06 动词的时态和语态-备战2022年高考英语语法框架记忆+提升专练(全国通用)

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备战2022年高考英语语法框架记忆+提升专练(全国通用）
06 动词时态和语态
【知识框架】
I.动词的时态
1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）
名称
构成
用法
一般现在时
do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are )
1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。
2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
I’ll go there after I finish my work.
If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.
3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
There comes the bus.汽车来了。
Here she comes.她来了。
一般过去时
did,( 连系动词was/were)
表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。
现在进行时
is/am/are doing
1.表示正在进行的动作。
2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.
从明天起他要做老师。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.
这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。
3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。
The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.
长江江水滚滚向东流。
The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
过去进行时
was/were doing
1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行
They were still working when I left.
3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生
I was writing while he was watching TV.
4.表示过去将来动作
He said she was arriving the next day.
现在完成时
has/have done
1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已
完成的动作。
I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.
2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往
和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。
He has learned English for six years.
They have worked here since they left college.
3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。
—Where is Li Hua?
－He has gone to the reading-room.
—She knows a lot about Shanghai.
－She has been there.
4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），
join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态
中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.
要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用
①“ago法”
He joined the army three years ago.
②“延续法”
He has been in the army for three years.
③“since法”
It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
过去完成时
had done
1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning.
2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到
另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。
At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.
He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的
过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
将来完成时
will/shall have done
用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短
语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
现在完成进行时
has/have been doing
用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下
去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
过去完成进行时
had been doing
表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。
一般将来时
will/shall do
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are（about）to do
一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况
（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）
过去将来时
would/should do
was/were going to do
was/were（about）to do
1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态
He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。
I was told that he was going to return home.
有人告诉我他准备回家。
2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常
He would sit silent for hours.
他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。
2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较

将来时
用 法
例 句
1
be + doing 进行时表将来
go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作
He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe?
2
be about to + 动词原形
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语
I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close.
3
be to + 动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
4
一般现在时表将来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.
3.容易混淆的时态比较
项 目
区 别
例 句
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.
Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country.
A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works
(只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在)
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态
Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）
着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时
—Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted
C. have been painting D. have painted
说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续
现在进行时与过去进行时的比较
现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作
I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______.
A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come
C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come
说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作
— Hey, look where you are going!
— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.
A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing.
C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice.
说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.
一般过去时与过去进行时的比较
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态
Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.
A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed
C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed
说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作
.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.
A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished
C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish
说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。
II. 动词的被动语态

常用被动语态
构 成

常用被动语态
构 成
1
一般现在时
am/is/are done
6
过去进行时
was/were being done
2
一般过去时
was/were done
7
现在完成时
have/has been done
3
一般将来时
shall/will be done
8
过去完成时
had been done
4
过去将来时
should/would be done
9
将来完成时
will/would have been done
5
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
10
含有情态动词的
can/must/may be done
注

意

事

项
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to,
used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。
Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：
It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…
It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that…
It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
被动语态的句型
1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.
2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”
3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。
She lent me a bike.®被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her).
4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.
The murderer was ordered to be shot.
下面主动形式常表示被动意义
1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。
This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。
The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。
The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。
The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful.
The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.
不可变为被动语态的几种情况
1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。
2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。
3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.
因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。
4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.
因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。
含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢
Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.
特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.
下面词或短语没有被动态：
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
【能力提升】
1
Weekend “catch-up” sleep is a lie
The negative health effects of skimping on sleep during the week can’t be reversed by marathon weekend sleep sessions, according to sobering new study.
1. complete freedom to sleep in and nap during a weekend recovery period, participants in a sleep laboratory who were limited to five hours of sleep on weekdays 2. (gain) nearly three pounds over two weeks and experienced metabolic disorder 3. would increase their risk for diabetes over the long term. 4. weekend recovery sleep had some benefits after a single week of insufficient sleep, those gains 5. (wipe) out when people plunged right back into the same schedule 6. (rob) of sleep the next Monday.
“If there are benefits of catch-up sleep, 7. are gone when you go back to your routine. It’s very short-lived.” said Kenneth Wright, director of the sleep and chronobiology laboratory at the University of Colorado at Boulder, who oversaw the work.
Wright said that the study suggests people should prioritize sleep, 8. (cut) out the optional “sleep stealers”. such as watching television shows or spending time on electronic devices. 9. people don’t have a choice about losing sleep due to child-care responsibilities or job schedules, they should take into consideration prioritizing sleep 10. they would a healthy diet or exercise.

【答案】
1. Despite
2. gained
3. which
4. Though/Although
5. were wiped
6. robbed
7. they
8. cutting
9. Even though
10. as
【解析】这是一篇说明文。一项发人深省的新研究表明，工作日睡眠不足对健康的负面影响是无法通过马拉松式的周末睡眠来逆转的。尽管在周末的恢复期完全可以睡懒觉和小憩，但在睡眠实验室中，那些工作日睡眠时间被限制在5小时以内的参与者在两周内体重增加了近3磅，并经历了代谢紊乱，这将长期增加他们患糖尿病的风险。
1. 考查介词。句意：尽管在周末的恢复期完全可以睡懒觉和小憩，但在睡眠实验室中，那些工作日睡眠时间被限制在5小时以内的参与者在两周内体重增加了近3磅，并经历了代谢紊乱，这将长期增加他们患糖尿病的风险。根据句意可知表示“尽管；即使”，故填介词Despite。
2. 考查动词时态。根据句意可知，描述过去发生的事情应用一般过去时，故填gained。
3. 考查定语从句连接词。本句为定语从句修饰先行词metabolic disorder，且先行词在从句中做主语，指物，故填which。
4. 考查连接词。句意：虽然周末恢复性睡眠在一周的睡眠不足后有一些好处，但当人们在下周再次陷入同样的睡眠限制时，这些好处就被抵消了。本句为让步状语从句，表示“虽然；尽管”，故填Though/Although。
5. 考查动词时态语态。本句主语gains与谓语动词wipe构成被动，且时态为一般过去时，主语为复数名词，故填were wiped。
6. 考查非谓语动词。本句中rob做非谓语动词与逻辑主语构成被动关系，故用过去分词robbed。
7. 考查代词。句意：如果补觉有什么好处，当你回到你的日常生活中，它们就消失了。本句缺少主语指代上文benefits，故填代词they。
8. 考查非谓语动词。句意：赖特说，这项研究表明，人们应该优先考虑睡眠，剔除那些可选的“睡眠杀手”。本句中cut做非谓语动词与逻辑主语构成主谓关系，故用现在分词cutting。
9. 考查连接词。句意：即使人们没有因为照顾孩子或工作安排而导致睡眠不足的选择，他们也应该像考虑健康饮食或锻炼一样优先考虑睡眠。本句为让步状语从句，表示“即使；虽然”。位于句首，首字母大写。故填Even though。
10. 考查连接词。句意：即使人们没有因为照顾孩子或工作安排而导致睡眠不足的选择，他们也应该像考虑健康饮食或锻炼一样优先考虑睡眠。本句为方式状语从句，表示“像……一样”，故填as。
2
A Venturing Pilot
Charles Lindberg born in December Michigan was raised on a farm in Minnesota, where his father 11. (elect) to the U.S. Congress in 1907. From then on, he spent his boyhood alternatively in Washington D. C. , and Little Falls, Minnesota. 12. Lindbergh exhibited exceptional mechanical talent, in 1921, he was admitted to the University of Wisconsin to study engineering. 13. (seek) more challenges, he left university before graduation and became a pilot, who performed exciting flight show at country fairs and public assemblies. This unusual and dangerous undertaking paid off so greatly in the sense that it allowed him to gain all-round experience in flying. He was particularly delighted in 14. he called “wing-walking” and parachute jumping.
15. (train) in air service for a year, Lindberg completed his program at the Brooks and Kelly airfields at the top of his class. He was offered a job in Robertson Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis in Missouri where he retained his job 16. 1927, running the routes between St. Louis and Chicago. During this period, he set out to win the Raymond B, Orteig prize of $25,000 to be awarded to the first pilot 17. (fly) nonstop from New York to Paris. He knew this ambitious flight 18. (change) his life.
On board the greatest adventure of his time, Lindberg left Roosevelt Airport at 5:52 a.m. on May 20, 1927 and landed at Le Bourget Field at 5:24 p.m. the next day. Fearing that he would be unknown when he arrived, Lindberg carried letters of introduction to the officials in Paris, but when his plane came to a stop, he found himself 19. (crowd) with welcoming people. He was decorated in France, Great Britain, and Belgium. President Coolidge sent a specially designated cruiser, the Memphis to bring him back. His accomplishments in flying brought 20. more medals and awards that had ever been received than any other person in private life.

【答案】
11. was elected
12. Because/As
13. To seek
14. what
15. Having been trained/Trained
16. until
17. to fly
18. would change
19. was crowded
20. him
【解析】这是一篇人物传记。短文介绍了敢于冒险的美国飞行员Charles Lindberg。
11. 考查一般过去时的被动语态。由“in 1907”可知，where引导的定语从句为一般过去时，主语为his father，与谓语elect为被动。故填was elected。
12. 考查从属连词。分析句子可知，由于Charles Lindberg表现出非凡的机械才能，1921年，他被威斯康辛大学录取，攻读工程学。所以本句为Because/As引导的原因状语从句。所以填从属连词Because/As。故填Because/As。
13. 考查动词不定式。分析句子可知，本句为动词不定式作目的状语。故填To seek。
14. 考查连接代词。分析句子可知，in为介词后接句子做宾语，宾语从句的主语为he，谓语为 called ，call后接双宾语，直接宾语由what来充当。故填what。
15. 考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，主语为Lindberg，谓语为 complete。所以空处应填非谓语动词，train表示的动作发生在complete之前，且与主语在逻辑上是被动关系，所以用现在分词的完成被动形式作状语。也可用过去分词作状语。故填Having been trained/Trained。
16. 考查介词。分析句子可知，空处应填介词，until表示的是一段时间的终点且符合句意。故填until 。
17. 考查动词不定式。the+序数词后接动词不定式作后置定语。故填to fly。
18. 考查过去将来时。由“knew，ambitious flight”可知，宾语从句为过去将来时。故填would change 。
19. 考查形容词短语。be crowded with为固定短语。在本句中作himself的宾语补足语。故填crowded 。
20. 考查代词。分析句子可知，bring后接双宾语，结构为：bring sb sth。他的成就为他带来了很多的奖励。所以空处应填him作brought的间接宾语。故填him。
3
Birthday facts
Many centuries ago, birthdays were considered a time when the bad spirits were able to harm you. It was believed that you should have your friends and family around you21. their good wishes and present-giving would keep the bad spirits away. People also believed that, by lighting candles, they were sending a signal or wishes to the gods.
Later on, candles started 22. (use) on birthday cakes. One story about the beginnings of the birthday cake is23. it started with the Greeks, who made round cakes 24. (represent) the full moon for their moon goddess . They also placed candles on the cake to make it light, again like the moon.
However, the Germans are said to have first used cakes and candles. They used a sweet cake and they put a large candle in the centre of the cake to mean “the light of life”.
The “Happy Birthday” song is more than a hundred years old. The music was written in 1893 by two sisters, Patty and Mildred Hill, 25. were schoolteachers in Louisville, Kentucky. The music was first used as a morning greeting to their students 26. (entitle)“Good Morning To All”. In 1935, the words legally 27. (belong) to the Hill sisters, and the copyright has been bought and sold for millions of dollars ever since. The present copyright is owned by Warner Communications. They bought it in 198928. more than $22 million.
‘Happy Birthday to you’ 29. (recognize) around the world and has been translated into many different languages. And children still love to make new versions of 30. .

【答案】
21. so that
22. to be used
23. that
24. representing
25. who
26. entitled
27. belonged
28. for
29. has been recognized
30. it
【解析】本文是说明文。讲述了生日蛋糕和蜡烛的由来以及生日快乐歌的来源和创作人。数世纪前生日是为了驱除恶灵对人的伤害，人们通过点生日蜡烛向上帝发送信号或许愿。后来希腊人流传着将蜡烛插在蛋糕上代表月亮，但据说德国人才是最先使用生日蛋糕和蜡烛的人，他们将蜡烛插在蛋糕中间比喻生命之光。
21. 考查结果状语从句。句意：据说，你应该让你朋友和家人围着你，以便他们美好的祝愿和送礼物会使坏精灵走开。前半句you should have your friends and family around you是原因，后半句应该填表示解释结果的连词。so that…以便；故填so that 。
22. 考查不定式的被动用法。句意：随后，蜡烛开始被使用在生日蛋糕上。start to do sth.开始做某事。此处是蜡烛开始被使用，因此要用被动用法。故填to be used。
23. 考查表语从句引导词。句意：一个关于生日蛋糕起源的故事是它起源于希腊人。One story 是主语，谓语是系动词is，that引导宾语从句 it started with the Greeks，并在句中不充当成分。故填that。
24. 考查非谓语动词。句意：希腊人给月神做圆蛋糕象征着满月。make sb./sth. do用法，此处represent 与蛋糕cakes 是主动关系，采用doing的形式。故填representing。
25. 考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。这歌在1893年由两姐妹Patty and Mildred Hill创作，她们是肯塔基州路易斯维尔的教师。分析句子成分，先行词two sisters, Patty and Mildred Hill，在非限制性定语从句缺少了主语，故填关系词who。
26. 考查非谓语动词。句意：这歌曲起初被用来作为早晨问候给学生打招呼，取名为“所有人早上好”。music 作为a morning greeting 与entitle是被动关系，entitle应是过去分词的形式，故填entitled。
27. 考查时态和语态。the Hill sisters句意：1935年，这歌曲在法律上属于Hill sisters。belong to意为“属于”，无被动形式，时态为一般过去时，该用过去式，故填belonged。
28. 考查介词。句意：在1989年他们花了2200多美元买下它。for more than $22 million, for+价格表示花了多少钱， 故填介词for。
29. 考查现在完成时的被动用法。句意：“生日快乐”现在已经被认可并被翻译成为许多不同的语言。and 连接并列谓语动词，has been translated into 是现在完成时的被动，分析句子可知，此处也该用现在完成时的被动，has后面是过去分词，recognized意为“认可”，故填has been recognized。
30. 考查代词。句意：并且所有孩子仍热衷于创作这歌的新版本。it指代上文的歌曲“祝你生日快乐”，指代上文出现的同一事物，故填it。
4
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Through travelling you can enjoy beautiful views and 31. ( broad ) your horizons. In summer, you’d better get on a cruise in the city of Chongqing which will take you to the Three Gorges, for those Jiangyou ships are usually too 32. ( crowd ). Near Yunyang, at the steep edge of the hills 33. ( stand ) the famous Zhang Fei Temple 34. ( surround ) by trees. Because smoking 35. ( forbid ) in the cabins, you have to go to the deck to smoke, 36. you can enjoy the beautiful scenery. You can see some fishermen 37. the distance. First, you will go through the Qutang Gorge, which narrows to 350 feet. Then you will sail through Wu Gorge and Xiling Gorge. However, 38. impresses you most may be the Daning River in WuShang. There is immense 39. ( mountain ) land on both banks of Yangtze River with only small areas of flat 40. ( plain ).

【答案】
31. broaden
32. crowded
33. stands
34. surrounded
35. is forbidden
36. where
37. in
38. what
39. mountainous
40. plains
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文向读者介绍了游览三峡的路线以及沿途的景色。
31. 考查动词。句意：通过旅行，你可以欣赏到美丽的景色，开阔视野。分析句子可知，and连接的是enjoy和broaden两个并列谓语。故填 broaden。
32. 考查形容词。句意：夏天，你最好在重庆坐游轮去三峡，因为江油号船通常都是太拥挤了。分析句子可知，本句为for引导的原因状语从句。从句的结构为主系表结构。故填crowded。
33. 考查一般现在时。句意：在云阳附近，山峰陡峭的边缘矗立着著名的张飞寺，周围树木环绕。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，且为全部倒装句，本句的主语为the famous Zhang Fei Temple，所以谓语为stands。故填stands。
34. 考查过去分词。句意：在云阳附近，山峰陡峭的边缘矗立着著名的张飞寺，周围树木环绕。分析句子可知，the famous Zhang Fei Temple与surround在逻辑上是被动关系，所以用过去分词做定语。故填surrounded。
35. 考查一般现在时的被动语态。句意：由于船舱内禁止吸烟，您必须到甲板吸烟，在那里您可以欣赏到美丽的景色。分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时，主语smoking 与谓语forbid 为被动。故填is forbidden。
36. 考查关系副词。句意：由于船舱内禁止吸烟，您必须到甲板吸烟，在那里您可以欣赏到美丽的景色。分析句子可知，the deck为先行词，在后面的定语从句中，作地点状语，所以关系副词为where。故填where。
37. 考查介词。句意：你可以看到远处的渔民。in the distance “在远处”为固定短语。故填 in。
38. 考查连接代词。句意：然而，给你印象最深的可能是巫山县的大宁河。分析句子可知，本句为主语从句，在主语从句中，缺少主语，所以用what来充当主语。且符合句意。故填what。
39. 考查形容词。句意：长江两岸山地辽阔，平原面积小。mountainous为形容词来修饰名词land。故填mountainous。
40. 考查名词。句意：长江两岸山地辽阔，平原面积小。flat为形容词修饰名词plain。长江两岸不止一个平原，所以应填plain的复数plains。故填plains。
5
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Have you ever wondered where Lego(乐高积木)came from? Like many great inventions,the story is not just one of a great idea, 41. one of a ton of hard work and perseverance（毅力）.
The story started in Denmark. Ole Christiansen was a carpenter 42. was struggling with his small business. His wife died 43. (short) after his fourth son was born. He had to work hard to support his family alone. He started making wood toys,but they didn't sell well. He decided his toys needed a name,and he chose 44. name"Lego".
Unfortunately, several years later, his workshop 45. (burn) to the ground. Soon,he started to make a few plastic toys. He got the idea to create a “system" of toys that would build up kids' 46. (imagine) and creativity. He decided to stop 47. (make) wood toys and focus only on the connected plastic toys. Then he started to build more and more kinds of 48. (model). Each one had to be of the 49. (high) quality, which can be reflected in Lego's motto —“Only the best is good enough. ”
Thanks to their perseverance, kids can enjoy Lego toys, movies, amusement parks and clothing. But none of this would have existed at that time if they 50. (give up) when times got hard.

【答案】
41. but
42. who/that
43. shortly
44. the
45. was burned(burnt)
46. imagination
47. making
48. models
49. highest
50. had given up
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。记叙了丹麦的一个木匠奥尔·克里斯琴森创造乐高玩具的经过。
41. 考查连词。句意: 像许多伟大的发明一样，这个故事不仅仅是一个伟大的想法，而是大量的努力和毅力的结晶。短语not…but…“不是……而是……”，故填but。
42. 考查定语从句连接词。句意：奥尔·克里斯琴森是个木匠，他的小生意做得很艰难。本句为定语从句修饰先行词carpenter，且先行词在从句中做主语，指人，故填who/that。
43. 考查副词。句意：他的妻子在他的第四个儿子出生后不久就去世了。短语shortly after表示“不久之后；很快”应填副词shortly。
44. 考查冠词。句意：他觉得他的玩具需要一个名字，于是他选择了“乐高”这个名字。name为可数名词，此处特指下文"Lego"这个名字，故用定冠词the。
45. 考查动词时态语态。句意：不幸的是，几年后，他的工作室被夷为平地。根据上文several years later可知为描述过去发生的事情用一般过去时，且主语workshop与谓语动词构成被动关系，故填was burned(burnt)。
46. 考查名词。句意：他的想法是创造一个玩具“系统”，可以培养孩子的想象力和创造力。根据下文并列结构and creativity可知应填名词imagination。
47. 考查固定搭配。句意：他决定停止制作木制玩具，只专注于连接塑料玩具。短语stop doing sth.“停止正在做的事”后跟-ing形式，故填making。
48. 考查名词的数。句意：然后他开始建立越来越多的模型。model为可数名词，且根据上文more and more kinds of可知应填名词的复数形式models。
49. 考查形容词最高级。句意：每一个都必须是最高质量的，这可以体现在乐高的格言“只有最好的才足够好”。根据句意以及上文the可知应填形容词最高级highest。
50. 考查虚拟语气。句意：但如果他们在困难时期放弃了，这一切在当时都不会存在。在if引导的虚拟语气中，表示与过去事实相反的情况。其句型为“ if + 主语 + 动词的过去完成式，主语 +would / could / should / might + have + 动词的过去分词”。故填had given up。
6
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Advice is a word that is welcomed warmly by a lot of people. It helps in 51. (achieve) goals in a better way. As we know, 52. (experience) people offer their advice with a positive attitude without making a 53. (judge). You can learn how they give advice.
Give advice to people who welcome it. In fact, your focus should be helping others and making 54. aware that the advice can be useful if taken in the right spirit. When advice 55. (give), it should be short. It is also essential that while giving advice, one should be fair. As giving advice is 56. art, you should always state the positive side first so that the person is 57. (relax) and would in turn welcome your advice.
Give advice on certain matters. 58. a friend of yours wants to buy a car and requests your advice on the matter, your aim should be to give him details about things to be purchased, but you need not go for some particular brands or items. 59. (similar), advice on some other important issues, like staying in the relationship or future planning, needs to be given 60. (cautious).

【答案】
51. achieving
52. experienced
53. judgment
54. them
55. is given
56. an
57. relaxed
58. If
59. Similarly
60. cautiously
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文的主要内容是给人建议是一门艺术，本文就如何给出建议提出了几个注意事项。
51. 考查非谓语动词。句意：它有助于以更好的方式实现目标。根据空前in可知，空处填动词-ing形式，故填achieving。
52. 考查形容词。句意：经验丰富的人提供他们的建议。分析句子结构可知，空处填形容词修饰后面的名词people，experienced意为“有经验的”，符合句意，故填experienced。
53. 考查名词。句意：正如我们所知，经验丰富的人以积极的态度提供建议，而不做任何判断。根据空前a可知，空处填名词，judgment意为“判断”，故填judgment。
54. 考查代词。句意：事实上，你的重点应该是帮助他人，并让他们意识到，如果本着正确的态度采纳这些建议，它们是有用的。分析句子结构可知，空处填代词，make sb. aware意为“让某人意识到”，再结合句意可知，此处用them指代others，故填them。
55. 考查被动语态。句意：当提出建议时，应该简短。分析句子结构可知，空处填谓语，主语是advice和give之间是被动关系，再结合语境可知，此处用一般现在时，故填is given。
56. 考查冠词。句意：因为提供建议是一门艺术。分析句子结构可知，空处填冠词，再结合语境可知，art是元音开头，且表示泛指，故填an。
57. 考查形容词。句意：你应该总是先说积极的一面，这样对方才会放松。分析句子结构可知，空处填形容词，relaxed意为“放松的”，符合句意，故填relaxed。
58. 考查状语从句连词。句意：如果你的朋友想买一辆车，并向你征求意见，你的目标应该是告诉他要买的东西的细节。分析句子结构可知，空处填从属连词引导状语从句，再结合句意可知，空处填if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”故填If。
59. 考查副词。句意：在其他一些重要问题上，比如维持关系或未来规划，需要谨慎地给出建议。分析句子结构可知，空处填副词，修饰空后的句子，再结合句意可知，similarly意为“相似地”，故填Similarly。
60. 考查副词。句意：在其他一些重要问题上，比如维持关系或未来规划，需要谨慎地给出建议。分析句子结构可知，空处填副词，修饰空前be given，再结合句意可知，cautiously 意为“谨慎地”，故填cautiously。
7
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
So far, China Eastern Airlines61. (receive) approval(批准)fiom the Ministry oflndustry and Information Technology to offer in- flight Wi-Fi service on 21 airplanes.
The carrier becomes China's first airline company62. （provide) Wi-Fi service for both domestic and international flights. Passengers63. (leave) for New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, Beijing and Guangzhou will have access64. me Wi-Fi service through a telecommunication satellite.
The flights will begin to provide the service in one month after operational65. （prepare). The Wi-Fi service will be free in the 21 airplanes at the beginning,66. a charge list is now under discussion.
The company plans to put in Wi-Fi service67. (equip) in all airplanes by 2019-2020. Other carriers in China, such as Air China and Hainan Airlines also have been following this attempt in some oftheir flights during the past few years.
Industry experts note that68. approval for the Wi-Fi service on 21 airplanes.is a trial for commercial in-flight Intemet service operations in China. Aviation(航空)business staff say that China has the potential to become the world's 69. (large) aviation market,70. is likely to create tens of billions of yuan in profit in the aviation Intemet business.

【答案】
61. has received
62. to provide
63. leaving
64. to
65. preparations
66. but
67. equipment
68. the
69. largest
70. which
【解析】这是一篇说明文。中国东方航空公司（China Eastern Airlines）获工信部批准在21架航班上提供舱内Wi-Fi服务，成为全国首家同时向国内、国际航班旅客提供“空中上网”服务的航空公司。
61. 考查谓语时态。句意：中国东方航空公司已经获工信部批准，同意其在21架飞机上提供‘空中上网’服务。根据空前so far可知空处填现在完成时，故填has received。
62. 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，句子中包含“the first +名词+ to do sth.”是固定句式句式。故填to provide。
63. 考查非谓语动词。 本句句子的主要成分完整，passengers是主语，will have 是谓语，access是宾语。根据句子结构可知，这里应填现在分词leaving作定语修饰主语passengers。故填leaving。
64. 考查介词。句意：前往纽约、洛杉矶、旧金山、多伦多、北京和广州的乘客可以通过一颗通讯卫星使用me Wi-Fi服务。根据句意可知， have access to sth.是固定搭配，表示“有机会或权利利用某物”，故填to。
65. 考查名词。根据空白处前面的形容词operational可以知道，该空白处应填名词，prepare的名词形式是preparation，且常使用其复数形式。故填preparations。
66. 考查并列连词。句意：这21架飞机的Wi-Fi服务一开始是免费的，但目前正在讨论收费清单。根据句意可知，此处表示转折关系，故填but。
67. 考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空白处应填名词，equip的名词形式是equipment，且equipment是不可数名词。故填equipment。
68. 考查冠词。分析句子结构可知，空处填冠词，再根据上下文，这里的approval是特指，故前面应使用定冠词。故填the。
69. 考查形容词最高级。句意：中国有能力成为世界上最大的航空市场。根据句意可知，空白处应填形容词large的最高级形式。故填largest。
70. 考查定语从句关系代词。分析句子结构可知，空处填关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面句子的market。故应用关系代词which。
8
Who is smarter？A human being or artificial intelligence？The question 71. （sweep）across the world when a Google-developed program called AlphaGo defeated the world top player. So，what comes next？
Some people are pessimistic，saying that the full development of artificial intelligence，72. AI in short，could mean the end of the human race. So are we really about to live in the world 73. （show）in the Terminator（终结者）movies？
“Not quite，”answered John Markoff of The New York Times，74. is optimistic about the future. “We think that，for the human beings，things like sight and balance，75. （be）natural and ordinary in our life. Also，we humans are better at making 76. （adjust）to the surroundings. We have a long way to go before AI can 77. （true）begin to be similar to the human brain，even though the technology can be great.” Meanwhile，John Markoff said that researchers should build artificial intelligence to make people more 78. （effect）.
“Our fate（命运）is 79. our own hands，”he added.“Since technology depends on the values of 80. (it) creators, we can choose to use technology to improve the world.”

【答案】
71. swept
72. or
73. shown
74. who
75. are
76. adjustment（s）
77. truly
78. effective
79. in
80. its
【解析】这是一篇议论文。谁更聪明？人类还是人工智能？AlphaGo在围棋领域击败了人类，但这能说明人工智能可以取代人类的大脑吗？不同的人对未来有不同的看法。
71. 考查时态。根据从句中的“defeated”可知，此处的事情发生在过去，故主句应用一般过去时态。故填swept。
72. 考查连词。句意：人工智能的全面发展，简而言之，可能意味着人类的终结。artificial intelligence或简称为AI。该空表示“或者”。故填or。
73. 考查非谓语动词。句意：我们真的要活在“终结者”电影里的世界里了吗？______（show）in the Terminator（终结者）movies是定语，修饰the world。the world和show之间是被动关系，故应用过去分词作后置定语。故填shown。
74. 考查定语从句。_____ is optimistic about the future是非限制性定语从句。修饰John Markoff。引导词在从句中作主语，指人，应该用who引导该从句。故填who。
75. 考查时态与主谓一致。句意：像视觉和平衡这样的事物在我们的生活中是自然的，平凡的。这里说的是客观事实，应用一般现在时。根据主谓一致原则，谓语动词应该和things保持一致，故填are。
76. 考查名词。空处在句中作making的宾语，需要用名词形式。故填adjustment（s）。
77. 考查副词。空处在句中修饰谓语动词begin，需要用副词形式。故填truly。
78. 考查形容词。该处考查make+宾语+宾语补足语结构，宾语补足语应该用形容词。且空前有more修饰，故该处填effective。
79. 考查介词。句意：我们的命运由我们自己控制。表示“由某人控制”，应该用in one's hands。故填in。
80. 考查代词。空处在句中作定语，修饰名词creators，故应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
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阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式（不多于3个单词）。
The Wandering Earth is a Chinese science fiction movie, 81. is based on the novel of 82. same name by Liu Cixin, and was released on February 5, 2019, the Chinese New Year’s Day.
After learning the sun is dying out ,people all around the world feel 83. (panic),so they build giant planet thrusters(星球推进器)to move the earth out of its orbit and sail 84. to a new star system. The 2500 years’ journey comes with unexpected dangers, but in order to save humanity, a group of young people come out bravely and fight hard for everyone’s85. (survive)。
We 86. (impress) to see the theme of this film. It doesn’t particularly show somebody’s ability to save our world 87. shows all the human beings are working together,88. (spare)no effort to save this world.
The Wandering Earth is seen by people 89. the dawn(开端) of Chinese science fiction movies. It means that China’s sci-fi movies have90. (official) set sail.

【答案】
81. which
82. the
83. panicked
84. it
85. survival
86. are impressed
87. but
88. sparing
89. as
90. officially
【解析】本文是一篇电影介绍。文章介绍了根据刘慈欣同名小说改编的中国科幻电影《流浪的地球》。
81. 考查定语从句。句意：《流浪的地球》是根据刘慈欣同名小说改编的中国科幻电影。此处movie是先行词，指物，后面的非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故答案为which。
82. 考查定冠词the。句意：《流浪的地球》是根据刘慈欣同名小说改编的中国科幻电影。此处特指“相同的名字”，所以在same前用定冠词the，故答案为the。
83. 考查过去分词作表语。句意：在得知太阳即将灭绝后，世界各地的人们都感到恐慌。此处表示“感到惊慌”，修饰人，所以用加ed的形容词作表语，故答案为panicked。
84. 考查it用法。句意：所以他们建造了巨大的行星推进器，把地球从轨道上移开，把它带到一个新的恒星系统。此处用it指代上文的the earth，故答案为it。
85. 考查词形转换。句意：但为了拯救人类，一群年轻人勇敢地站出来，为每个人的生存而努力奋斗。名词所有格后面用名词形式，survive的名词形式是survival。故答案为survival。
86. 考查一般现在时态的被动语态。句意：我们对这部电影的主题印象深刻。此处句子主语we和impress之间是被动关系，结合句意可知用一般现在时态的被动语态，且主语是复数。故答案为are impressed。
87. 考查并列连词。句意：它并没有特别显示某人的能力来拯救我们的世界，而是显示了所有人都在一起努力，不遗余力地拯救这个世界。固定搭配：not---but“不是---而是---”。故答案为but。
88. 考查现在分词作伴随状语。句意：它并没有特别显示某人的能力来拯救我们的世界，而是显示了所有人都在一起努力，不遗余力地拯救这个世界。此处是现在分词作伴随状语，故答案为sparing。
89. 考查介词。句意：《漫游地球》被人们视为中国科幻电影的开山之作。固定搭配：see---as“把------看作------”。故答案为as。
90. 考查词形转换。句意：这意味着中国科幻电影正式启航。此处set是动词，由副词来修饰，故答案为officially。
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I will never forget the day when I went to a coming-of age ceremony. Last month, an unforgettable adult ceremony 91. (hold) for all the senior 3 students in our school. It began at half past two in the afternoon. Decorated by colorful flowers and balloons, the stadium looked 92. (fantastic) beautiful. All of us students were dressed 93. school uniforms with red ribbons on our wrists, showing the energy of youth. We walked into the stadium in high spirits. 94. (accompany) by our parents. Our principal delivered95. inspiring speech at first, and we received 96. (congratulate) from our teachers. During the ceremony, we expressed our heart-felt gratitude to our parents by97. (bow) to them. I was moved to tears when I got a photo album from my parents, 98. reminded me of my happy childhood. In the end, we raised our right hands and 99. (make) a serious promise to become reliable and honest citizens. As far as I’m concerned, the ceremony indicates that we should take on more responsibilities to be 100. (independence) and get away from the shelter of our family.

【答案】
91. was held
92. fantastically
93. in
94. accompanied
95. an
96. congratulations
97. bowing
98. which
99. made
100. independent
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。叙述了作者成人典礼的过程以及它给作者带来的感悟。
91. 考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意：上个月，一场令人难忘的高三成人礼在我校举行。an unforgettable adult ceremony（主语）与hold（谓语）是被动，last month是过去时间状语，故填was held。
92. 考查副词。句意：运动场看起来极其漂亮。要用副词修饰形容词beautiful，故填fantastically。
93. 考查介词。句意：我们所有同学都穿着校服。be dressed in…穿着……，故填in。
94. 考查过去分词。句意：我们在父母的陪伴下，情绪高昂地走进运动场。walked为句子的谓语，所以accompany为非谓语，We与accompany是被动，故填Accompanied。
95. 考查不定冠词。句意：我们的校长发表了鼓舞人心的演讲。deliver a speech做演讲。在本句中speech被inspiring修饰，且inspiring第一个音素为元音，故填an。
96. 考查名词复数。句意：我们收到了老师们的祝贺。Congratulations贺词，祝贺，故填Congratulations。
97. 考查动名词。句意：我们通过鞠躬的方式向我们的父母表达了衷心地感谢。by doing sth通过做某事，故填bowing。
98. 考查定语从句关系代词。句意：当我从父母手中接过一本影集时，它让我想起了我快乐的童年，我感动地流下了眼泪。句子的先行词为a photo album from my parents，在定语从句中作主语，关系代词可选that或which。又因为定语从句前有逗号，判断为非限制性定语从句，不选that，而选which，故填which。
99. 考查一般过去时。句意：我们举起了我们的右手，庄严宣誓成为一名诚实守信的公民。and 连接谓语动词raised和made，故填made。
100. 考查形容词。句意：……仪式表明我们应该承担更多的责任，独立自主，远离家庭的庇护。be后面用形容词，故填independent。