高中英语阅读长难句技巧

阅读长难句技巧 分析方法 1. 首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。 2. 如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。 3. 如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。 4. 如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。 注意事项 1. 是否有同位语和插入语。 2. 是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。 3. 替代词的所指对象。 4. 判断并列成分的层次。 5. 句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。 6. 在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。 7. 非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。 8. 在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。 实例分析 Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin. （这些任务的结果通常都很重要，这为做好工作增加了压力，然而这些任务的复杂性使人很难知道该从何处开始和怎样开始。） 这是一个并列复合句。并且在第一个并列分句中，有一个非限制性定语从句，但它不修饰outcome，而是修饰前面的整个分句。 后一并列分句中有一个复合宾语结构，用it作形式宾语，实际宾语为带有连接副词的不定式短语。 2. Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(贷款) after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. （一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作，在暑假期间做全职工作，四年下来他仍会欠下5,000美元学费贷款，而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。这样的事现在已经是很平常了。） 分析本句应抓住其关键结构： it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。其中it是形式主语，实际主语为由for引出逻辑主语的不定式结构for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four years。 这里应注意not unusual是双重否定，实际表示肯定含义。 让步状语从句even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式结构中。 破折号引出带形容词从句的同位语。 由于for到句末是一个完整的内容，因此翻译中将他们连在一起，而把it is not unusual分译。 3. What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace. （这就勾画出了这样一种工作环境，在这种环境中，只重视科技手段对员工工作的监视作用，而不考虑提高客户服务质量和提高公平的工作场所。） 本句的主谓结构是What emerges is a picture，主语What emerges本身即为一个从句。 在说明picture的介词短语中还有一个定语从句修饰environment，在这个定语从句中又有一个as引导的状语从句修饰managing，介词on后有三个动词-ing形式短语作其宾语，分别为：managing，promoting和providing。 4. Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned. （正义确定要求严惩凶手。常识也要求社会受到保护不被（恶人）侵犯。但是无论正义还是自我保护都没有要求我们处死已被监禁的囚犯。） 第二、三两句中的第一个词均为并列连词，他们起承上启下的作用。 三个句子中各有一个that引导的宾语从句，最后一句中还有一个由whom引导的、修饰men的定语从句 真题角度分析阅读长难句 It was believed that this dish would benefit the muscles, reduce pain, improve circulation, stimulate sweating, and warm the body. （2021宁夏银川4月质检） （ muscle n. 肌肉 circulation n. 循环 sweat v.出汗 n. 汗水 warm v.使暖和 adj. 温暖的） 人们相信这道菜有益于肌肉，减轻疼痛，改善循环，刺激出汗，温暖身体。 语法：整句话属于it is done…的主语从句句型，其中it为形式主语。 拓展： It+ be +过去分词+从句 It is said that... 据说…… It is known to all that... 众所周知…… It is reported that... 据报道…… It is believed that... 据信……;人们相信…… It is suggested that... 有人建议…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出…… It has been proved that... 已证明……. 例如: It is believed that at least a score of buildings were damaged or destroyed. 据信, 至少有二十座楼房遭到破坏或彻底毁掉. It is suggested that the meeting should be put off. 有人建议会议延期召开. It's reported that three people were killed in the accident and five were hurt badly. 据报道,事故中三人丧生,五人重伤. It is known to all that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. 众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分. Some foods, such as goat meat and spinach(菠菜), are seen as “hot”，while others, such as Chinese cabbage and radishes(小萝卜), are seen as “cold”. （2021宁夏银川4月质检） （be seen as 被当做…） （一些食物，如羊肉和菠菜, 被视为“热”，而其他，如大白菜和萝卜,被视为“冷”。） 语法： 整句话是while“然而”并列的两个简单句，此处while为连词。而such as结构是对前面的food进行的修饰，表示列举。 3. However, how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, and the individual’s health. （2021宁夏银川4月质检） （depend on v. 依赖；取决于 individual adj.个人的） （然而，一个人应该吃多少“热”或“冷”的食物取决于一年中的时间、食物的准备方式和准备材料，以及个人的健康状况。） 语法： (1) …how much “hot” or “cold” food one should eat depends on the time of the year, 此处how much引导的是主语从句。 (2) …how the food is prepared and what it is prepared with, 此处how和what引导的是depend on后的宾语从句，属于and并列了两个宾语从句。 Chinese herbal medicines, such as the wolfberry(枸杞子), can be found on many a restaurant menu, either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish.（2021宁夏银川4月质检） （herbal medicine 草药 addition n. 添加 add v. 把…加入…） （中草药，如枸杞, 在许多餐馆的菜单上都可以找到，或者加入水果茶，或者作为一道菜的有益补充。） 语法： 这句话的难点在后面的either…or…结构,这个结构可以整体看做后置定语用来修饰wolfberry。 So, whether you need to boost your strength with a large helping of chicken soup, or increase your mental powers with a serving of pig brain soup, you may find that this ancient Chinese custom could be just the tonic you were looking for. （2021宁夏银川4月质检） (boost your strength 增强体力 mental power 脑力 a serving of 一份) 所以，无论你是需要用一大口鸡汤来增强体力，还是用一份猪脑汤来增强脑力，你可能会发现，这一古老的中国习俗可能正是你想要的养生补品 语法： (1) whether you need to boost your strength with a large helping of chicken soup, or increase your mental powers with a serving of pig brain soup, 此处的whether引导让步状语从句，表示“无论…还是…”。 (2) … you may find that this ancient Chinese…此处that引导宾语从句。 (3) …the tonic you were looking for. 此处you were looking for为省略引导词that/which的定语从句，修饰tonic。 But a recent discovery of traces of a gas in the clouds of Venus has excited astronomers, as it may serve as a potential sign of life.（2021安徽芜湖质量监控） (discovery n. 发现 v. discover excite adj. 使激动 serve as 当做 potential adj. 潜在的 n. 潜能) 但是最近在金星云中发现的一种气体让天文学家们兴奋不已，因为它可能是生命的潜在迹象 语法： 此句中as引导的是原因状语从句，只不过as引导原因相较because，since来说，语气更弱。 Though it contains poison, it is viewed as a possible sign of life because on Earth the gas is made by microorganisms(微生物) that live in oxygen-free environments. （2021安徽芜湖质量监控） (contain v.包含 be viewed as 被当作 microorganism n.微生物 oxygen-free adj.无氧的) 虽然它含有毒素，但它被视为可能有生命迹象存在，因为在地球上，这种气体是由微生物产生的，它们生活在无氧环境中。 语法： (1) Though it contains poison, 此处though引导让步状语从句。 (2) …because on Earth the gas is made by microorganisms…此处because引导原因状语从句。 (3) …microorganisms(微生物) that live in oxygen-free environments. 此处that引导定语从句修饰microorganisms。 Scientists have assumed that if life exists on Venus, this cloud deck(云盖) is likely the only place where it would survive. （2021安徽芜湖质量监控） (assume v. 假设 likely adj.可能的 survive v.存活) 科学家们假设，如果金星上存在生命，那么这个云层可能是它唯一能生存的地方。 (1) 此句话整体结构是一个that引导的宾语从句，而从句也是由复合句组成，即条件状语从句+主句。 (2) …the only place where it would survive. 此处where引导定语从句来修饰place。 Scientists went through every possibility that could have led to the formation of phosphine gas in Venus clouds, including volcanoes, lightning strikes, small meteorites(陨石) falling into the atmosphere. （2021安徽芜湖质量监控） (formation n. 形成 volcano n. 火山 meteorite n. 陨石 atmosphere n. 大气层；氛围) 科学家们研究了所有可能导致金星云中磷化氢气体形成的可能性，包括火山、闪电、小陨石坠入大气层。 语法： (1) …every possibility that could have led to the formation…此处that引导定语从句来修饰possibility。 (2) …including volcanoes, lightning strikes, small meteorites(陨石) falling into the atmosphere. 此处including…属于介词短语做后置定语来修饰possibility。 (3) … small meteorites(陨石) falling into the atmosphere. 此处的falling…为doing做后置定语来修饰meteorite。 10. It was concluded that there is no explanation for the existence of this gas in Venus clouds, other than the presence of life, USA Today reported. （2021安徽芜湖质量监控） (explanation n. 解释 explain v. 解释 existence n. 存在 exist v. 存在 presence n. 存在 present adj. 出现的；在场的 present v. 呈现 conclude v. 总结 conclusion n. 结论) 据《今日美国》报道，结论是除了生命的存在外，金星云中这种气体的存在没有任何道理。 语法： (1) 整句话是it is +done 的主语从句的结构。翻译为“结论是…”。 (2)整体结构属于倒装，正常结构应该为USA Today reported it was concluded that there is no explanation for the existence of this gas in Venus clouds, other than the presence of life。这属于直接引语放句首的情况。 Although the detection of phosphine is not strong evidence for life, this finding is great enough to change scientists' view on Venus, which is thought to be a completely inhospitable(不适合居住的) planet. （2021安徽芜湖质量监控） (detection n. 侦测 detect v. 侦测 evidence n. 证据 is thought to be… 被认为是… completely adv. 完全地 planet n. 星球) 尽管磷化氢的发现并不是生命存在的有力证据，但这一发现足以改变科学家对金星的看法，尽管金星完全不适宜居住行星。 语法： (1) Although the detection of phosphine is not strong evidence for life, 此处although引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”。 (2) … which is thought to be a completely inhospitable planet.此处which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰Venus。 He died later in the hospital, despite attempts by two passengers to revive him by using cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR.（2021内蒙古乌兰察布3月模拟） attempt v&n. 尝试 revive v. 使…复苏 尽管有两名乘客试图用心肺复苏术（CPR）将他救活，但他后来还是死在了医院里。 语法： 此句重要在despite表示转折，意思为“尽管”，但是despite属于介词，后面只可以加短语或者词汇。 However, if an automated external defibrillator, or AED, had been available at the scene, the man’s chances of survival would have been greatly improved. （2021内蒙古乌兰察布3月模拟） (available adj. 可利用的；可接触的… at the scene 在现场 chance n. 几率 survival n. 存活 survive v. 存活) 然而，如果现场有自动体外除颤器（AED），该男子的存活几率会大大提高。 语法： 整句话复杂在出现了if引导的条件状语从句，且表示非真实的情况，即涉及到了虚拟语气表示对过去的虚拟。 拓展： 在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，其构成有三种形式： 与现在事实相反： if条件句的谓语：were\did 主句的谓：would(could\should\might) + do I would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。 与过去事实相反： if条件句的谓语：had done 主句的谓：would(could\should\might)+ have done If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。 与将来事实相反： if条件句的谓语：did\were, should do, were to do 主句的谓：would(could\should\might) + do If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。 If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 假如下雨，庄稼可能就有救了。 If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。 An emergency doctor from the hospital who attended the scene said it was highly likely the student would have died, had not a series of the correct first aid measures been applied, along with the AED. （2021内蒙古乌兰察布3月模拟） (emergency n. 紧急 emergent adj. 紧急的 a series of 一系列 first aid measures 急救措施) 一名到现场看病的医院急诊医生说，如果没有采取一系列正确的急救措施以及AED，该学生很可能已经死亡。 语法： (1) …who attended the scene… 此处有who引导的定语从句修饰doctor。 (2) …it was highly likely the student would have died…此处属于it is +adj+that…的主语从句，此处省略了that。 (3) …had not a series of the correct first aid measures been applied, 此处语法属于整句最难的地方。体现了if虚拟语气的省略句式。 拓展： <省略if的条件句>（常考） 在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should时，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构。 Were it necessary, I might go without delay. （=If it were necessary......） 如果需要的话，我可以立即去。 Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam. （=If you had taken my advice......） 你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。 Should I have time, I would call on her. （=If I should have time......） 要是有时间，我就去看她。 "It’s so good that we have these life-saving machines on campus, otherwise we would have heard tragic news," she said. （2021内蒙古乌兰察布3月模拟） (campus n. 校园 tragic adj. 悲剧的) 她说：“校园里有这些救生设备真是太好了，否则我们会听到悲惨的消息”。 语法： (1) It’s so good that…此处为it is +adj+that…的主语从句。 (2) otherwise 属于副词，表示转折。意思是“否则”。其后也可以加虚拟语气表示非真实情况。 拓展： otherwise和however的区别 otherwise 除了否则还有另外的意思，可以做形容词和副词 Make a note of the questions you want to ask. You will invariably forget some of them otherwise. 把想提的问题记下来，否则总是会漏掉其中的一些。 The decorations for the games have lent a splash of colour to an otherwise drab city. 为运动会所作的装扮给原本毫无生气的城市增添了一抹亮色。 however 一般做转折连词表示然而，做副词时表示无论如何。 He was feeling bad. He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate. 他感觉不舒服。但他仍然去上班，并且努力集中精神工作。 She has the window open, however cold it is outside. 不管外面多冷她都开着窗户。