专题1--细节理解之直接信息（讲专题--胸有成竹）-2023年高考 二轮复习阅读理解 攻略（练讲练）（全国通用版）

考点1--细节理解之直接信息--讲考点--胸有成竹

【2022年直接信息考点归纳】

【2023年高考命题预测】

细节理解之直接信息考点是高考中的必考点。直接信息考点主要在广告信息类文章中考，锁定题干直接找到答案，选项和文章内容一致。预测在2023高考中，直接信息题会在广告信息文章中和记叙文、说明文中的部分试题中呈现。

【细节理解之直接信息考点指南】

命题意图：我们在看文章、读报纸时，我们最重要的目的就是获取直接信息，也就是说，看了文章之后我们知道了什么，我们找到了我们需要的信息。通过阅读广告信息我们能做我们要做的事，这就是学以致用，在用中学的重要思想。因此，细节理解题一直是高考命题的重点，它要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。有些答案考生可以直接从文中找到明确的线索，但有些则需要考生在理解的基础上将有关信息进行处理，如计算、排序、判断、比较等。近年全国及各省、市高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查依然占了较大的比例。特别是应用文、说明文和记叙文中，更是侧重于对细节理解的考查。

考例分析：

B【2022·新高考I卷】

Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.

In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.

Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”

If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.

Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.

5. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?

A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.

C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.

【题干定位】关键词a consequence of food waste

【文章定位】（第三段）Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem.

【相同关键词】 food waste

【答案定位】food waste is an environmental problem

【正确选项】B. Environmental harm

6. What does Curtin’s company do?

A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.

C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.

【题干定位】关键词Curtin’s company do

【文章定位】（第四段）Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.

【相同关键词】do---recover，turn  Curtin---Curtin

【答案定位】D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.

7. What does Curtin suggest people do?

A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.

C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.

【题干定位】Curtin suggest people do

【文章定位】（第五段）Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.

【相同关键词】suggest--says  Buy only what is needed-----not purchasing more food than necessary（同义句）

【答案定位】A. Buy only what is needed.

【答案】    5. B    6. D    7. A

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。

5. B细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。

6. D细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。

7. A细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。

规律方法：如何解决事实细节题？

做事实细节题最基本也最常用的方法是题干定位法。一般在原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定答案。此类题通常用一些疑问词来提问，或是判断正误。

细节题的设题方式：

(1) 简单细节题标志：5个W，1个H。

According to the passage, when / where / what / who / why / how (many)….

例如：

When / Where did the story happen?

What did the author think about after getting up?

Who is Lucy according to the passage?

Why did the author bring back home an old milk box?

How long does it take the battery to charge up an iPhone?

(2) 文段篇章细节题

Which of the following is (not) true / false according to the passage?

From the passage, we can learn that ______.

According to passage, we know that ______.

(3) 排序题

Choose the right time order of the following events in ...

1. 判断关键词

(1) 识记关键词类别,主要分为以下类别：

a. 大写字母开头的词（人名、地名、专有名词等），数字（时间、英文时间），形容词副词（比较级、最高级），动词，名词。

b. 若题干中没有细节信息，如 “What can you learn from the passage?"无法找到定位词，就从选项中寻找定位词，方法一致。

(2) 划出关键词。如：

1.Why did Dr. Minor refuse to visit Oxford?

大写字母开头的词（人名、地名）

2.The TV ads of Sparrow ______.

大写字母开头的词（专有名词、人名）

3.From Paragraph 2 we can learn that ______.

数字

4.Why is June 6, 1990 a special day for Mommy?

数字（时间），大写字母开头的词

5.The writer mentions the two nineteenth-century cottages to show that ______.

数字（英文时间）

6.We can learn from the last paragraph that ______.

形容词

7.We learn from the text that in 2008 ______.

数字（时间）

8.At the age of thirteen, the author regarded keeping a diary as a way of ______.

数字（英文时间）

9.What was a new use for wind power in the late 19th century?

形容词，数字（时间）

10.While the Bowler family was living in the 1900 house, ______.

大写字母开头的词（人名），数字（时间）

2. 关键词回文定位

即把选项内容和原文内容进行对比分析，判断是否符合相关句的意义或在原文中提到过，然后进行排队解答。

方法演练：

【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】B

We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal.

This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age.

Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger.

What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid?

Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that.

Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites.

There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. But that didn’t stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province.

Anyway, grandpa is now an internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet.

5．Why did the kid poke the storybook?

A．He took it for a tablet computer. B．He disliked the colorful pictures.

C．He was angry with his grandpa. D．He wanted to read it by himself.

6．What does the author think of himself?

A．Socially ambitious. B．Physically attractive.

C．Financially independent. D．Digitally competent.

7．What can we learn about the author as a journalist?

A．He lacks experience in his job. B．He seldom appears on television.

C．He manages a video department. D．He often interviews internet stars.

【答案】5．A6．D7．B

【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经是一名记者，在春节期间，作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物，孙子却以为是平板电脑，不停地戳书。

5．细节理解题。根据第五段中“He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that.(事实上，他对书本并不熟悉。他的父亲经常用一台装有彩色图片的平板电脑逗他开心，当你戳它们的时候，这些图片就会变得栩栩如生。他认为我的故事书就是那样的)”可知，那孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A。

6．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites. (我可能老了，但从数字角度来说，我还没有毫无希望的挑战。我编辑视频，制作音频。我用移动支付。我甚至建立了网站)”可知，作者认为自己懂数码技术。故选D。

7．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio.(然而，在我的新媒体体验中有一个明显的差距：我很少在镜头前呆着，因为我的脸是为电台而生的)”可知，作者作为记者他很少上电视。故选B。