【备战2023高考】英语全复习——第11讲《阅读理解细节理解题》讲义（全国通用）

第11讲 阅读理解细节理解题（讲）

【考纲考情】

细节理解类在历年高考卷中占很大比例，几乎占据了阅读理解总题量的“半壁江山”。这类题考查对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解，要求在快速阅读文章的同时，能从中获取某些特定的信息。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该类题的关键。

命题方式 ：

1.特殊疑问句形式。以when，where，what.which，who，how much/many等疑问词开头引出问题。

2.填空题形式。通常涉及与主题有关的事实或细节。

题型和考查角度：

1.高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。

2.低频考点：数字计算题；细节排序题。

【考点梳理】

细节理解题考查考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节的理解, 特点是题干针对原文提到的某事物、现象或理论进行发问。有些问题可以直接从文中找到明确的答案, 有些则需要在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理, 如计算、排序、判断、比较等。细节理解类题在高考试卷中占很大的比例, 特别是在应用文、说明文和记叙文中, 更是侧重对细节理解题的考查。

解題步骤 ：

采用寻读法，解题分三步：

1.先读题干，抓住关键词；

2.带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；

3.仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。

正确选项特点：

1.语言简化：把原文中复杂的语言现象进行简化，设置为答案。

2.同义替换：对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。

3.正话反说：把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。

干扰项特点：

1.扩缩范围；以偏概全或以全概偏。

2.张冠李戴：为原文内容，但非题目要求或要点。

3.无中生有：与原文不符或原文并未提及。

4.偷梁换柱：符合常识但不符合原文内容。

5.颠倒黑白：与原文意思大相径庭或完全相反。

6.正误参半：部分正确，部分错误。

解题原则：忠实于原文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。

【解题方法】

（一）、原文定位破解直接信息题

【例】(2021·新高考全国卷I) Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社).The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night, and for that,you'll often get to stay in a central location(位置)with security and comfort.

21. What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel?

A.Comfort.   B. Security.

C. Price.     D. Location.

【答案】C

第一步 题干关键词: what,concern,stay in a hostel

第二步 原文定位点: Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社).

第三步 直接得答案: 根据pricey可知“罗马对旅行的人来说可能很昂贵”, 故选C项。

（二）、 同义互释破解间接信息题

审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换(同义或近义词语)→逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。

【例】(2021·全国乙卷·D篇)So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face­to­face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.

34．What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?

A．Personal privacy unprotected.

B．Limited working space.

C．Restrictions on group discussion.

D．Constant interruptions.

【答案】D　

【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词“open office unwelcome to many people”可定位原文信息句为本段第一句“So why do so many of us hate our open offices？”其中unwelcome与hate为近义词转换。由此可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D。

（三）、 整合推算破解数字计算题

审读题干，提取关键信息→速读定位原文中包含该信息的相关段落→进行推算，得出答案。

【例】(2018·江苏高考·A篇) ... Admission

$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters (回廊) on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.

...

56．How much may they pay if an 11­year­old girl and her working parents visit the museum?

A．$12.      B．$37.

C．$50.       D．$62.

【答案】C　

【解析】细节理解题。根据题干关键词How much和pay可迅速定位到原文信息“$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The Cloisters (回廊) on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult.”可知，成人票价25美元，12岁以下儿童在大人的陪同下免费。因而11岁的女孩和其父母只需支付两张成人票款即可。故选C。

（四）、首尾定位破解细节排序题

审读题干和四个选项的内容→利用首尾，排除掉部分选项，缩小范围→如排序内容较多，再查看剩余选项的异同处，进一步缩小范围；如排序内容较少，一般即可快速得出答案。

【例】　A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.

Izzy, nine, restarted father Colm's heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.

Izzy's mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.

However, she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough, so she stamped on her father's chest instead.

Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulance arrived.

Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said, “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”

“She's a little star，” said Debbie, “I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just can't believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and we've got to see an expert.”

Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment.

He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.

What's the right order of the events?

①Izzy kicked Colm.    ②Debbie called 999.

③Izzy learned CPR.    ④Colm's heart stopped.

A．③①②④    B．④②③①

C．③④②①    D．④③①②

【答案】B　

【解析】细节理解题。通过速读原文可知，第一件事是Colm's heart stopped，而最后一件事是Izzy kicked Colm，故选B。

【解题技巧】

1. 掌握技巧,灵活运用

(1)细心审题, 直接就题找答案提取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性尚(题眼), 然后以此为线索运用略读及查读的技巧快速:得在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句, 仔细品味, 对照比较, 确定答案。

(2)变通理解, 间接转述找答案

细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述,命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生,即对原句细微处做改动,摘取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,把A的观点说成B的观点等。

(3)多点归纳,综合事实找答案

细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息,而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时,一定要全面捕捉相关信息,进行综合分析、归纳,切忌根据“一面之词”草率地得出结论。

2. 明确干扰,破除陷阱

(1)扩大或缩小范围

文章为了表达准确严密,经常通过加上相应的词语限制如涉及数量时常用many,  almost all, nearly, more than, over, only a few, normally等限制。有些干扰项改变或去掉限定词语,甚至是扩大或缩小语言范围。

(2)偷换概念

命题者设计试题时往往把原文的概念偷换成另一个不同的概念。望文生义是造成错误的主要原因。

(3)正误并存

在干扰项中,某个句子或词语是正确的,其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面,正误并存,命题者常会借此以假乱真。

【题型剖析】

阅读理解

A

I’m May. high school seniors all around the U. S. scramble (争抢) to get ready for prom. Prom. short for promenade, is a formal dance held by a high school before graduation. It's an important aspect of American school culture because it's the last high-school dance seniors will ever attend.

Prom entails (牵涉) countless traditions. First a guy must ask a girl to go to prom with him. Most guys choose to do special prom proposals in hopes of winning the girl's heart with their creativity. Then he will rent a tuxedo (燕尾服), and the girl will often get their hair, nails and makeup done professionally. That night couples will take pictures, and then they will often take a limousine (豪华轿车) to dinner and to the dance. Several reports state that parents can spend upward of $ 2,000 to give their kids the perfect prom experience.

The history of prom can be traced back to the last half of the 1800s. At that time, American universities and colleges organized dances each year for their graduating students. The purpose was not only to entertain the students but also to prepare them for the wider world by teaching them proper manners for men and women.

Later, high schools took over the prom tradition. In the 1950s, high schools began moving the dance from their gyms to beautiful hotels or country clubs to make the event even more special. Perhaps the most amazing prom took place in 1975, when Susan Ford, the daughter of the country's president, received permission to hold her high school's prom at the White House. So far, no other prom has managed to top that.

1．What does this article mainly explain about prom?

A．Its unusual atmosphere.

B．Its present and future.

C．Its educational benefits.

D．Its customs and roots.

2．According to this article, what do the participants in prom mainly pay attention to?

A．Their appearance.

B．Their possessions.

C．Their transportation.

D．Their supervisors.

3．What were people supposed to learn from prom at one time?

A．What marketing plan to use.

B．How to behave around others.

C．Which food was best to eat.

D．When to earn a great degree.

4．According to this article ,where was a special event held more than four decades ago?

A．In an official residence.

B．In an international court.

C．In a motion picture studio.

D．In a modern gallery.

B

Future City Competition

Future City starts with a question—how can we make the world a better place? To answer it, 10th, 11th, and 12th grade students imagine, research, design, and build cities of the future that showcase their solution to a citywide sustainability issue. Past topics include Urban Agriculture, Public spaces, and Green energy while the topic of this year is Living on the Moon. Teams will design a futuristic lunar city and provide examples of how the city uses Moon resources to keep its residents safe and healthy.

Participants complete five deliverables: a 1,500-word city essay: a scale model; a project plan; a presentation video; and a virtual/online Q&A session with /judges. Regional winners represent their region at the international Finals. After completing Future City, student participants are not only prepared to be citizens of today’s complex and technical world, but also ready to become the drivers of tomorrow.

What you can learn

This flexible, cross-curricular(跨课程的) educational program gives students an opportunity to do the things that engineers do-identify problems: brainstorm ideas; design solutions; test, retest and build; and share their results. With this at its center, Future City is an engaging way to build students’ 21st century skills. Students participating in Future City also learn how their communities work and become better citizens and develop strong time management and project management skills.

What you need

Future City costs just $25 per organization—and you can register I team or 100. The price always stays the same.

We keep the price affordable so everyone can participate. Not only that, we limit the budget for materials for the City Model and City Presentation to $100 and encourage teams to use recycled materials. You don’t need expensive equipment to excel. Creativity, hard work, and commitment are all you need to get ahead.

Please note: Some regions limit the number of teams an organization can bring to the Regional Competition. Please check with your Regional Coordinator to find out the guidelines in your region.

5．In Future City Competition 2021, students need to ________.

A．complete more than five tasks

B．design a city with green energy

C．address problems on the moon

D．make use of lunar resources

6．What lies at the core of Future City Competition?

A．Designing cities.

B．Identifying problems.

C．Training better citizens

D．Engineering design process

7．If you want to succeed in the competition, you need ________.

A．to be creative and devoted.

B．to use the recycled materials.

C．to buy some expensive equipment.

D．to ask more people to join in your team.

C

（2020·海南·高考真题）Pali Overnight Adventures offers children and teens exciting experiences this summer. From broadcasting to street art, these are just 4 of the 17 highly unique camps being offered.

Broadcasting Camp

Become the next star reporter, news writer, director or producer. While running every aspect of our own news station, kids and their fellow campers will create and host a broadcast airing each night at dinner for the entire camp. Every night it goes on the web, keeping parents and the world informed of the happenings at Pali.

Secret Agent Camp

In the movie Mission Impossible, Tom Cruise made being a secret agent seem like the coolest job ever. Campers who sign up for the 2-week secret agent camp can get to know about the life of real secret agents by learning strategies and military skills on the paintball field.

Culinary Camp

If your child enjoys being in the kitchen, then the culinary camp is definitely the right fit. Campers learn technical skills of roasting, frying and cutting, as well as some recipes that they can take home and share with their families.

Street Art Camp

This camp takes creative license to an entirely new level. Campers will share their colorful ideas and imagination with each other and work together to visualize, sketch and paint with non-traditional techniques to create the coolest mural which will be displayed in public for all to see.

8．How many camps does Pali Overnight Adventures offer this summer?

A．2. B．4. C．17. D．21.

9．What will campers do at the Broadcasting Camp?

A．Create a website. B．Run a news station.

C．Meet a star reporter. D．Hold a dinner party.

10．Which camp will attract children who are interested in cooking?

A．Broadcasting Camp. B．Secret Agent Camp.

C．Culinary Camp D．Street Art Camp.