专题06阅读理解IV词义猜测题考点3代词猜测题2022年英语二轮复习讲 练 测-测案

专题05 阅读理解III  词义猜测题 

考点3 代词指代猜测题--讲•练•测---测案

时间：45分钟  满分：50

I.阅读理解（代词指代猜测题）

A

【吉林省吉林实验中学2021-2022学年高三上学期第一次诊断测试】

As a popular subject of study among evolutionary ecologists, three-spined stickleback is known for their different shapes, sizes, and behaviors—they can even live in both seawater and freshwater, and under a wide range of temperatures. But what makes that?

The researchers tracked six populations of the fish before and after seasonal changes to their environment, using genome sequencing. Seasonal changes result in great changes in habitat structure and balance of salt and freshwater, and only those fish able to tolerate these rapid changes survive into the next season.

“These changes probably resemble the habitat shifts experienced by stickleback populations during the past 10,000 years.” says Professor Barrett “We hope to gain insight into the genetic changes that may have resulted from natural selection long in the past.”

Remarkably, the researchers discovered the evidence of genetic changes driven by the seasonal shifts in habitats, which mirrored the differences found between long-established freshwater and saltwater populations. “These genetic changes occurred in independent populations over a single season, highlighting just how quickly the effects of natural selection can be detected,” says Professor Barrett, “The findings suggest that we may be able to use the genetic differences to predict how populations may adapt to environment.”

The research emphasizes the importance of studying species in dynamic environments to gain a better understanding of how natural selection operates. In further research, they plan to investigate how repeatable the observed genetic changes are, by testing whether they show up year after year. Doing so would demonstrate their ability to reliably forecast the evolutionary future of these populations.

1．What does the underlined word “that” refer to in Paragraph l?

A．Stickleback is under a wide range of temperatures.

B．Stickleback is popular with evolutionary ecologists.

C．Stickleback can adapt to different living conditions.

D．Stickleback has different shapes, sizes, and behaviors.

2．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?

A．The difficulties of the research. B．The purpose of the research.

C．The background of the research. D．The methods of the research.

3．What is the main reason for stickleback's survival?

A．Habitat shifts. B．Genetic change.

C．Seasonal changes. D．Independent populations.

4．Why will scientists study the repetition of the gennetic changes?

A．To know what natural selection is.

B．To study specices in dynamic environments.

C．To test the reliablity of the present discoveries.

D．To forecast the evolutionary future of certain species.

【答案】1．C2．D3．B4．D

【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了三刺鱼可以适应不同的生活条件，研究人员对此展开研究，发现三刺鱼生存的主要原因是遗传变化，这一研究发现可以预测某些物种的未来进化。

1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“As a popular subject of study among evolutionary ecologists, three-spined stickleback is known for their different shapes, sizes, and behaviors—they can even live in both seawater and freshwater, and under a wide range of temperatures.”可知，作为进化生态学家的一个热门研究课题，三刺鱼以其不同的形状、大小和行为而闻名——它们甚至可以在海水和淡水中生活，并在大范围的温度下生活，故第一段最后一句对三刺鱼可以适应不同的生活条件提出疑问，故画线词指的是“三刺鱼可以适应不同的生活条件”。故选C。

2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“The researchers tracked six populations of the fish before and after seasonal changes to their environment, using genome sequencing. Seasonal changes result in great changes in habitat structure and balance of salt and freshwater, and only those fish able to tolerate these rapid changes survive into the next season.(研究人员通过基因组测序，跟踪了6个鱼类种群在季节变化前后的环境变化。季节的变化导致了栖息地结构和盐淡水平衡的巨大变化，只有那些能够忍受这些快速变化的鱼类才能存活到下一个季节)”可知，第二段主要讲的是研究方法。故选D。

3．细节理解题。根据第三段““These changes probably resemble the habitat shifts experienced by stickleback populations during the past 10,000 years.” says Professor Barrett “We hope to gain insight into the genetic changes that may have resulted from natural selection long in the past.”(“这些变化可能类似于过去一万年棘鱼种群所经历的栖息地变化。” Barrett说，“我们希望深入了解可能是长期以来自然选择导致的基因变化。”)”可知，三刺鱼生存的主要原因是基因变化。故选B。

4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“In further research, they plan to investigate how repeatable the observed genetic changes are, by testing whether they show up year after year. Doing so would demonstrate their ability to reliably forecast the evolutionary future of these populations. (在进一步的研究中，他们计划研究观察到的基因变化的可重复性，通过测试它们是否年复一年地出现。这样做将证明它们有能力可靠地预测这些种群的未来进化)”可知，科学家研究基因变化的重复是为了预测某些物种的未来进化。故选D。

B

【2022届辽宁省凌源市高三下学期开学】

On a break from his studies in the MIT Media Lab, Anirudh Sharma traveled home to Mumbai, India. While there, he noticed that throughout the day his T-shirts were gradually gathering something that looked like dirt. “I realized this was air pollution, or sooty (沾满烟灰的) particulate matter (PM), made of black particles released from exhaust (尾气) of vehicles,” Sharma says. “This is a major health issue.” Soot consists of tiny black particles, about 2.5 micrometers or smaller, made of carbon produced by incomplete burning of fossil fuels.

Back at MIT, Sharma set out to help solve this air-pollution issue. After years of research and development, Sharma’s startup Graviky Lab has developed technology that attaches to exhaust systems of diesel generators (柴油发电机) to collect particulate matter. Scientists at Graviky then turn it into ink, called Air-Ink, for artists around the world. So far, the startup has collected 1. 6 billion micrograms of particulate matter. More than 200 gallons of Air-Ink have been harvested for a growing community of more than 1,000 artists, from Bangalore to Boston, Shanghai, and London.

Posted all over Graviky Lab’s Facebook page today are photos of art made from the Air-Ink and paint, including street wall paintings, body art and clothing prints. At first, there was still no specific application for the ink. Then the startup decided to find new ways to further spread its mission. It chose to do so through art. “Art helps us raise awareness about where the ink and paint comes from. Air pollution knows no borders. Our ink sends a message that pollution is one of the resources in our world that’s the hardest to collect and use. But it can be done,” Sharma says.

5．What made Sharma invent Air-Ink?

A．Coal industry in Mumbai.

B．Health issue of the Indians.

C．Incomplete burning of fossil fuels.

D．Dirt on his T-shirts during his break in India.

6．What does the underlined word in Para.2 refer to?

A．The particulate matter. B．The exhaust system.

C．The diesel generator. D．The newly-developed technology.

7．What can we infer about Air-Ink from the text?

A．It improves artistic effect. B．It makes pollution acceptable.

C．It helps Sharma make no profit. D．It raises environmental awareness.

8．What’s the text mainly about?

A．A cleaner of outdoor air. B．A product made from PM.

C．A printing technology. D．A newly-founded company.

【答案】5．D6．A7．D8．B

【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了 Anirudh Sharma和他的公司发明了一种新技术，将空气中的污染颗粒物收集起来制成空气墨水。

5．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的“he noticed that throughout the day his T-shirts were gradually gathering something that looked like dirt”(他注意到一整天，他的t恤上渐渐积起了一些看起来像灰尘的东西)可知，夏尔马在印度度假时，T恤上的灰尘让他发明了空气墨水。故选D。

6．词句猜测题。根据第二段第二句中的“Sharma’s startup Graviky Lab has developed technology that attaches to exhaust systems of diesel generators to collect particulate matter”(夏尔马的创业公司重力实验室开发了一种技术，可以附着在柴油发电机的排气系统上收集颗粒物)可知，it指代上一句中提到的收集的“particulate matter”。故选A。

7．推理判断题。根据第三段第五句“Art helps us raise awareness about where the ink and paint comes from”(艺术帮助我们提高对水墨和绘画颜料来源的认识)和倒数第二句“Our ink sends a message that pollution is one of the resources in our world that’s the hardest to collect and use”(我们的墨水传达了这样一个信息：污染物是我们世界上最难收集和使用的资源之一)可知，用Air-Ink绘制艺术画可以帮助人们提高环境意识。故选D。

8．主旨大意题。根据第一段第二句中的“he noticed that throughout the day his T-shirts were gradually gathering something that looked like dirt”(他注意到一整天，他的t恤上渐渐积起了一些看起来像灰尘的东西)可知，第一段主要是讲空气墨水的灵感来源。根据第二段第二句中的“Sharma’s startup Graviky Lab has developed technology that attaches to exhaust systems of diesel generators to collect particulate matter”(夏尔马的创业公司重力实验室开发了一种技术，可以附着在柴油发电机的排气系统上收集颗粒物)可知，第二段主要是讲空气墨水的开发。根据第三段第二句“At first, there was still no specific application for the ink”(一开始，这种墨水还没有什么特别的用途)和倒数第二句“Our ink sends a message that pollution is one of the resources in our world that’s the hardest to collect and use”(我们的墨水传达了这样一个信息：污染物是我们世界上最难收集和使用的资源之一)可知，第三段主要是讲空气墨水对环境保护的帮助和应用。所以这篇文章主要是介绍空气墨水这种由PM制成的产品。故选B。

C

【2022届河北省张家口市高三下学期第一次模拟】

A hungry badger (獾) searching for food seems to have uncovered what turned out to be hundreds of Roman coins in a Spanish cave, according to a new study.

Archaeologists (考古学家) first discovered several coins laying on the ground at the entrance to a small cave in the woodlands outside Grado in northern Spain in April 2021. The researchers suspect that the coins were unearthed by a badger from a nearby den (兽窝) after a heavy snow which made it harder for animals to find food. The hungry badger probably got into the cave looking for food but came across the coins instead.

After fully exploring the cave, researchers collected 209 coins dating to between the third and fifth centuries A．D．“To date, this is the largest amount of Roman coins found in n cave in northern Spain,” the researchers wrote in their paper. They described the discovery as an “exceptional find”.

In the late 1930s, a collection of 14 gold Roman coins, known as the Chapipi treasure, was also found in the same woodlands. The researchers believe that local people may have buried their coins to keep them safe during a period of intense political instability in the region. The most recent coin in the newly-discovered Grado collection dates to A．D．430, which was after the Suebi—a group of Germanic people originally from modern-day Germany and the Czech Republic—pushed the Romans out of Spain in A．D．409, according to El Pais.

The researchers suspect that the newly-discovered coins are part of a vaster treasure and will return to the cave for further exploration to look for more coins and evidence that the cave may also have been the home of displaced Roman people. “We want to know if it was a one-off hiding place, or if there was a group of humans living there,” lead researcher Alfonso Fanjul Peraza told El Pais.

9．Where did the researchers find the first few coins in 2021?

A．Near a Spanish cave. B．On a Spanish playground.

C．At the entrance to a woodland. D．In a badger’s den.

10．What do the researchers think of the discovery in 2021?

A．It’s dangerous. B．It’s timely. C．It’s meaningless. D．It’s unusual.

11．What does the underlined word “them” refer to in Paragraph 4?

A．The Romans. B．The coins. C．The woodlands. D．The researchers.

12．What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．More information may be revealed by the coins.

B．The ancient Roman people had a unique lifestyle.

C．The researchers doubt the former guess of the coins.

D．The researchers will return the coins to the Roman people.

【答案】9．A10．D11．B12．A

【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍了在西班牙境内，一只獾在觅食时偶然发现了藏有罗马硬币的洞穴，考古学家们通过全面探索，在洞内发现了迄今为止数量最大的罗马硬币。接下来，他们将返回洞穴进行进一步的探索，希望有更多有价值的考古发现。

9．细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第一句“Archaeologists (考古学家) first discovered several coins laying on the ground at the entrance to a small cave in the woodlands outside Grado in northern Spain in April 2021.(2021年4月，考古学家在西班牙北部格拉多郊外林地的一个小洞穴入口处首次发现了地上的几枚硬币)”可知，考古学家在西班牙境内的一个洞穴附近发现了几枚硬币。故选A项。

10．推理判断题。根据第三段第二、三句“‘To date, this is the largest amount of Roman coins found in a cave in northern Spain,’ the researchers wrote in their paper. They described the discovery as an ‘exceptional find’.(研究人员在论文中写道：‘到目前为止，这是在西班牙北部的一个洞穴中发现的数量最大的罗马硬币。’他们把这一发现描述为‘非凡的发现’。)”可知，此处exceptional意为“不寻常的，罕见的”，与D项unusual(不寻常的，罕见的)语意相同。故选D项。

11．词句猜测题。根据第四段划线词所在句“The researchers believe that local people may have buried their coins to keep them safe during a period of intense political instability in the region. (研究人员认为，在这一地区政治动荡的时期，当地人可能把硬币埋了起来，以保证它们的安全)”可知，them指代句中的their coins。故选B项。

12．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers suspect that the newly-discovered coins are part of a vaster treasure and will return to the cave for further exploration to look for more coins and evidence that the cave may also have been the home of displaced Roman people. ‘We want to know if it was a one-off hiding place, or if there was a group of humans living there,’ lead researcher Alfonso Fanjul Peraza told El Pais.(研究人员怀疑，新发现的硬币是一个更大的宝藏的一部分，并将返回洞穴进行进一步的探索，以寻找更多的硬币和证据，该洞穴可能也是流离失所的罗马人的家园。首席研究员阿方索·凡朱尔·佩拉扎告诉《国家报》说:“我们想知道这个洞穴是否是一个一次性的藏身之处，还是曾经有一群人类居住在那里。’)”可知，这一段介绍了研究人员根据已有发现的猜测和继续研究的计划，结合Alfonso Fanjul Peraza的话可知，此次发现的金币可能会带来更多的考古发现。故选A项。

II．语法填空

【浙江省七彩联盟2021-2022学年高三下学期3月阶段性联考】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

SEL stands for “Social-Emotional Learning”, the label ___1___ (give)to the “soft skills” that students need to be successful. Skills like cooperation, self-regulation, and decision-making are all part of a broad category that ___2___ (see)as essential for success beyond the classroom.

Students today are coming to school with more fears, more anxiety, and ___3___ (general)more needs than ever before. Learning how to cope ___4___ these challenges is vital, but many students still struggle with finding social-emotional balance.

There have been many theories about ___5___ social and emotional skills are not as strong as they could be. One theory is that as technology access ___6___ (grow), social and emotional skills decrease.

Authors like Dr. Jean Twenge subscribe to the idea that technology is ___7___ (blame). In her new book, Dr. Twenge lays out the differences between previous generations and the one she has named “iGen”— ___8___ term for students growing up after the infiltration (渗透)of smart devices into society.

Dr. Twenge’s ___9___ (argue)is that the immediate satisfaction and overwhelming amount of information available at our fingertips can become an obsession. If not used properly, a smart device has the ability to become extremely ___10___ (harm)to social and emotional skills.

【答案】1．given2．is seen/is being seen3．generally4．with5．why6．grows7．to blame8．a

9．argument10．harmful

【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了技术的发展对“社交情绪学习”的负面影响。

1．考查非谓语动词。句意：SEL是“社交情绪学习”的缩写，是指学生获得成功所需的“软技能”。分析可知，此处应用非谓语动词作后置定语，give和逻辑主语label之间为被动关系，应用过去分词。故填given。

2．考查时态和语态。句意：合作、自我调节和决策等技能都属于一个广泛的范畴，被认为是课堂以外取得成功的必要条件。空处为定语从句的谓语动词，主语that指代先行词 part of a broad category ，为单数概念，且和谓语动词see之间为被动关系；结合语境和上文are可知，此处可看作陈述客观事实，用一般现在时的被动语态，也可看作陈述目前正在发生的事情，用现在进行时的被动语态。故填is seen/is being seen。

3．考查副词。句意：今天的学生带着更多的恐惧，更多的焦虑来到学校，通常比以往任何时候都有更多的需求。结合句意和句子结构可知，此处应用副词generally作评注性状语。故填generally。

4．考查介词。句意：学习如何应对这些挑战至关重要，但许多学生仍在努力寻找社交和情绪的平衡。结合句意表达“应对”应用cope with。故填with。

5．考查宾语从句。句意：关于为什么社交和情感技能没有它们应有的那么强，有很多理论。空处引导宾语从句，从句成分完整，但缺少“为什么”之意，应用why引导。故填why。

6．考查时态。句意：有一种理论认为，随着技术的普及社交和情感技能会减少。空处为时间状语从句的谓语动词，主语technology access为抽象概念，且陈述现在的事实，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填grows。

7．考查固定搭配。句意：像珍·特文奇博士这样的作者赞同科技是罪魁祸首的观点。分析可知，此处为固定搭配be to blame，意为“……要为……负责”。故填to blame。

8．考查冠词。句意：在她的新书中，特温奇博士阐述了前几代人与她命名为“iGen”的人之间的差异，iGen是一个术语，指在智能设备渗入社会后成长起来的学生。term“术语”为可数名词，此处表泛指，应用不定冠词，term的发音以辅音音素开头，应用a。故填a。

9．考查名词。句意：特温奇博士的论点是，即时满足感和触手可及的大量信息可能会成为一种困扰。分析可知，空处应填名词作宾语，argument“论点”，可数名词，此处特指特温奇博士的一个论点，应用单数形式。故填argument。

10．考查形容词。句意：如果使用不当，智能设备可能会对社交和情感技能造成极大伤害。分析可知，空处应用形容词作表语，表达“有害的”用harmful。故填harmful。

III．书面表达

1.【浙江省七彩联盟2021-2022学年高三下学期3月阶段性联考】假定你是李华，你的朋友交换生Jonny发来邮件，询问你暑期社会实践活动安排。请你给他回一封邮件，内容包括：

1. 表明写信目的；

2. 介绍活动安排；

3. 询问对方计划。

注意： 1. 词数80词左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

【答案】Dear Jonny,

I’m glad to receive your letter and I’d like to share my plans for social practice in the coming summer vacation with you.

At present my community is recruiting student volunteers and I’m lucky enough to be admitted. So during the holiday, I’ll participate in various activities organized by the volunteer group, including cleaning the community, teaching residents how to sort out rubbish and visiting the elderly in the local nursery home. Hopefully, I’ll have a meaningful and unforgettable experience.

What are your plans for the vacation? Looking forward to your reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

【解析】这是一篇应用文。要求考生给交换生朋友Jonny回信，告诉他自己的暑期社会实践活动安排。

1.词汇积累

高兴的：delighted→glad

目前：at the present time→at present

参加：take part in→participate in

各种各样的：a variety of→various

2.句型拓展

同义句

原句：So during the holiday, I’ll participate in various activities organized by the volunteer group, including cleaning the community, teaching residents how to sort out rubbish and visiting the elderly in the local nursery home.

拓展句：So during the holiday, I’ll participate in various activities which is organized by the volunteer group, including cleaning the community, teaching residents how to sort out rubbish and visiting the elderly in the local nursery home.

【点睛】

[高分句型1]So during the holiday, I’ll participate in various activities organized by the volunteer group, including cleaning the community, teaching residents how to sort out rubbish and visiting the elderly in the local nursery home. （运用了过去分词作后置定语，和动名词作宾语）

[高分句型2]I’m glad to receive your letter and I’d like to share my plans for social practice in the coming summer vacation with you.（运用了“主语+be+adj.+to do”句型）

2.读后续写

【广东省珠海市2021-2022学年高三上学期期末】阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

It was a fine summer morning, perfect to be outdoors. Two sisters had been out mushroom picking, and were on their way home with heavy baskets full of mushrooms. They sang songs on the way, and played with each other.

Soon they reached a point where they had to cross a railway track. They did not think twice about crossing it since there was no train coming, and they could not hear any whistle. They slowly climbed the steep railway embankment, taking care not to drop the baskets. They were very near the track and the little sister Mary was about to cross it first when a train whistled in the distance.

Hearing the train coming, Rose the elder sister quickly ran down. She thought that the young one was following her. But as she turned back, she was shocked to see her little sister still up there crossing the track. “Come back here! Run back fast!” she shouted.

Mary seemed not to hear the whistle nor her sister’s cry as she was concentrating on stepping over the track with her little feet, and holding on to the basket. Then she tripped and fell on the track, scattering her mushrooms around.

The engine driver panicked on seeing a girl between the tracks who was on her hands and knees and he blew the horn with all his strength. Poor Mary, who was frightened by the coming danger, froze and didn’t know what to do. When Rose saw the scene, she screamed at the top of her voice for Mary’s attention. Mary noticed that her sister was not around and cried for help.

With the train drawing near, the engine driver grew extremely anxious. As hard as he could, he kept blowing the whistle and started reducing speed. Yet it was not possible for him to stop the heavy train within such a short distance.

注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右；

2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Rose wouldn’t watch the tragedy happen before her eyes.

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The train rolled over and finally stopped.

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【答案】Para 1:

Rose wouldn’t watch the tragedy happen before her eyes. She rushed up the embankment staircase, repeating at the top of her voice “Stay off the tracks!” Mary, at the sight of Rose’s coming to her rescue, burst into tears of joy. Though reducing speed as hard as it could, the train was still approaching fast. Seeing there was little time to drag her sister out of danger, Rose jumped over without a second thought and covered Mary’s body under hers.

Para 2:

The train rolled over and finally stopped. Frightened and worried, the engine driver quickened his pace to see what happened to the little girl. To his great relief, the sisters lied between the rails safe and sound. What a narrow escape! He helped them sit up and comforted them. The two sisters hugged and kissed each other, tears of joy flowing down their cheeks. Never were the two souls so happily united at that moment. They then collected all the remaining mushrooms and, hand in hand more tightly than before, walked back home.

【解析】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了两姐妹出去采蘑菇，带着沉重的蘑菇篮子回家，在穿过铁轨的时候小妹妹Mary在铁轨上摔倒了，姐姐Rose在危急时刻冲过去护住妹妹，最后火车停了下来，两人死里逃生。

1.段落续写：

①由第一段首句内容“Rose不愿看到悲剧发生在她眼前。”可知，第一段可描写Rose是如何帮助妹妹的。

②由第二段首句内容“火车翻倒了，终于停了下来。”可知，第二段可描写火车停下，两姐妹获救。

2.续写线索：Rose冲上铁轨——Rose护住妹妹——火车停下——获救

3.词汇激活

行为类

①靠近：approach/get close

②捡起：collect/pick up

③回家：walk back home/get back home

情绪类

①快乐：joy/happiness

②害怕：frightened/scared

【点睛】

[高分句型1] She rushed up the embankment staircase, repeating at the top of her voice “Stay off the tracks!”(运用了现在分词作状语)

[高分句型2] Never were the two souls so happily united at that moment. (运用了全部倒装)