2022年中考英语复习定语从句关系代词、关系副词讲解

定语从句

一、语法框架

10+9+8

10种词性  冠 名 树 动 形 代 副 连 介 叹

9种词性   主 谓 宾 定 状 补 表 双宾 同位语

8种句型   5种简单句  ①主 谓 宾

                      ②主 谓 双宾

                      ③主 谓 宾 宾补

                      ④主 谓

                      ⑤主 系 表

           3种高级复合句  ①定语从句

                           ②状语从句

                           ③名词性从句

二、定语从句

1、定义：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟它所修饰的先行词之后。

The man who is shaking hands with my father is a professor.

该句中who is shaking hands with my father是定语从句

先行词是the man

Who是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中做主语。

先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。

关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词在定语从句中指代先行词。

关系代词：在从句中充当主干成分，从句不是完整的句子。

指代人------who  whose   whom   that

指代物-------which   that    whose

关系副词：在从句中不充当主干成分，从句是完整的句子。

指代其他------①修饰时间 when

            ②修饰地点 where

            ③修饰原因 why

2、关系代词引导的定语从句

（1）关系代词的基本用法

①  who指人，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。

   One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth.

   Anyone who laughs last laughs best.

   The girl who I appreciate is called Mary.

②  whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。

   The professor whom you are waiting for has come.

   The girl whom the teacher often praises is our monitor.

③  Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。

   The shop which sells all kinds of sports shoes has closed down.

The book which he wrote in 1935 still sells well.

④  That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或宾                              语，做宾语时常可省略。

   Is she the girl that sells newspapers?

They planted some trees that didn’t need much water.

   The gift that she treasured most is so distinctive.

⑤  Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。

   I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.

  You are the only one whose advice he might listen to .

   I will talk to the students whose homework hasn’t been done.

（2）Whose指代物时，可由n+of which做同义替换

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

----The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

----Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?

（3）介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句

介词﹢关系代词引导的定语从句, 关键是判断介词的选择.

方法一:根据从句中动词与先行词习惯搭配

方法二:根据从句中动词与先行词与介词的习惯搭配

关系代词在定语从句中宾语时，从句有时由“介词+关系代词”引出。此时关系代词只能用which 或 whom; 不可用that 或who 代替

The school __________he once studied in is very famous.

The school___________he once studied is very famous.

There was nobody _________ she could turn to in the dark.

There was nobody ________ she could turn in the dark.

（4）只能用that引导的定语从句   代词顺序问题最多

①  先行词是everything、anything、nothing等不定代词，或当现行词有every、any、some、no、little、few、much、all等不定代词或the very、the only、the last修饰时

   Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li said?

   There seems to be nothing that is impossible for him in the world.

   All that can be done has been done.

   This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.

②  先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时

   The first place that they visited was the Big Ben.

③  主句出现了who which 等疑问词时

   Who is the man that is standing by the gate?

   Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

④  现行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时

   This is the best film that I have ever seen.

⑤  先行词又有人又有物时

   They talked about the persons and things that they remembered.

   Look at the man and his donkey that are walking along the street.

（5）只用which的情况:     

①  逗号后面

  Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.

The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake, which made us awake all night.

He burst into my room without knocking at the door, which made me very angry.

②  介词后面

   The day on which he was born was Aug 20 ,1952.

3、关系副词引导的定语从句

（1）关系副词的基本用法

①  when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语。 

   I still remember the day when I first came to this school.

   Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?

②  Where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语。

   This is the place where Lu Xun was born.

This is the place where he works.

③  Why指原因，在定语从句中原因状语，固定搭配the reason why。

  This is the reason why he is late today.

  Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.

（2）当先行词是物时，既可以用关系副词引导定语从句，也可以用that或which引导定语从句，关键要看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中充当状语，用关系副词引导；若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。

Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?

Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?

（3）关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用 介词+which 引导的定语从句来替换。

Great changes has taken place in the city where they live.

-------Great changes has taken place in the city in which they live.

I don’t know the reason why he refuse the invitation.

-------I don’t know the reason for which he refuse the invitation.

4、限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句

  没, 为限制性定语从句，对先行词起限定作用。

  有, 为非限制性定语从句，对先行词没有限定作用，但起解释说明的作用。

Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.

  Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.

  关系代词在限制性定语从句中做宾语可省略，在非限制性定语从句中做宾语时不可省略。

  The book (that /which) I bought yesterday is Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix.

The book ,which I bought yesterday, is Harry Potter and the Order of Phoenix.

特殊情况：

time做先行词

It is the second time ________ the president _______ the country.

There was a time _______ there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.

time做先行词常见句型

①  It is the first time that....

从句用现在完成时 这是第一次....

   It was the first time that...

从句用过去完成时

②  There was a time when ....  曾有段时间...

The way 做先行词

I don’t like the way_____ he talked to you.    In which/that/省略 （关系副词）

Please do the experiment in the way________ I have told you.      Which/that/省略

The way做先行词，关系词在定语从句中做状语时，关系词：In which/that/省略

The way做先行词，关系词在定语从句中做主语或宾语时，关系词：Which/that/省略

The reason 做先行词

The reason________he didn’t attend the meeting was that he was ill.    Why/for which

I don’t believe the reason_______he gave me.  Which/that/不填

Have you asked the reason_______may explain his success.   Which/that

Where除了指代具体地点，还能指代地模糊空间概念

Can you think of some cases_______students obviously know the problem but can’t work them out.

I have reached a point______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.

It is a job_______ you can do something serious but interesting.

If a shop has chairs_______women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.

This is the point ______I disagree.

This is the point ______I disagree with.

非限定性定语从句中as和which的用法

As is known to all, he is the best student.

Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one’s health.

Smoking is harmful to one’s health, as we all know.

Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.

Jim passed the driving test,as is expected.

She is such a nice girl as we all like.

She is such a nice girl that we all like her.

She is so nice a girl as we all like her.

This is the same pen as I lost

在非限定性定语从句中，as指代主句整个事件，语序灵活，可位于主句前，主句中，主句后， which只能放在主句后。As/which做非限定性定语从句主语时，which跟实义动词，as跟系动词。

译为正如时，只能用as

As is known to all/as has been said before/as is often the case正如通常情况

固定搭配：the same...as.../such...as..../so...as.../as...as...

This is such a beautiful park that everyone wants to visit it.

This is such a beautiful park as everyone wants to visit.

This is the same pen as I bought yesterday.

This is the same pen that I bought yesterday.