，是没有水、电等的；根据其后water可知，空处为介词without，表示“没有”。故填without。
【6题详解】
考查代词。句意：那些还有电的人会向那些没有电的人敞开家门。根据下文的“who had none”可知，指的是没有电的那些人，用代词those。故填those。
【9题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：我们可以像自私的恶魔或有爱的英雄那样对待他们。根据上文的“How we respond to them, however, is up to us.”可知，这里指的是我们可以采取的方式，表示“可以、能够”用情态动词can。故填can。
7.The giant “snowflake” was made from 91 smaller ____22____, each with the name of a participating country or region. According to Zhang, __to combine__23____ (combine) the smaller snowflakes symbolizes people’s joint efforts to build a community with a shared future for humanity and only through such efforts ____24____ man overcome the pandemic (流行病). 【2022松江二模】
8. 76 participants ____26____ different countries walked shoulder to shoulder through the performance zone in a program that greeted all the people around the world. 【2022松江二模】
【答案】22. ones 24. can## will##may##could##would##might 26. from
【解析】
【22题详解】
考查代词。句意：巨大的“雪花”由91个较小的“雪花”组成，每个“雪花”上都有一个参赛国家或地区的名字。由句意可知，空处指的是“雪花”，且空处前有数词91修饰，则应该表示复数的“雪花”，因此使用代词ones代指上文提到的“snowflake”的复数形式。故填ones。
【24题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：张艺谋表示，将小雪花结合起来，象征着人类携手构建人类命运共同体，只有这样，人类才能/会战胜疫情。分析句子结构，and引导的并列句中，only置于句首修饰方式状语through such efforts，则句子用部分倒装，即提前助动词或情态动词。由句意可知，空处可填写can或will或may或could或would或might来补全句意。故答案填写can或will或may或could或would或might。
【26题详解】
考查介词。句意：来自不同国家的76名选手肩并肩走过表演区，向全世界人民致意。分析句子结构，主语为“76 participants ____ different countries”，其中，“76 participants ”与“different countries”之间的逻辑关系是：76名选手来自于不同国家。介词from表示“来自于”。故填from。
9.“But ____24____ that tragedy and loss, we are still here. You are still here. And that’s ____25____ to celebrate,” She said the people then relied on bison for food and livelihood, believing future generations would do the same. 【2022青浦二模】
10.Whisper Camel-Means, the tribes division manager for the wildlife refuge, said under the Fish and Wildlife Service supervision, the exhibits there previously used a different tribes’ word for bison, which they ____27____ not accept. 【2022青浦二模】
11. The tribes are working to build a ____30____ (big) museum that will be closer to U.S. Highway 93. It’s a push to share their history with more people. 【2022青浦二模】
【答案】24. in spite of 25. something##what 27. would##could 30. bigger
【解析】
【24题详解】
考查介词短语。句意：但是，尽管有这样的悲剧和损失，我们仍然在这里。根据句意，“that tragedy and loss”和“we are still here”之间有转折关系，可用介词短语in spite of引导让步状语，意为“尽管”。故填in spite of。
【25题详解】
考查代词和不定式复合结构。句意：这是一件值得庆祝的事情。分析句子可知，“ to celebrate”是句子表语，结合句意可使用“不定代词something+不定式”结构，其中不定式作后置定语修饰something，也可使用不定式复合结构“特殊疑问词what+不定式”作表语，意为“值得庆祝的事情”。故填something/what。
【27题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：野生动物保护区的部落部门经理hisper Camel-Means说，在鱼类和野生动物管理局的监督下，那里的展品之前用了不同部落的词来形容野牛，他们不会接受。根据句意，可用情态动词would或者could与动词原形accept构谓语。故填would/could。
【30题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：这些部落正在努力建造一个更大的博物馆，它将更靠近美国93号公路。根据句意和下文“share their history with more people”可推知，一个更大的博物馆能与更多的人分享历史，应使用比较级。故填bigger。
12.But grocery store bread ____26____ stay fresh during long shipping and storage times. So companies often put a chemical preservative in it.【2022宝山二模】
13. And consumers need to compromise（妥协）when it comes to preservatives because they make food ______30______ (safe) to eat. 【2022宝山二模】
【答案】26. must 30. safer
【解析】
【26题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：但是食品杂货店的面包必须在漫长的运输和贮存期间保持新鲜度。分析句子结构可知，bread是句子的主语且是单数形式，而空格后动词stay用了动词原形。换言之，空格要填上一个词使得stay保持形式不变，考虑情态动词。再分析句意，长时间的运输和贮存肯定会使面包失去新鲜度，因此就得想办法让它保持新鲜。must语气最强烈。故填must。
【30题详解】
考查形容词。句意：当谈论到防腐剂时，消费者们要妥协，因为防腐剂让食物吃起来更安全。分析句子结构可知，此处safe作宾补修饰food，因此要填形容词形式。结合本句句意推断，消费者之所以要妥协是因为防腐剂可以让食品更保质，所以吃起来会更安全。故要用safe的比较级形式。故填safer。
14.Women in Africa experience greater barriers to developing careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) than ____22____ in high-income countries do, with lack of funding a particular problem. Africa’s researchers badly need long-term, stable investment from internal and external funding sources, including venture capital. In the latest poll, 56% of respondents working in science in Africa cited a lack of funding as their ____23____ (great) career challenge, and it was the top concern for both men and women. If only Africa’s governments and the international donor community ____24____ do more to help scientists to realize their ambitions: even modest funding increases might go a long way ____25____ accelerating nation-building.【2022奉贤二模】
【答案】22. those 23. greatest 24. could 25. towards##to
【解析】
【22题详解】
考查代词。句意：与高收入国家的妇女相比，非洲妇女在发展科学、技术、工程和数学（STEM）职业方面遭遇了更大的障碍，缺乏资金是一个特别的问题。空处指代高收入国家的女性，为同类指代，应用that/those，又上文women是复数形式，故此处应用those，those in high-income countries相当于the women in high-income countries。故填those。
【23题详解】
考查最高级。句意：在最新的民意调查中，在非洲从事科学工作的受访者中，56%的人认为缺乏资金是他们最大的职业挑战，这是男性和女性最关心的问题。由后面的“it was the top concern for both men and women”可知，句子表示“56%的人认为缺乏资金是他们最大的职业挑战”，空格处意为“最大的”，用最高级greatest，故填greatest。
【24题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：如果非洲各国政府和国际捐赠界能够做更多的事情来帮助科学家实现他们的雄心壮志，那就好了：即使是适度的资金增加也可能对加速国家建设大有帮助。do是原形，空格处用情态动词，由If only可知，句子是虚拟语气，句子表示“如果非洲各国政府和国际捐赠界能够做更多的事情来帮助科学家实现他们的雄心就好了”，是对现在情况的虚拟，且空格处意为“能够”，用情态动词could，故填could。
【25题详解】
考查介词。句意：如果非洲各国政府和国际捐赠界能够做更多的事情来帮助科学家实现他们的雄心壮志，那就好了：即使是适度的资金增加也可能对加速国家建设大有帮助。由“accelerating nation-building”可知，句子表示“即使是适度的资金增加也可能对加速国家建设大有帮助”，go a long way towards/to意为“大大有利于”，故填towards/to。
15. First ____21__constructed__(construct) in the 10th century as a part of a villa, the garden of Keyuan in Suzhou, Jiangsu province, was rebuilt and renewed on numerous occasions ____22____ history until it became a Confucian academy in 1805.【2022徐汇二模】
16.Every step in the refurbishing and decorating process has to follow historical recordings and precedent, says the designer. If relevant documentation is vague, restorers ____30____ leave certain parts untouched to retain marks left by time.【2022徐汇二模】
【答案】22. throughout##in 30. would rather/have to
【解析】
【22题详解】
考查介词。句意：江苏省苏州可园始建于 10 世纪，它是一座别墅的一部分，在历史上曾多次重建和翻新，直到 1805 年成为文学院。根据句意的需要可知，此处填入介词throughout或者in构成固定短语throughout/in history，意为“纵观历史”。故填throughout或者in。
【30题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：如果相关文件模糊不清，修复者宁愿（不得不）保留某些部分原封不动，以保留时间留下的痕迹。根据句意和语境的需要，使用表示“宁愿（would rather）”或者“不得不（have to）”的表达方式。故填would rather或者have to。
17.It started with things ____23____ assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten characters from zip codes. 【2022嘉定二模】
18.Machine learning is now capable of far, far ____25____ (complex) tasks.【2022嘉定二模】
19.A teacher ____28____ read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career. A machine can read millions of essays within minutes. We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent, high-volume tasks.【2022嘉定二模】
【答案】23. like 25. more complex 28. may##might
【解析】
【23题详解】
考查介词。句意：它从像评估贷款申请的信用风险开始，通过阅读邮政编码中的手写字符来分类邮件。根据句意可知，需填介词like。故填like。
【25题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：机器学习现在能够完成极其复杂的任务。根据上文的far以及句意可知，此处应用形容词的比较级。故填more complex。
【28题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：一名教师在40年的职业生涯中可能阅读10000篇论文。根据后文“A machine can read millions of essays within minutes.”（一台机器可以在几分钟内阅读数百万篇文章。）可知，此处是在做一种推断，且没有具体事实支撑，故可能性相对较小。故填may或者might。
20.If you don’t know the names of certain people, you ____4____ be able to ask older relatives, thereby involving them in your research. 【2022长宁二模】
21.After you’ve gone back as far as your living relatives can remember, tracing your family history gets ____5____ (hard). Depending on where you come from, there may or may not be documents with ____6 recorded____ (record) names, birth dates, ect. In some places, however, records ____7____ these might be available online. 【2022长宁二模】
【答案】 4. might##may 5. harder 7. like
【解析】
【4题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：如果你不知道某些人的名字，你可以询问年长的亲戚，从而让他们参与你的研究。空后为be动词原形，且结合句意此处表示“可以，能够”，应用情态动词may/might。故填may/might。
【5题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：当你回溯到你在世的亲戚能记得的最远的时候，追溯你的家族史就变得更难了。空处应填形容词作表语，结合语境和上文“as far as your living relatives can remember”可知，回溯到你在世的亲戚能记得的最远的时，追溯家族史就变得更困难了，表示“更难”应用比较级。故填harder。
【7题详解】
考查介词。句意：然而，在某些地方，像这样的记录可以在网上找到。结合句意和句子结构，表示“像”此处应填介词like，records like these“像这样的记录”。故填like。
22.Some think of the office as the new offsite, the purpose of ___which_3____ is to get people together so they can do the things that remote working makes harder: establishing deeper relationships or cooperating in real time on specific projects. ____4____ talk of the office as a destination, a place that has to make the idea of getting out of bed earlier seem attractive. 【2022虹口二模】
23.Another theme is data. Managers alike will want more data in order to understand how facilities are being used, and the question of who owns data and what data are needed is about to become ____10____ (pressing).【2022虹口二模】
【答案】 4. Others 10. more pressing
【解析】
【4题详解】
考查代词。句意：另一些人则将办公室视为一个目的地，一个必须让早起的想法看起来更有吸引力的地方。talk是原形，因此空格处是复数，由前面的“Some think”可知，此处表示“另一些人则将办公室视为一个目的地”，空格处意为“另一些人”，用others，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Others。
【10题详解】
考查比较级。句意：管理者们都想要更多的数据，以便了解设施是如何使用的，谁拥有数据以及需要什么数据的问题将变得更加紧迫。由前面的“want more data”可知，句子表示“管理者们都想要更多的数据，以便了解设施是如何使用的，谁拥有数据以及需要什么数据的问题将变得更加紧迫”，空格处用比较级more pressing，故填more pressing。
24.According to some reports, this satellite and other US spy satellites have the technology to take even ____24____ (sharp) images, with a resolution of up to around 4 inches (10cm). 【2022黄埔二模】
25. Live, high-detail satellite mapping could probably be used to keep tags on anybody at any time, ____26____ the person’s knowledge. 【2022黄埔二模】
At the same time, live, detailed maps of Earth’s surface ____29____ aid humanity in amazing ways. 【2022黄埔二模】
【答案】24. sharper 26. without 29. could/can/may/might
【解析】
【24题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：据报道，这颗卫星和其他美国间谍卫星拥有拍摄更清晰图像的技术，分辨率高达4英寸（10厘米）左右。根据句意可知，此处表示“更清晰的图像”，所以应用sharp的比较级形式，sharp的比较级是sharper，故填sharper。
【26题详解】
考查介词。句意：实时的、高细节的卫星地图可能会被用来在任何人不知情的情况下，随时对任何人保持标记。根据语境可知，句子表示“实时的、高细节的卫星地图可能会被用来在任何人不知情的情况下，随时对任何人保持标记”，空格处意为“没有”，用介词without。故填without。
【29题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：与此同时，实时的、详细的地球表面地图可以/可能以惊人的方式帮助人类。aid是动词原形，空格处用情态动词，根据语境可知，句子表示“实时的、详细的地球表面地图可以/可能以惊人的方式帮助人类”，空格处意为“可以/可能”，用情态动词could/can/may/might。故填could/can/may/might。
26/.As we emerge from the pandemic (大流行病), we’re starting to see the return of an age-old custom: the handshake. Many of us went ____21____ shaking someone else’s hands for about two years.【2022崇明二模】
27.Handshaking ____23____ have started as an ancient custom to demonstrate to a stranger that you had no weapon in your hand. 【2022崇明二模】
【答案】21. without 23. may##might
【解析】
【21题详解】
考查介词。句意：我们中的许多人在大约两年的时间里都没有和别人握手。根据前文“As we emerge from the pandemic, we’re starting to see the return of an age-old custom: the handshake.(随着疫情的结束，我们开始看到一个古老的习俗的回归——握手)”可知，因为疫情之前2年都没有握手。故填without。
【23题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：握手最初可能是一种古老的习俗，用来向陌生人展示你手中没有武器。分析句子结构可知，本句中谓语动词是have started，且have是用的原形。结合句意，此处表达一种猜测，所以应该用情态动词。故填may / might。
28.A banana peel ____23____ take up two years to break down. An orange peel and a cigarette butt (烟蒂) has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to ____24____ of a banana, but tin and aluminum cans last up to 100 years; and plastic bottles last forever, so ___do_25____ glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.【2022闵行二模】
29.____26____ the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can’t only measure the severity (严重性) of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. 【2022闵行二模】
【答案】23. can 24. that 26. Despite
【解析】
【23题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：一个香蕉皮可能需要两年时间才能分解。后跟动词原形，表示“能够”应用情态动词can。故填can。
【24题详解】
考查代词。句意：橙子皮和烟蒂的生物降解术语与香蕉相似，但锡罐和铝罐降解可达100年；塑料瓶、玻璃瓶、泡沫塑料杯和塑料袋也可以永久保存。此处指与香蕉的降解情况相似，应用代词that。故填that。
【25题详解】
【26题详解】
考查介词。句意：尽管更持久的材料会更长时间地破坏环境和动物，但我们不能只通过垃圾的寿命来衡量其严重程度。结合句意表示“尽管”可知短语为despite the fact that…，句首单词首字母要大写。故填Despite。
30.____28____ the dozens of LEED-certified buildings in Taiwan, Taipei 101 is the most notable recipient. That’s because it is the tallest building in the world ____29____ (hold) a LEED certification.【2022杨浦二模】
31.Many other buildings around the world have also been certified by LEED, ____30____ of which serves a step in the right direction towards a cleaner future.【2022杨浦二模】
【答案】 28. Among##Of 30. each##any
【解析】
【28题详解】
考查介词。句意：在台湾数十个LEED认证建筑中，台北101建筑是最著名的获奖者。由“the dozens of LEED-certified buildings in Taiwan, Taipei 101 is the most notable recipient”可知，句子表示“在台湾数十个LEED认证建筑中，台北101建筑是最著名的获奖者”，空格处意为“在……中”，是among/of，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Among/Of。
【30题详解】
考查代词。句意：世界上许多其他的建筑也通过了LEED认证，每一个都是朝着更清洁的未来的正确方向迈出的一步。由后文的“serves a step in the right direction towards a cleaner future”可知，句子表示“世界上许多其他的建筑也通过了LEED认证，每一个都是朝着更清洁的未来的正确方向迈出的一步”，空格处意为“每一个或任何一个”，可用each/any。故填each/any。
_____
高考题型组合练
Section A：词汇运用
Directions: After reading the passage and the sentences below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.
Daily Life in Ancient Africa
A. respectable B. unique C. graduating D. return E. evident F. moved
G. distinctive H. travelled I. harmony J. creativity K. winning
This painting titled Enchanied Melody (1986) (魔法旋律) was created by the Iranian master of Persian miniature Mahmoud Farshchian (1930-).
He was born in the great city of architecture, art and love, Esfahan. At the age of five, it became ___11___ that his life would be devoted to art and painting. His father, a ___12___ Persian Carpet merchant in Esfahan, encouraged his interest in design and planted the seeds of art in his heart. While still in school, he was invited to learn painting from the famous masters of the time. After ___13___ from the Academy of Fine Arts in Isfahan, he ___14___ to Europe to study the works of western artists. Upon his ___15___ to Isfahan, he began working in the Directorate of Fine Arts. He joined the Faculty of Fine Arts of Tehran University as an art professor. It was there that he created many of his ___16___ masterpieces. And then he ___17___ to the United States and currently resides in New York.
The painting, Enchanted Melody, portrays the beautiful ancient story of falling in love. There is ___18___ with mature and the melody of the flute (长笛) flows through the rich air of a sweet autumn day. The man is clearly successful in winning the young woman's heart by playing the flute. He has achieved a ___19___ style and created a school of his own in painting. Some of his talents are his own wonderful sense of ____20____, his motive designs, his creation of round spaces, his smooth and powerful lines, and his creation of undulating colors.
Today, Farshchian does not only belong to Iran, but he is a global artist. He had travelled the globe, studied, taught and worked with various global artists and left us a rich legacy of artwork.
【答案】11. E 12. A 13. C 14. H 15. D 16. B 17. F 18. I 19. G 20. J
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了全球闻名的艺术家Farshchian及其作品。
【11题详解】
考查形容词。句意：在他五岁的时候，很明显，他的一生将致力于艺术和绘画。it became evident that很明显……。evident明显的。故选E。
【12题详解】
考查形容词。句意：他的父亲是一位在伊斯法罕的受人尊敬的波斯地毯商人，鼓励他对设计的兴趣，并在他心中播下艺术的种子。修饰名词merchant，前用形容词形式。respectable值得尊重的。故选A。
【13题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：从伊斯法罕美术学院毕业后，他前往欧洲学习西方艺术家的作品。句中逻辑主语he与graduate之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。所以填graduating。故选C。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：从伊斯法罕美术学院毕业后，他前往欧洲学习西方艺术家的作品。句中缺少谓语动词。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。所以填travelled。故选H。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：回到伊斯法罕后，他开始在美术理事会工作。介词upon后接名词或动名词，根据形容词性物主代词his可知，用名词形式。所以填return。故选D。
【16题详解】
考查形容词。句意：正是在那里，他创作了许多独特的杰作。修饰名词masterpieces，前用形容词形式。unique独特的。故选B。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：之后他移居美国，目前居住在纽约。move to移到。故选F。
【18题详解】
考查名词。句意：有成熟的和谐，长笛的旋律在甜美的秋日浓郁的空气中流淌。harmony with与……调和/融洽。故选I。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：他在绘画方面独树一帜，创造了自己的画派。修饰名词，用形容词形式。distinctive 独特的，有特色的，与众不同的。故选G。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：他的一些才能是他自己奇妙的创新意识，他的动机设计，他的创造圆形空间，他的流畅和有力的线条，他的创造波
动的色彩。sense of creativity 创新意识。故选J。
Section B：完型填空
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Many things happen when people are ageing. Apart from the greying hair and wrinkled skin, there is a(n) 41 change which comes with older age. When humans reach their later years, they favour more long-term 42 and their social cirele is reduced.
Now, for what appears to be the first time, scientists have seen the same 43 in another species. Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees (猩猩) reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their 44 friends at the expense of other relationships.
The researchers studied 78,000 hours of observations made between 1996 and 2016 that followed the social 45 of 21 male chimpanzees between the ages of 15 and 58 years old. They classified the chimps' 46 depending on the amount of time they sat with others and groomed (梳毛) them. They then rated (分类) the various pairings as mutual (相互的) friendships, where both chimps seemed to enjoy the relationship; 47 friendships, where one chimp was more keen to be friends than the other; and non-friendships, where neither chimp showed 48 the other.
When the scientists looked at the 49 of friendships, they found that the older chimps had more mutual friendships and fewer one-sided friendships than younger chimps. Another 50 seen in older humans was also spotted in the chimps. As the males got older, their levels of 51 gradually become less, meaning they started fewer fights and tended to threaten others in their group less often.
The observations have left the researchers 52 . According to an idea in psychology known as socio-emotional selectivity theory, older humans prefer more 53 relationships because they are aware that time is running out. However many animal experts argue that chimpanzees 54 the human sense of mortality (死亡) , suggesting something else is driving the behaviour.
Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at the University of Oxford, said in humans, the 55 social circles with age is due to declining social motivation to get out and meet people combined by lack of opportunity. In chimpanzees, as older males compete less for mates, they may focus on close, reciprocal (互惠的) relationships with trusted partners, he said.
41．A．physical B．intellectual C．emotional D．functional
42．A．habits B．friends C．tasks D．ideas
43．A．problem B．obstacle C．struggle D．behaviour
44．A．established B．respective C．experienced D．thoughtful
45．A．skills B．reputations C．interactions D．positions
46．A．intelligence B．relationships C．popularity D．performances
47．A．easy-going B．warm-hearted C．self-relying D．one-sided
48．A．respect for B．courage to C．interest in D．loyalty to
49．A．patterns B．importance C．meanings D．development
50．A．instinct B．disadvantage C．feature D．belief
51．A．responsibility B．aggression C．reliability D．advancement
52．A．delighted B．amused C．relived D．puzzled
53．A．unknown B．positive C．insecure D．senseless
54．A．lack B．obtain C．imitate D．abandon
55．A．absence from B．isolation from C．decrease in D．distinction in
答案：
41．C 42．B 43．D 44．A 45．C
46．B 47．D 48．C 49．A 50．C
51．B 52．D 53．B 54．A 55．C
本文是一篇说明文。文章通过科学研究来说明猩猩与人类一样，随着年龄变大，他们所交的朋友类型也会发生变化，年老时喜欢选择少数几个亲近的又积极活跃的朋友。
41．【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：除了白发和皮肤起皱外，还有随年龄增长而来的情绪变化。A. physical身体的；B. intellectual智力的；C. emotional感情的；D. functional实用的。根据“According to an idea in psychology known as socio-emotional selectivity theory, older humans prefer more ___53___ relationships because they are aware that time is running out.”可知，人类随年龄增长而带来情绪变化。故选C。
42．【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当人到了晚年，他们更喜欢长期的朋友，他们的社交圈减少了。A. habits习惯；B. friends朋友；C. tasks任务；D. ideas想法。根据“Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees (猩猩) reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their ___44___ friends at the expense of other relationships.”可知，当人到了晚年更喜欢长期的朋友。故选B。
43．【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：现在，科学家们似乎首次在另一个物种身上发现了同样的行为。A. problem问题；B. obstacle障碍；C. struggle奋斗；D. behaviour行为。根据“Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees (猩猩) reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their ___44___ friends at the expense of other relationships.”可知，科学家发现黑猩猩的行为和人类的行为相似。故选D。
44．【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对黑猩猩长达20年的观察表明，年长的雄性选择与已有的朋友保持联系，而牺牲其他关系。A. established建立的；B. respective各自的；C. experienced有经验的；D. thoughtful体贴的。根据“at the expense of other relationships.”可知，年长的黑猩猩选择与已建立关系的朋友保持联系而牺牲其他关系。故选A。
45．【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员研究了1996年至2016年期间进行的7.8万个小时的观察，这些观察跟踪了21只15至58岁雄性黑猩猩的社会互动。A. skills技巧；B. reputations名声；C. interactions相互作用；D. positions位置。根据“The researchers studied 78,000 hours of observations made between 1996 and 2016”可知，研究人员跟踪研究了黑猩猩的社会互动。故选C。
46．【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们根据黑猩猩与其他黑猩猩坐在一起和为它们梳理毛发的时间长短来划分黑猩猩之间的关系。A. intelligence智力；B. relationships关系；C. popularity流行；D. performances表现。根据“They then rated (分类) the various pairings as mutual (相互的) friendships, where both chimps seemed to enjoy the relationship;”可知，研究人员通过观察来了解黑猩猩之间的关系。故选B。
47．【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：单方面的友谊，其中一只黑猩猩比另一只更愿意成为朋友。A. easy-going随和的；B. warm-hearted热心的；C. self-relying自力更生的；D. one-sided片面的。根据“where one chimp was more keen to be friends than the other;”可知，这是单方面的友谊。故选D。
48．【答案】C
【解析】考查短语词义辨析。句意：以及非友谊，即两只黑猩猩都没有对对方表现出兴趣。A. respect for尊敬；B. courage to勇气；C. interest in兴趣；D. loyalty to忠诚。show interest in对……有兴趣。根据“___47___ friendships, where one chimp was more keen to be friends than the other;”和“and non-friendships,”可知，两只黑猩猩没有友谊就对彼此之间没有兴趣。故选C。
49．【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当科学家们观察友谊的模式时，他们发现年长的黑猩猩比年轻的黑猩猩有更多的共同友谊，而更少的是单方面的友谊。A. patterns模式；B. importance重要性；C. meanings意义；D. development发展。根据“they found that the older chimps had more mutual friendships and fewer one-sided friendships than younger chimps.”可知，这里指科学家们观察黑猩猩的友谊模式。故选A。
50．【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：老年人类的另一个特征也出现在黑猩猩身上。A. instinct直觉；B. disadvantage缺点；C. feature特色；D. belief信念。根据“Now, for what appears to be the first time, scientists have seen the same ___43___ in another species.”可知，这里指研究人员发现老年人类的另一个特征也出现在黑猩猩身上。故选C。
51．【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着雄性年龄的增长，它们的攻击性会逐渐减弱，这意味着它们开始很少打架，也不会经常威胁群体中的其他成员。A. responsibility责任；B. aggression侵犯；C. reliability可靠性；D. advancement进步。根据“meaning they started fewer fights and tended to threaten others in their group less often.”可知，雄性黑猩猩随着年龄的增长攻击性会逐渐减弱。故选B。
52．【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些观察让研究人员感到困惑。A. delighted高兴的；B. amused愉快的；C. relived再生的；D. puzzled困惑的。根据“According to an idea in psychology known as socio-emotional selectivity theory, older humans prefer more ___53___ relationships because they are aware that time is running out. However many animal experts argue that chimpanzees ___54___ the human sense of mortality (死亡), suggesting something else is driving the behaviour.”可知，研究人员对这些观察感到困惑。故选D。
53．【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：根据心理学上被称为社会情感选择性理论的观点，老年人更喜欢积极的关系，因为他们意识到时间不多了。A. unknown未知的；B. positive积极的；C. insecure不安全的；D. senseless无意义的。根据“because they are aware that time is running out.”可知，老年人因为意识到时间不多了，更喜欢积极的关系。故选B。
54．【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，许多动物专家认为，黑猩猩缺乏人类的死亡意识，这表明有其他因素驱动着这种行为。A. lack缺乏；B. obtain获得；C. imitate仿效；D. abandon抛弃。根据“suggesting something else is driving the behaviour.”可知，动物专家认为黑猩猩缺乏人类的死亡意识。故选A。
55．【答案】C
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意：牛津大学进化心理学教授罗宾·邓巴表示，就人类而言，随着年龄的增长，社交圈的减少是由于缺少机会，人们走出去和他人见面的动机下降。A. absence from缺；B. isolation from疏远；C. decrease in减少；D. distinction in区分。根据“due to declining social motivation to get out and meet people combined by lack of opportunity.”可知，人类随着年龄的增长，社交圈的减少是由于缺乏机会而减少的。故选C。
Section C：六选四阅读
Bill Gates doesn't pretend he lives in an egalitarian（主张平等的） household． When it comes to parenting his three children， the billionaire Microsoft giant readily admits his wife Melinda has done more than her share of the work raising the kids．
"My wife does 80%，" Gates told a crowd of Harvard students last Thursday． Gates spent two years there taking math and computer science courses as a pre﹣law student， but never finished up his degree． "Myeldest graduates from Stanford in June， so I'm optimistic she won't fall into my footsteps，" Gates joked．
___47___ They followed a 1970s "Love and Logic" parenting model． The core idea of the philosophy is centered on the idea of exerting emotional control， essentially minimizing emotional reactions like shouting or scolding kids．___48___ Gates admits he and his wife haven't been perfect at carrying out the approach．
"Can you get rid of the emotion？ You can't totally do it，" he said．
Aside from ruling in hot﹣blooded parent tempers， the love and logic model also stresses the importance of not leaning into rewards for kids， but instead demonstrating unconditional love and admiring kids for who they are， not what they do （or don't） achieve， like a poor test score．
"Many highly successful people struggled with grades as children，" Fay wrote on his site． "___49___"
The model is a bit like the ideal method， in that it pushes parents to focus on asking questions of their kids and getting them to think about how to solve their own problems， instead of feeding them answers．
___50___． However， he knew he wanted to do things differently with his own kids．It wasn't the only way he set boundaries for his children while they were growing up． None of his kids owned a cell phone until they were 14 years old． And they will each get about ﹩10 million of their parents fortune as inheritance，a mere fraction of the giant's roughly ﹩90 billion net worth． "We want to strike a balance where they have the freedom to do anything， but not a lot of money showered on them so they could go out and do nothing，" Gates once told TED．
【答案】47. F 48. B 49. D 50. C
【解析】本文是一篇选句填空，文章主要介绍了比尔•盖茨应该算是世界上最成功的人了，拥有成功人生的他是如何培养和教育自己的下一代的呢？盖茨日前透露，他对子女贯行的教育方法是"爱和逻辑"，也就是控制父母的情绪反应，多赞美孩子本身而不是依靠物质奖励，引导孩子自己去解决问题。
【47题详解】
理解判断题。根据后文They followed a 1970s "Love and Logic" parenting model. The core idea of the philosophy is centered on the idea of exerting emotional control，essentially minimizing emotional reactions like shouting or scolding kids.（他们遵循的是上世纪70年代的“爱与逻辑”教育模式，其核心理念是运用情感控制，将大喊大叫或责骂孩子等情感反应降到最低）可知，F项：Gates said he and his wife have been quite deliberate about the model they've used to raise their three children.（盖茨夫妇育有三个子女，他们夫妇二人对孩子的教育模式非常慎重）符合文意，故选F。
【48题详解】
联系上下文。根据前文They followed a 1970s "Love and Logic" parenting model. The core idea of the philosophy is centered on the idea of exerting emotional control，essentially minimizing emotional reactions like shouting or scolding kids.（他们遵循的是上世纪70年代的“爱与逻辑”教育模式，其核心理念是运用情感控制，将大喊大叫或责骂孩子等情感反应降到最低）再根据后文Gates admits he and his wife haven't been perfect at carrying out the approach.（盖茨承认，他和他的妻子在实施这种方法方面并不完美）可知，B项：One of the greatest benefits of applying Love and Logic is that it helps us learn how to keep a tighter leash on our emotions and on our tongues.（运用爱和逻辑的最大好处之一是，它帮助我们学会如何更严格地控制自己的情绪和语言）符合文意，故选B。
【49题详解】
语境辨析题。根据前文"Many highly successful people struggled with grades as children，" Fay wrote on his site."（费伊在他的网站上写道："许多非常成功的人小时候成绩并不好"）可知，D项：What's most important is that our children develop good character， curiosity， and problem﹣solving skills.（最重要的是使孩子具备良好的品格、好奇心和解决问题的技巧）符合文意，故选D。
【50题详解】
文章衔接题。根据后文However，he knew he wanted to do things differently with his own kids.（但他希望为自己的孩子做点不一样的事情）可知，C项：Gates says the "Love and Logic" method is a far cry from the way he grew up.（盖茨表示，"爱和逻辑"教育法和他自己的成长经历相距甚远）符合文意，故选C。
【点睛】对于此类题型的解答，可以将整个文段首先浏览一遍，大概理解意思。答题过程中，根据所提供的答语或是后文进行作答，同时，做题过程中也可以使用排除法，将选项带到文章中逐一的作答，答完后注意通读检查是否符合逻辑，语义顺畅。
V. Translation (第1-2句，每句3分；第3句，4分；第4句5分；共15分)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72.这是他第一次回老家过年，是吗？(time)
73. 教育学家们很想知道究竟是什么塑造了一个人的人格。(it)
74. 在线预订出租车虽然很时尚，但许多相关问题尚待解决。(as)
75. 这首歌在今年的艺术节上首发时，因其旋律欢快，风格诙谐引起轰动，但只是昙花一现。（when）
【参考答案】
72.这是他第一次回老家过年，是吗？(time)
This is the first time that he has gone back hometown to spend the Spring Festival, isn’t it?
73. 教育学家们很想知道究竟是什么塑造了一个人的人格。(it)
Educators are intended to know what it is that shapes a person’s character.
74.在线预订出租车虽然很时尚，但许多相关问题尚待解决。(as)
Fashionable as booking taxis online is, many related problems remain to be solved.
75.这首歌在今年的艺术节上首发时，因其旋律欢快，风格诙谐引起轰动，但只是昙花一现。（when）
The song caused a stir /became a hit for its cheerful melody and comic style when it was first performed/released at the Art Festival this year, but its popularity didn’t last long/a flash in the pan .
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