新人教版高考英语一轮复习句子成分下的语法第九讲依据句子成分和结构突破名词性从句课件+学案

第九讲　依据句子成分和结构突破名词性从句

编者按：所谓名词性从句，就是把完整句子当作名词来使用，使之在另一个句子中充当某种成分。一般来说，名词在句中主要充当4种成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语，于是便有了常说的4种名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。相当于名词作用的句子有3类：陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。因此，名词性从句可简单概括为这样一句话：名词性从句就是用3种句子分别充当另外一个句子的4种句子成分。这便构成了名词性从句的本质特征。

 [真题集训——明考点]

1．(2020·浙江7月高考)Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on         could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.

解析：what　分析句子结构可知，介词on后是宾语从句，从句中缺少主语，且表示“……的事物”，应用what引导。

2．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence              they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.

解析：that　分析句子结构可知，设空处引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故填that。

3．(2018·浙江11月高考)It is possible              caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷) in humans, too.

解析：that　分析句子结构可知，该句是一个主从复合句，it作形式主语，真正的主语是设空处引导的从句，故填that。

4．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm not sure              is more frightened, me or the female gorilla (大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.

解析：who　分析句子结构可知，空格处作从句的主语，根据后面的“me or the female gorilla”可知，作者把自己和大猩猩作对比，表示“我不知道我和大猩猩谁更害怕”，故填who。

5．(2018·北京高考改编)This is              my father has taught me — to always face difficulties and hope for the best.

解析：what　句意：这就是父亲教给我的——永远面对困难并且寄予最大的希望。表语从句中动词taught缺少直接宾语， 且表示“……的东西”，故填what。

6．(2018·北京高考改编)Without his support, we wouldn't be              we are now.

解析：where　句意：要是没有他的帮助，我们就不会是现在的情形了。设空处引导表语从句，表示的是具有抽象意义的地点，故用where引导。

7．(2018·天津高考改编)The gold medal will be awarded to              wins the first place in the bicycle race.

解析：whoever　句意：这块金牌将颁发给在这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。从句中缺主语且表示“人”，因此填whoever引导宾语从句并在从句中作主语。

8．(2018·江苏高考改编)By boat is the only way to get here, which is              we arrived.

解析：how　句意：坐船是到达这里唯一的方式，我们就是这样来的。how 引导表语从句，作方式状语。

[语法精析——知规则]

一、从属连词that, whether与if引导的名词性从句

(一)that引导的名词性从句

that引导名词性从句时本身无意义，只起连接作用，也不在句中作任何成分。它引导的名词性从句结构和意义都完整，往往用于陈述事实。在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，that不能省略。在引导宾语从句时，在口语和非正式文体中，that可省略。但下列情况下，that不可省略：

1．that从句作介词的宾语；

I don't know exactly where he lives, except that it's somewhere out in the wilds.他具体住在哪里我不是很清楚，只知道是远离城市的边远地区。

2．that引导的从句位于句首时；

That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all.

众所周知，地球围着太阳转。

3．宾语从句和主句之间有插入语时；

We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.

恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们待在家里。

4．动词后有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略；

He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他得离开并且很快就会回来。

5．it作形式宾语时，that引导的宾语从句后置时，that往往不可省略。

He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。

(二)that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语的四大句式

1．It＋be＋形容词(necessary, right, likely, unlikely, wrong, important, certain, clear, obvious, strange, normal等)＋that从句

It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that.

我不可能接受像那样的帮助。

2．It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity, a shame, good news, a fact, an honour, a wonder, no wonder等)＋that从句

It's no wonder that he didn't want to go.

难怪他不想去。

3．It＋be＋过去分词(said, told, heard, reported, decided, suggested, advised, ordered, remembered, thought, considered, well­known, announced等)＋that从句

It is decided that the meeting has been put off until next Monday.会议被推迟到下周一已经定下来了。

[名师指津]　在“It＋be＋suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required ...＋that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should＋)动词原形”。

It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying English.建议你花更多的时间学习英语。

4．It＋特殊动词或短语(seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, occur to, make no difference等)＋that从句

It suddenly occurred to her that Joe was afraid of beingalone.她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人待着。

(三)whether与if的用法

1．用whether或if均可的情况

(1)whether可引导各种名词性从句。引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时，两者均可。

(2)it作形式主语，且主语从句在句末时，两者均可引导主语从句。

It's uncertain whether/if he'll come this evening.

他今天晚上是否会来还不确定。

2．用whether而不用if的情况

(1)主语从句和宾语从句置于句首时；

Whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.我们能否有干净的饮用水取决于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。

(2)引导表语从句和同位语从句时；

The problem is whether the air pollution can be controlled.问题是空气污染能否被控制住。

He asked me the question whether we should give money to the homeless.他问了我我们是否该给无家可归者钱的问题。

(3)引导介词的宾语从句时；

It depends on whether we have enough time.

这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。

(4)引导词与or not连用时；

I don't know whether or not the report is true.

＝I don't know whether the report is true or not.

我不知道这个报道是否是真的。

(5)引导词后接to do时；

They don't know whether to go there.

他们不知道是否去那里。

(6)有些动词如leave, put, discuss, decide等后的宾语从句；

We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.

我们讨论了我们是否应召开一个会议。

(7)避免用if引导产生歧义。

Let me know whether you are coming to our party.

让我知道你是否来参加我们的宴会。

二、连接代词与连接副词引导的名词性从句

1．连接代词引导的名词性从句

连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作名词或代词所作的成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。

What struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.

这部影片中最打动我的是父亲对他儿子深深的爱。

What worries us most is who let out the secret.

最令我们担忧的是谁泄漏了秘密。

2．连接副词引导的名词性从句

连接副词when, where, why, how等不但起连接作用，也在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式等。

He didn't tell me when we would meet again.

他没告诉我什么时候我们再见面。

Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.

去把你的大衣拿来。它就在你原来放的地方。

3．“疑问词＋­ever”引导的名词性从句

“疑问词＋­ever”引导名词性从句时，有词义，并且在从句中充当一定的句子成分。

Whoever breaks the law should be punished.

无论谁触犯法律都应该受到惩罚。

Wherever he goes makes his parents worry.

他无论去哪儿父母都担心。

[名师指津]　“疑问词＋­ever”还可以引导让步状语从句，但“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能用来引导名词性从句。

Whatever (＝No matter what) you do, you must do it well.无论你做什么，都必须做好。

三、名词性从句易错点

1．that和what的区别

that引导名词性从句时，在主从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义；而what引导名词性从句时，在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分，what可以分解成定语从句中的“先行词＋关系代词”，即常说的“先行词＋that/which/who”。

It's a shame that he has made such a mistake.

真遗憾，他犯了这样一个错误。

I will do what I can (do) to help him.

我将尽我所能帮助他。

2．同位语从句与定语从句的区别

判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法，即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词，如果句子意思成立，则是同位语从句，否则，则是定语从句。试比较：

①The notice that the meeting had to be put off was true.(同位语从句)

→The notice was that the meeting had to be put off.

②The notice that he read just now was true.(定语从句)

[应用落实——通方法]

一、单句语法填空

1．(2021·烟台模拟)Along with this, Max has traveled to Africa several times to donate equipment and coach the kids, developing Angels at Bat into what it is today.

2．(2021·北京模拟)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.

3．She has received an offer from Berkeley，but I don't know  whether/if she will accept it.

4．Sarah hopes to become a friend of whoever shares her interests.

5．The 5G cell phone must be of great use and convenience to  whoever wants to get the information through the Internet quickly.

6．It doesn't matter how many times you fail; what matters is how many times you stand up and try again.

7．And it evaluates how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks.

8．Now, he is still waiting to find out whether/if he has broken the record.

[解题技法]

二、单句改错

1．But the most important thing is what the number of private cars should be put under control.what→that

2．Recently the students in our class have had a heated discussion on if people should keep pets at home in cities.if→whether

3．Reading exposes you to new words, and you will see why those words are used.why→how

4．If we are in the habit of raising doubts as to if what we are told is true, we can find the correct answer and learn more.if→whether

5．I'd like to know what the activity is scheduled in detail.what→how

6．With such a pen pal, I hope I can share with her my experiences in traveling, taking care of pets, or whichever we have in common.whichever→whatever

[解题技法]

三、高考写作佳句

1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)最让人费解的是，我们的语气(tone)过于单调(monotonous)，无法充分展现角色的内心。

The most puzzling thing is that our tone is too monotonous to present the character's inner heart fully.

2．(2020·浙江7月高考写作)你要做的就是好好休息，听从医生的建议。

What you have to do is have a good rest and follow the doctor's advice.

3．(2020· 天津7月高考书面表达)同时，也希望学生们今后能更加负责任、更加勇敢。

Meanwhile, it is hoped that students will be more responsible and brave in the future.

4．(2020· 天津7月高考书面表达)我坚信一个光明的未来在等着我们。

I firmly believe that a bright future is waiting for us.

5．(2019·北京高考书面表达)我相信，你能在这些地方玩得很开心。

I believe that you can have a good time in these places.

6．(2019·浙江6月高考写作)要记住的一件事是，重要的是过程而不是最终结果。

One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end outcome that matters.

7．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)很明确我们学校将放映一部英文短片，它是一部关于我们学校历史的纪录片。

It is clear that an English short film will be shown in our school, which is a documentary on the history of our school.

四、用适当的连词填空

It was reported   1   there was an accident at the corner of Roman Street this morning.No one saw   2   on earth happened then.A car ran into a truck but fortunately, nobody got injured.   3   will be responsible for the accident is still under investigation. The police were uncertain about   4   the driver was guilty.  5   the police should do now is   6   they must find out what led to the accident.They said it was difficult for them to judge because   7   the accident happened is not clear.Perhaps the reason was   8   the driver was too tired to stop the car in time.The driver didn't admit the fact   9   he was driving too fast at the turning.The police doubted   10   what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation.

语篇解读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了一起交通事故。

1．that　句意：据报道，今天早上在罗马大街的拐角处发生了一起交通事故。“It be＋过去分词＋that...”为固定句式，其中it为形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。

2．what　句意：没人知道当时究竟发生了什么。what引导宾语从句作saw的宾语，从句中缺少主语且表示事物，故用what引导。

3．Who　句意：谁应对这一事故负责仍然在调查中。“  3   will be responsible for the accident”为主语从句，该从句中缺少主语且表示“人”，故用who引导。

4．whether　句意：警察不能确定司机是否有罪。根据题干中的uncertain可知设空处表示“是否”，介词后不能由if来引导宾语从句，所以此处应用whether。

5．What　句意：现在警察应做的就是他们必须弄清楚事故的起因。what引导主语从句，在从句中作do的宾语。

6．that　“  6   they must find out what led to the accident”为表语从句，该从句中结构完整，不缺少任何成分，所以用that引导。

7．how　句意：他们说他们很难下结论，因为事故是如何发生的还不清楚。根据句意可知设空处应为表示方式的连接副词how。

8．that　句意：也许是因为司机疲劳驾驶没能及时刹住车。The reason was that...为固定句式，意思是“原因是……”。

9．that　句意：司机不承认他在拐角处开得太快这个事实。that引导同位语从句，解释fact的具体内容。

10．whether　句意：警察不能肯定他所说的话是否是真的，决定做进一步的调查。doubt用在肯定句中时后面的宾语从句常用whether引导。doubt在否定句或疑问句中时，后面常用that来引导从句。