2021届高考英语二轮专题训练第一篇专题一阅读理解第二部分题型应对策略第1讲细节理解题课件20210223175

这是一份2021届高考英语二轮专题训练第一篇专题一阅读理解第二部分题型应对策略第1讲细节理解题课件20210223175，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了命题解读·备考导航，技法探究·素养提升，技法点金，第二段，that ”，新题精练·素养应用，专题能力提升练等内容，欢迎下载使用。

第二部分　题型应对策略第1讲　细节理解题
命题解读·备考导航
【技法1】直接信息题: 定位对比找答案　　直接信息题一般可以直接从原文找到答案, 在解答此类问题时, 可采用“带着问题找答案”的方法。
技法探究·素养提升
【典例】(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷·A)POETRY CHALLENGE Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life. Prizes 3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D. C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch. 50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight. Rules Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification. ■Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines.
■Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper. ■On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date. ■Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year. What will each of the honorable mention winners get?A. A plane ticket. B. A book by Corinne Szabo. C. A special T-shirt. D. A photo of Amelia Earhart.
【技法点金】
honorable mention winners
C。
【技法2】间接信息题: 语义转换定答案　　间接信息题一般命题的隐蔽性更强, 其正确选项一般都会在原文的基础上予以改造。
【典例】(2020·全国Ⅱ卷·B)　　Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills. 　　Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age. 　　“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes, ” Levine said in a statement.
　 The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls. 　　The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
1. How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?A. They play with puzzles more often. B. They tend to talk less during the game. C. They prefer to use more spatial language. D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
【技法点金】
differ from girls
第二段
D。
【多练一点】2. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A. Building confidence. B. Developing spatial skills. C. Learning self-control. D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段的Psychologist Susan Levine. . . found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. 以及第三段的. . . found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills. . . 可知, 玩拼图可以培养孩子的空间技能。
3. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?A. Parents’ age. B. Children’s imagination. C. Parents’ education. D. Child-parent relationship.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段的Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said. 可知, Levine在设计她的实验时会考虑父母的收入、教育以及和父母谈话的量。
4. What is the text mainly about?A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study. C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program. 【解析】选B。主旨大意题。研究人员发现拼图可以帮助培养孩子数学方面的技能, 如空间技能。另外, 根据文章中出现的researchers和findings可推断这篇文章讲的是一项科学研究。
【技法3】数字计算题: 加减乘除巧计算　　对于离散的数字计算题, 需要先找到与之相关的事实或数据, 然后进行分析整合。
【典例】(2018·全国卷Ⅰ·C)　　Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10, 000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12, 000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6, 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1, 000; Africa 2, 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3, 200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6, 000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6, 800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival. How many languages are spoken by less than 6, 000 people at present?A. About 6, 800. 　　　　　 B. About 3, 400. C. About 2, 400. D. About 1, 200.
【技法点金】
by less than 6, 000 people at present
At present, the world has about 6, 800
languages. ”
“The median number of speakers is a mere 6, 000, which
means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than
that. ”
B。
　【技法4】图表图画题: 按图索骥定答案　　图表图画题属于语言技能中对“看”技能的考查, 即通过多模态的图形、表格、动画符号等理解意义的技能。
【典例】　　What brings a nation together? Of the four choices— shared values, language, history, and religion, it’s shared values. In our latest poll (民意调査), seven out of 16 countries chose values as the greatest factor (因素)bringing a nation together, and six preferred language. Both choices scored high in the poll, suggesting that our values and how we express them are closely linked. Still, history was not forgotten in some countries, particularly in Mexico and Russia. Even Canada and the United States chose national histories as the second-most important factor uniting their people. The biggest surprise? Not one country picked religion as its top choice.
　 Respect your elders. 　　In most countries, the oldest generation considered values more important to a nation than did those who are under 45 years old. 　　Do you speak Canadian?　　Language scored lower in Canada than in all other countries polled, perhaps because the country speaks two official languages, French and English. 　　Church and state. 　　Most people polled do not connect their religious beliefs to their national pride. Religion ranked last in 13 countries — with France scoring it at 1%, the lowest of all.
1. According to the charts, shared values and language were considered equally important in ______.  A. AustraliaB. BrazilC. ChinaD. India
【技法点金】
shared values and language,
equally important
D。
【多练一点】2. According to the poll, what was the most important factor in bringing a nation together?A. Language. B. Values. C. History. D. Religion. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。第一段, 第二句话“. . . it’s shared values”, 直接回答了问题。
3. In which country did language score the lowest in their national pride?A. Canada. B. Mexico. C. France. D. America. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据文中第二个小标题下面段落, “Language scored lower in Canada than in all other countries polled, 可以看出应为Canada。
Passage 1 (2020·山东省实验中学6月模拟)Four things that you can’t miss in MacaoMacao Tower AJ Hackett Bungee Jump　　The Macao Tower, 338 meters tall, is the world’s 10th highest tower, with a variety of activities, such as gambling, eating and entertainment. One of the acclaimed activities is the bungee jump. The AJ Hackett Macao Tower Bungee Jump is 233 meters high, making it the highest commercial bungee jump in the world. Raise your arms and off you go! If you are not daring enough to jump that height, you can try the skywalk on the 57th floor—it’s still remarkable.
新题精练·素养应用
Grabbing a traditional Portuguese dinner Macao was colonized by Portugal before 1999. As a result, Portuguese culture is deeply immersed into many corners of Macao. Many Portuguese settled and opened Portuguese restaurants in the special administrative region, but the flavor is more adaptable to Chinese people. Marking at the Ruins of St. Paul The Ruins of St. Paul is the signature landmark of Macao. The ruins consist of the St. Paul’s College and the Church of St. Paul, built in 1583. However, after three intense fires in 1595, 1601 and 1835, the church was seriously damaged. It is beyond belief that after the vigorous cycles of rebuilding and fires, the huge surface and the front stairway remain unburned.
Visiting a museum Macao, as a tiny city with only an area of 30. 5 square kilometers, has 23 eye-catching museums. Due to its unique history, both Eastern and Western historical sites can be found. Many of them are preserved for cultural heritage, tourist spots or museums, such as the Grand Prix Museum, Maritime Museum and Wine Museum. 【文章大意】这是一篇应用文。本文介绍了去澳门游玩时不可错过的四件事: AJ Hackett蹦极、吃传统葡萄牙餐、打卡圣保罗遗迹、参观博物馆。
1. Which activity will be popular with adventurous visitors?A. Going bungee jumping. B. Grabbing a traditional Portuguese dinner. C. Marking at the Ruins of St. Paul. D. Visiting a museum. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据Macao Tower AJ Hackett Bungee Jump部分的One of the acclaimed activities is the bungee jump. The AJ Hackett Macao Tower Bungee Jump is 233 meters high, making it the highest commercial bungee jump in the world. 可推测, 喜欢冒险的人会去蹦极。
2. What is incredible about the Ruins of St. Paul?A. It has a unique culture. B. It serves as a symbol of Macao. C. It partly stays undamaged after fierce fires. D. It is a combination of a college and a church. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据Marking at the Ruins of St. Paul部分的It is beyond belief that after the vigorous cycles of rebuilding and fires, the huge surface and the front stairway remain unburned. 可知, 圣保罗遗迹的不可思议之处是虽然经历了很多次火灾, 它的一部分没有被大火烧毁。C. 在猛烈的火灾后, 它的一部分仍然完好无损, 符合题意, 故选C项。
3. What do “Grabbing a traditional Portuguese dinner” and “Visiting a museum” have in common?A. Taking a selfie in it. B. Finding historical sites. C. Enjoying a breathtaking experience. D. Feeling both Eastern and Western cultures.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据Grabbing a traditional Portuguese dinner部分的As a result, Portuguese culture is deeply immersed into many corners of Macao. Many Portuguese settled and opened Portuguese restaurants in the special administrative region, but the flavor is more adaptable to Chinese people. 和Visiting a museum部分的Due to its unique history, both Eastern and Western historical sites can be found. 可知, Grabbing a traditional Portuguese dinner和Visiting a museum的共同之处是, 在这两项活动中都能够体验到东西方的文化。
Passage 2 (2020 · 山东师大附中三模)　　Vijay Gupta is known to classical music lovers across the United States. He serves as first violinist for the Los Angeles Philharmonic. In that job, he often plays to large crowds, including many very rich people. When he is not performing, he organizes concerts for homeless people. “They have reminded me why I became a musician, ” he said.
Last week, Gupta was recognized for being a founder and the artistic director of Street Symphony. The group has performed at homeless shelters, jails and halfway houses for about eight years. Gupta is among the 25 winners of the 2018 MacArthur Fellowship, commonly known as the “genius grant”. Each winner will receive $625, 000 over five years to use as they wish. The money is coming from a private group, the John D. and Katherine T. MacArthur Foundation. It awards grants (补助金)to people whose work it considers exceptional and that “inspires hope in us all”. Gupta said he got the idea for Street Symphony while teaching Nathaniel Ayers, a trained musician whose mental illness led to homelessness.
The 31-year-old grant winner said he does not know yet how he will spend the money. He has been a performer since age seven and the award will give him “space to breathe, plan and look ahead”. 　　Another winner is Rebecca Sandefur, an associate professor of sociology and law in the University of Illinois. The Associated Press says her research actively supports new ways to involve poor communities in the U. S. justice system.
47-year-old Sandefur created the first national mapping of civil legal aid providers. It shows which states had the financial resources to provide such aid and which did not. She also found that the cost of legal services is only one of the things preventing poor people from getting lawyers. Among the others are fears about unfairness in the legal system. Sandefur noted that a lot of attention has been paid to problems with the criminal justice system, but more attention must be paid to the civil side of the law, which also affects millions of people.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文, 主要讲述了美国两位麦克阿瑟奖学金的获奖者Gupta和Sandefur分别通过为流浪者演奏音乐和为穷人争取法律援助而激励穷人的故事。4. Why did Gupta win the award?A. For his achievements in classical music. B. For performing for large crowds. C. For organizing a group playing for the homeless. D. For the friendship with Nathaniel Ayers.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The group has performed at homeless shelters, jails and halfway houses for about eight years. ”可知, Gupta获得该奖是因为他组织的街道交响乐团为流浪者演奏音乐。
5. What do we know about MacArthur Fellowship?A. It is founded by the government. B. It offers $625, 000 to 25 winners in 2018. C. It allows the winners to use the money freely. D. It awards people who make great contributions to society. 【解析】选C。 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Each winner will receive $625, 000 over five years to use as they wish. ”可知, 获奖者将在五年内获得625, 000美元的奖金, 供其随意使用。
6. What was the extraordinary thing that Sandefur did?A. She made it easier to get legal help for the poor. B. She made the legal system fairer. C. She paid more attention to the criminal justice system. D. She offered legal aids to the poor freely. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“The Associated Press says her research actively supports new ways to involve poor communities in the U. S. justice system. ”可知, 美联社称, Sandefur的研究为贫困地区参与美国司法系统提供了新途径, 由此可知, Sandefur使穷人更容易获得法律援助。
7. Which can be the best title for the passage?A. Grants winners, inspiring the poorB. The city homeless, in need of helpC. Vijay Gupta, an extraordinary violinistD. MacArthur Foundation, awarding exceptional work【解析】选A。主旨大意题。通读全文可知, 本文主要讲述了美国两位麦克阿瑟奖学金的获奖者Gupta和Sandefur分别通过为流浪者演奏音乐和为穷人争取法律援助而激励穷人的故事。
Passage 3(2020·青岛模拟)　　Before I studied psychology, I used to think that people would laugh when funny things occurred. While I was right about that, I discovered there are lots of other psychological factors that make people laugh other than the funny part of a joke. When someone laughs at a joke, there will usually be more than one reason that makes him laugh and the more reasons there are, the more powerful the joke will be.
I was attending a stand-up comedy show in Egypt, and when the man started to make fun of pedestrians crossing streets, everyone laughed their hearts out. The main reason those people strongly laughed was that almost all of them felt angry towards pedestrians who crossed streets carelessly. The joke wasn’t only funny, it also made the audience feel that they were right about being angry at those pedestrians. That is, people were laughing both because of the funny joke and because of the happiness experienced as a result of the psychological support they got.
The better a joke makes a person feel, and the more it includes other psychological factors, the more the person will like it. For example, if you envy one of your friends, and someone tells a joke that is funny and, at the same time, makes your friend seem stupid, then you will probably laugh at it louder than if you weren’t jealous of him. In short, we don’t laugh only when we hear something funny; we also laugh when we experience some kind of happiness that results from the other psychological factors involved in the joke. I strongly discourage making fun of anyone or belittling someone to make someone else laugh. All I want to explain is that if your joke supports a person’s emotions, he will certainly like it a lot.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了人们对于笑话发笑不仅仅是因为笑话可笑, 还有一些其他的心理因素。8. What did the author find out after studying psychology?A. Only good jokes make people laugh. B. Many factors lead to people laughing. C. Funny things can make people laugh. D. Laughter can make people healthy.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“When someone laughs at a joke, there will usually be more than one reason that makes him laugh and the more reasons there are, the more powerful the joke will be. ”可知, 当一个人因为一个笑话而笑时, 通常会有不止一个让他笑的原因, 而且原因越多, 笑话就越有力。所以人们笑不仅仅是因为笑话让他们笑, 还有其他的一些原因。
9. Why did the audience laugh loud at the pedestrians?A. They played a trick on the pedestrians. B. The pedestrians behaved in a funny way. C. They could feel the pedestrians’ happiness. D. Their emotion was approved of by the show. 【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“That is, people were laughing both because of the funny joke and because of the happiness experienced as a result of the psychological support they got. ” 可知, 人们笑的原因既有好笑的笑话, 也有心理支持带来的快乐。由此判断出, 人们对行人的行为大笑是因为他们在心理上产生了共鸣。
10. What does the underlined word “belittling” probably mean?A. Praise. 　　　　　　 B. Blame. C. Look down on. D. Make up to. 【解析】选C。词义猜测题。根据or前面的making fun of (取笑)可知, or连接的词义应该是相似的。故猜测画线的词意为“瞧不起”。
Passage 4(2020·太原一模)The Chinese Doctor Who Beat the Plague (瘟疫)　　In the winter of 1910, Dr. Wu Lien-teh stepped off a train in the northern Chinese city of Harbin. He was there to solve a medical mystery, at great personal risk. Over the past few months, an unknown disease had swept along the railways of northeast China, killing 99. 9% of its victims. The Qing Imperial court had sent the Cambridge-educated Dr. Wu north to stop the epidemic(流行病).
When Dr. Wu arrived in Harbin on Christmas Eve, 1910, he carried little in the way of medical instruments and had only one assistant. One of Wu’s first acts upon arrival was to set up special quarantine(隔离) units and to order lockdowns to stop infected persons from traveling and spreading the disease. He had teams check households for possible cases, and even managed to convince authorities to completely close the railways in the early weeks of 1911. Of particular concern was the upcoming Chinese New Year holiday, which had become a great annual migration of people traveling across the country to see their families.
Thanks to Dr. Wu’s efforts, the number of plague victims began to decline, and by March 1, 1911, the epidemic was fully contained. The pneumonic (肺炎的) plague outbreak of 1910-1911 lasted nearly four months, affected five provinces and six major cities, and accounted for over 60, 000 deaths. It is clear that without the brave and decisive actions taken by Dr. Wu it could have been much worse. Had the epidemic gone unchecked, allowing holiday rail passengers to spread the disease to the rest of China, it could have meant a catastrophic loss of life and possibly a global health crisis .
In April 1911, Dr. Wu chaired an International Plague Conference in Shenyang, attended by scientists from 11 countries including the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Japan and France. They praised Dr. Wu for his handling of the 1910—1911 outbreak. For a time, Dr. Wu was the world’s most famous plague fighter, a title he defended in a malaria epidemic in China in 1919, and a return of plague in 1921. 【文章大意】本文为人物传记。介绍了一位打败瘟疫的中国医生伍连德博士。
11. What was Dr. Wu’s mission in 1910?A. To take personal risks. B. To end an epidemic. C. To provide medical education. D. To investigate the number of victims. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句The Qing Imperial court had sent the Cambridge-educated Dr. Wu north to stop the epidemic可知, 派伍博士去北方的目的是阻止流行病。
12. Which of Dr. Wu’s acts stopped the disease from spreading nationwide?A. Setting up special quarantine units. B. Carrying with him medical instruments. C. Checking households for possible cases. D. Convincing authorities to close the railways. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第二段第三句在1911年的前几周, 他还派人检查了各家各户的情况, 甚至说服当局彻底关闭了铁路。
13. What can we infer from the third paragraph?A. The disease worsened after March 1, 1911. B. 60, 000 would have died without Dr. Wu’s efforts. C. The world was saved from a major epidemic in 1911. D. A global health crisis followed the 1910—1911 outbreak. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第三段后两句话, 很明显没有伍博士果断的行动, 情况会更糟。如果对流行病置之不理且不封铁路, 允许疾病传播意味着灾难性的生命损失和全球健康危机。故从第三段中我们能推断出1911年, 世界免于一场大规模疫情。
14. What can we know about Dr. Wu from the last paragraph?A. He continued to fight plagues after 1911. B. He was infected with malaria in 1919. C. He traveled worldwide hosting conferences. D. He claimed plagues would never happen again. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句和最后一句可知, 伍博士是世界上最著名的抗疫斗士, 在1919年中国疟疾流行和1921年瘟疫卷土重来的时候, 他捍卫了这个头衔。由 此 判 断 出1911年后, 他继续与瘟疫作斗争。
Passage 5(2020·邯郸二模)　　The place of exposure to the greatest amount of allergen(过敏原)for the longest time is in the bedroom. Up to 60% of the dust mites(螨虫)found in the home are actually living in your bed and you spend about one-third of your life in the bedroom! And, bedrooms are the easiest area to control as an allergen-free zone. Your cleaning professional will first vacuum the mattress(垫子), carpeting and furniture using a vacuum cleaner.
The mattress is then thoroughly cleaned on all surfaces using the Responsible Care cleaning agents and a special low moisture cleaning tool designed to leave the mattress as dry as possible. Following cleaning, Allergy Relief Treatment is applied to all mattress surfaces using a fine mist application. The mattress is then placed in a drying position and a special air mover used to speed the drying process, which, depending upon temperature and humidity, normally takes about an hour.
The same safe cleaning agents are used to clean the bedroom carpeting and if desired, any furniture or rugs. This is also followed by an application of Allergy Relief Treatment. Once again, a speed drying system is set up to dry the cleaned items as quickly as possible and bring the humidity down to normal levels. Baseboards and windowsills are cleaned as well. While the cleaning and treatment service is being performed it is highly recommended that the bedding and pillows be washed in hot water and that two cups of Allergy Relief Treatment be added to the washing cycle.
While servicing the bedroom is the highest priority(优先), significant benefits may also result from cleaning and treating other areas where allergy sufferers spend lots of time. These areas include the furniture and carpeting in rooms where time is spent watching television, reading and so on. Also, carpeted areas that pets have access to should be cleaned and treated. 　　A test for the presence of dust mites in quantities requiring treatment is also available from our company. But we will only test dust mites and will not provide information on pet allergen. 【文章大意】文章介绍了专业人员是如何一步一步对你的卧室以及其他可能引起过敏的地方进行清洗和处理, 以便使你远离过敏原。
15. Which place has the most dust mites in your room?A. Bed. 　　　B. Carpet. 　　C. Furniture. 　 D. Floor. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第一段“在家里发现的螨虫中, 实际上多达60%生活在你的床上, 而你一生中的三分之一时间都在卧室里度过!”可知, 床是螨虫最多的地方。
16. What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 2?A. The use of cleaning agents. B. The surfaces of mattress. C. Cleaning the mattress. D. Drying the mattress. 【解析】选C。段落大意题。结合第二段“使用专门的护理清洁剂和专门设计的低湿度清洁工具彻底清洁床垫的所有表面, 使床垫尽可能干燥。清洁后, 使用细雾剂对所有床垫表面进行防过敏处理。然后将床垫放置在干燥位置, 并使用一个特殊的空气输送装置来加速干燥过程, 这取决于温度和湿度, 通常需要大约一个小时”。因此, 本段主要讲述清理床垫的过程。
17. What do we know about Allergy Relief Treatment mentioned in this passage?A. It is a cure to allergy. B. It is a tool to kill mites. C. It is the name of a company. D. It is a chemical to prevent allergy. 【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第三段中 “two cups of Allergy Relief Treatment be added to the washing cycle. ”在清洗周期中添加两杯抗过敏剂。可推知, Allergy Relief Treatment是一种用来除螨, 预防过敏的药剂。
18. Where might this passage come from?A. A magazine about furniture. B. The website of a cleaning company. C. The website of a hospital. D. A newspaper on public health. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。文章主要讲述了专业人员上门提供清洁服务的细节。结合最后一段“我们公司还提供了需要的尘螨检测”。推测本文最有可能选自一家清洁公司的网站。
专题能力提升练
专题能力提升练 一限时25分钟Passage 1(2020·衡水中学模拟)　　In the future, we may not need to rely on human donations for life-saving skin grafts(移植).
　　That’s the goal of Xeno Therapeutics, a biotech non-profit organization. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the group’s initial application for temporary skin grafts removed from genetically modified(基因改良)pigs. This means that they can start testing pig skin grafts on people who have experienced severe burns.
　　Skin, the body’s largest organ, plays an important role in blocking pathogens(病原体) from reaching our organs inside. It also helps the body keep a constant temperature. People with severe skin damage are at a high risk of developing deadly infections as a result of changes in temperature. 　　At the moment, the only skin grafts available in the US come from the dead people who have agreed to be organ donors, or patients who have gone through surgery to remove skin after large weight loss. These human skins used for grafts are not easy to find.
　　Xeno Therapeutics, which gets its name from animal-to-human transplants, has raised pigs that have skin remarkably similar to our own. Grafts from these pigs are therefore more likely to hide without being detected by the host’s immune system—at least temporarily. The idea is that they could be used for immediate burn treatment, followed human skin graft treatment later. 　　“I’d say that just like comparing a Coke with Pepsi, it would be hard to tell which was the human skin and which was the pig graft, ” said Xeno Therapeutics CEO Paul Holzer.
　　The non-profit organization has been working to conduct the clinical trials, which will only be testing the grafts’ safety and tolerability in six patients with severe burns. Assuming the results are positive after a month, the grafts will need to pass through two more stages of testing before they can be approved for widespread clinical use. 　　Several other groups around the world are working to make animal organs suitable for clinical medicine. In Brazil, researchers are exploring using tilapia skin as temporary bandages for burn victims whose skin is regrowing.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 主要介绍在未来经过基因改良的猪可以为人类的皮肤移植提供皮肤, 并阐述了人类皮肤移植的现状及猪皮移植的工作进程。1. What’s the aim of Xeno Therapeutics?A. To make profit from the grafts. B. To apply pig skin on human patients. C. To modify pigs genetically. D. To test people with severe burns. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。文章第二段最后一句解释了这个非营利组织的目标, 他们将在重度烧伤患者身上测试猪皮移植。
2. Why is skin important to us?A. It acts as a protective layer for our body. B. It helps us recover from deadly diseases. C. It prevents itself from being damaged. D. It keeps one’s temperature changing. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第三段第一句 “Skin, the body’s largest organ, plays an important role in blocking pathogens from reaching our organs inside. ”可知皮肤作为人体最大的器官, 在阻止病原体进入内部器官中发挥重要的作用。
3. What is Paul Holzer’s attitude towards the pig skin grafts ?A. Doubtful. 　　　　　B. Worried. C. Confident. 　 D. Flexible. 【解析】选C。观点态度题。根据第六段中Paul的话, 他认为就像是在比较可口可乐和百事可乐一样, 很难分辨出人类皮肤和移植的猪皮。可见经过基因改良的猪皮已经接近人类皮肤, 他对此的态度应是自信的。
4. What can we know about the grafts?A. Only skin removed from pigs can be used for grafts. B. Brazilian doctors have also applied pig skin for grafts. C. Animal skin has been used on six patients safely. D. They won’t be put to use until they pass tests. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。文章第七段中写到“the grafts will need to pass through two more stages of testing before they can be approved for widespread clinical use. ”可知猪皮移植在大规模临床使用之前需要再经过两个阶段的测试。
Passage 2(2020·青岛模拟) Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need. ” 
People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio-economic(社会与经济的) backgrounds gave and took, ” said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. “We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars. ” Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip(片段) shows one man who had found a $ 20 bill pinning it to the board.
“What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles, ” Bridges said. “There’s a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most. ” Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could. While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.
　　“After all, everyone has bad days and good days, ” he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand. ”【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了上个月在洛杉矶的联合车站, 一块牌子上用别针别满了美元, 上面写着“给予你所能给予的, 拿走你所需要的”。这样的活动吸引了各种各样的人, 组织者希望通过这样的活动来提倡仁慈和同情。
5. What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in Paragraph 1 mean?A. Money spent without hesitation. B. Money not legally made. C. Money offered without conditions. D. Money not tied together.
【解析】选C。词句猜测题。根据第一段中But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need. ”可知, 但是上个月在洛杉矶的联合车站, 一块牌子上用别针别满了美元, 上面写着“给予你所能给予的, 拿走你所需要的”。通过下文的语境, 猜测出第一段中的money with no strings attached是“无条件提供的钱”的意思。
6. What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride?A. Women tended to be more sociable. B. The activity attracted various people. C. Economic problems were getting worse. D. Young couples needed financial assistance. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第二段中“People of all ages, races, and socio-economic backgrounds gave and took, ” said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. “We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars. ”可知, 布里奇斯提到新娘是想说明这项活动吸引了各种各样的人。故B项正确。
7. Why did Bridges carry out the project?A. To do a test on people’s morals. B. To raise money for his company. C. To earn himself a good reputation. D. To promote kindness and sympathy. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. 可知, 尽管这段视频看起来像是一项新的广告活动的一部分, 但是布里奇斯说这项活动唯一的目标是展示慷慨和同情。所以布里奇斯开展这项活动是为了提倡仁慈和同情。
Passage 3(2020·大同一模)　　Déjà vu, the strange feeling of having been to this very place or done this very thing before when you know you haven’t, happens to most people at some point in their lives. The expression comes from the French, meaning “already seen”.
　　My friend Shannon knew that she was going to marry her husband the day they met. She had dated a lot of men following her divorce, but none of them felt right. Then she met Bob. There was something about the way he smiled, his voice and the shape of his hands, that made her think that they had known each other before. After talking it was clear that their paths had never crossed. But after their first lunch date, they became inseparable. What Shannon and Bob immediately felt for each other was more than just physical chemistry. It was a natural understanding and a depth of closeness that usually arises after couples are together for many years. They were married two months after they met and have been together now for ten years.
　　I’m often asked how to tell the difference between a feeling of déjà vu when we first meet someone and all attraction stemming from an addictive obsession(痴迷).
　　There is a strong tendency among addicts to try to “fix” themselves with love, rushing prematurely into relationships inspired only by strong physical attraction. They often have nothing to do with déjà vu, but stem rather from a basic emptiness that longs to be filled. There is no true bond between the people involved, they hardly know each other, and these partnership attempts fail miserably when the pink glow of newness wears off. However, mostly déjà vu experiences convey a quality that is quiet and solid. The possibility of having a déjà vu is existing in partnerships of all kinds, particularly the more intimate ones. It can occur in business, friendships and family, often leading to outcomes that can impact the direction of our life.
　　Déjà vu can take place anywhere, at any time and with anyone. Don’t let these possibilities pass you by. Summoning the courage to take a chance and act, to have faith in what is not yet visible, will make the experience your own. 【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。通过实例作者向我们讲述了“似曾相识(Déjà vu)”的感觉, 最后建议我们: 当这种“似曾相识(Déjà vu)”的感觉出现时, 我们要抓住机会, 采取行动, 这样就能使“似曾相识”成为事实。
8. What is déjà vu?A. The false belief that one has experienced something before. B. The fact that one is often cheated by his belief. C. The wrong idea that couples share everything in life. D. The feeling that one falls in love at first sight. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“似曾相识, 这是一种奇怪的感觉, 感觉自己来到过这个地方或做过这样的事情, 但你知道你没有, 这种感觉发生在大多数人的生命中”。可知, 这是一种以为自己之前经历过什么的错误的感觉。
9. Why does the author mention his friend’s love story in Paragraph 2?A. To introduce the topic. B. To entertain the readers. C. To support the explanation. D. To analyze couple relationship.
【解析】选C。 推理判断题。结合第二段第四、五句“他笑的样子, 他的声音和手的形状, 让她觉得他们以前就认识。 谈过之后, 很明显他们从未有过交集, 但在他们第一次午餐约会后, 他们变得形影不离”。和第二段最后一句They were married two months after they met and have been together now for ten years. 他们相遇两个月后就结婚了, 现在已经在一起十年了。可知, 这种“似曾相识”的感觉成就了朋友自己的婚姻, 所以, 作者是想通过这个实例来证明“似曾相识”。
10. What does the author suggest doing when déjà vu takes place?A. Practicing before acting. B. Calming down and letting it go. C. Regarding it as nothing but imagination. D. Seizing the opportunity and taking action. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据最后一段似曾相识可以在任何地点, 任何时间和任何人身边发生。 不要错过这些机会。我们要做的就是采取行动, 去实现它。
专题能力提升练 二限时25分钟Passage 1(2020·南昌二模)　　We’ve all spent time in a hospital, whether through medical issues of our own or those of a loved one. And while we’re used to seeing the doctors hurry in and out of the room, displaying varying degrees of attention, it’s the constant and reliable presence of the nursing staff and their professionalism that gives the most confidence and relief to those in the room.
　　So, while doctors and surgeons tend to get most spotlight, nurses are really at the forefront of patient care. They are often called upon to make important, life-saving decisions multiple times a day and work closely with doctors to analyze records and test results to advise on treatment. It’s the nurses that are frequently responsible for identifying a condition and matching the right specialist doctor to a patient, and it’s the nurses that are often the first on the scene to treat people in an emergency.
　　A career in Nursing brings job security, a good wage, career mobility, and chance to decide your own career path. You can work part or full time according to your preference. You can be flexible on work location and specialism. If a particular area interests you, you can explore that as there will always be the need for quality nurses across the medical spectrum(医学光谱)with a passion for their work. Jobs in the field are in high demand, with significant opportunities to learn, grow and reach senior leadership positions. However, if you want to undertake a career in Nursing, a good education is compulsory.
　　The University of Texas at El Paso School of Nursing offers high quality and affordable undergraduate and graduate programs reinforced by talented faculty(全体教师), strong clinical partnerships and advanced simulation(模拟)technology. Students do gain much real experience before working in a hospital. Adelphi’s College of Nursing and Public Health provides students with a top-rated, comprehensive education grounded in practice, theory and creativity. They are devoted to transforming students’ lives through small classes with world-class faculty, hands-on learning and creative ways to support academic and career success. The Wayne State University College of
Nursing, attaching special importance to first-hand experience, is dedicated to providing the highest quality education for a diverse population of graduate students. Graduates from the college are prepared to be nurse leaders in research, education and practice.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。护士的专业护理给病人带来最大的安慰, 且配合医生参与很多重大救治, 是很重要的职业。此外, 目前社会对护士的需求量很大, 因此它也是很有前景的职业。最后文章介绍了一些大学护理专业的特色。1. What can comfort patients most in the hospital?A. Spending less time there. B. Receiving concrete care from nurses. C. Drawing little attention there. D. Getting timely information from doctors.
【解析】选B。 细节理解题。根据第一段的it’s the constant and reliable presence of the nursing staff and their professionalism that gives the most confidence and relief to those in the room. (护士持续的、可靠的关注和他们的专业技能, 给房间里的人最大的信心和安慰)可知, 病人最大的安慰来自护士的细心照顾。
2. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The content of different positions. B. The process of patient care. C. The importance of nursing work. D. The contribution of doctors. 【解析】选C。段落大意题。根据第二段内容, 尤其第一句的So, while doctors and surgeons tend to get most spotlight, nurses are really at the forefront of patient care. (所以, 虽然医生和外科医生往往最受关注, 但护士确实是站在病人护理的最前沿)可知, 本段主要讲述护士工作的重要性。
3. Which of the following can best describe the nurse professional?A. Low-paid and secure. B. Promising and significant. C. Flexible and tiresome. D. Demanding and dangerous. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第二段“他们经常被要求每天多次做出重要的、挽救生命的决定, 并与医师密切合作, 分析记录和测试结果, 为治疗提供建议”和第三段“这个领域的工作需求量很大, 有很多学习、成长和升到高级领导职位的机会”可推测, 护士是一份非常重要且有前景的职业。
4. What do colleges in the last paragraph have in common?A. They charge high learning fees. B. They offer small-class teaching. C. They require basic nursing education. D. They provide hands-on learning. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据最后一段“得克萨斯大学艾尔帕索的护理学校会为学生提供很多的实际经验; 阿德尔菲大学护理与公共卫生学院为学生提供一流的、基于实践、理论和创造力的综合教育; 韦恩州立大学护理学院特别重视一手经验”可知, 这三个大学的共同之处是提供实践性学习。
Passage 2(2020·济南外国语模拟) I believe that my actions show my beliefs, not my words. I wrote a letter to my kids a few years ago. It’s three pages long, and it sums up my life experience of four decades. By the time they reach adulthood, they will have heard most of their father’s advice in that letter: live in the moment, do not attach yourself to physical things, treat others the way you would like to be treated, etc. I sealed the letter in a white envelope, and wrote instructions that nobody should open it unless something horrible happened to me.
As a police officer, I have seen life disappear in an instant. I realize that could happen to me at any time. Yet knowing that letter is there in my locker makes me more comfortable with my own death. Every day, when I open my locker, I see the letter. It makes me aware that I should be careful at work, and show my children and the people I have connection with that I try to practice everything I have written. If that day comes and my children finally read the letter, I hope that because of my actions, they will take my written beliefs to heart and improve upon my example.
But for me, it’s not enough to write down my beliefs. I try to be the best person I can be every day—even in very difficult circumstances. I am more successful some days than others, but sometimes I curse too much. Sometimes I am cynical, unwilling to believe that people have good and honest reasons for doing something. I also get stressed and upset, yelling at my kids sometimes, and sometimes I am not as loving or as sympathetic as I should be. In fact, I am far from perfect, but I hope my children will eventually realize that perfection is an illusion. What really matters is that, instead of just writing down our beliefs, we all take action to be the best humans we can be.
【文章大意】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者由自己给孩子写的一封信入手, 给孩子们提供了一些宝贵的人生建议, 并谈论了自己对生活的认识——真正重要的是, 与其只是写下我们的看法, 不如采取行动, 成为最好的人。5. Which of the following can best describe the author?A. Humorous. 　　　　　　 B. Interesting. C. Selfless. D. Considerate.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第二段中By the time they reach adulthood, they will have heard most of their father’s advice in that letter: live in the moment, do not attach yourself to physical things, treat others the way you would like to be treated, etc. 可知, 到他们成年的时候, 他们将会已经听到父亲在信中给出的大部分建议: 活在当下, 不要把自己和物质联系在一起, 己所不欲, 勿施于人, 等等。由此可推知, 作者是个很体贴的人。
6. Why did the author open the locker to see the letter every day?A. He wanted to confirm his beliefs. B. The letter served as a reminder. C. He kept adding something new to it. D. His kids asked him to check it. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第四段中Every day, when I open my locker, I see the letter. It makes me aware that I should be careful at work, and show my children and the people I have connection with that I try to practice everything I have written. 可知, 作者每天打开储物柜看这封信是因为这封信起到了提醒的作用。
7. Which can replace the underlined word “cynical” in the last paragraph?A. Doubtful about others’ motivations. B. Curious about everything around. C. Worried about his future life. D. Unsatisfied about his profession. 【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据后文unwilling to believe that people have good and honest reasons for doing something. 可知作者不愿意相信人们有好的和诚实的理由做某件事, 这说明作者怀疑别人的动机, 故画线单词意为“怀疑他人的动机”。
8. What is the author’s understanding of life?A. Parents should care for children. B. To become a successful father. C. To be better today than yesterday. D. Bad guys deserve to be punished. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段中In fact, I am far from perfect, but I hope my children will eventually realize that perfection is an illusion. What really matters is that, instead of just writing down our beliefs, we all take action to be the best humans we can be. 可知作者对生活的理解是今天(的自己)比昨天(的自己)更好。
Passage 3(2020·长治二模)　　Most people aren’t good at creative problem solving for two reasons: (1) They are not trained in how to be creative. (2) They don’t understand group strength well enough to harness (驾驭) their power to maximize group creativity.
　　A key element of creativity is applying existing knowledge to a new problem. The more people getting involved in solving it, the more knowledge there is to work on it. Unfortunately, research shows that the traditional brainstorming methods fail to achieve that goal. When groups get together to exchange ideas, they actually come up with fewer ideas overall than if they each had worked alone.
　　To fix this problem, you should consider the two stages of group problem-solving: divergence (分散) and convergence (集中). Divergence happens when the group considers as many different potential solutions as possible. Convergence happens when the various proposed solutions are evaluated and reduced to a smaller set of candidate solutions to the current problem.
　　The essential principle of group creativity is that individuals working alone diverge, whereas group members working together converge. In groups, once a member states a potential solution, that makes others think about the problem similarly. That is why groups working together diverge less than individuals working alone.
　　Therefore, be aware of when to diverge and when to converge. For example, early in the problem-solving process, have group members work alone to write down statements describing the problem. Then get them back to discuss their descriptions. The group discussion will lead everyone to accept one or a small number of these statements to work on — this is healthy convergence. 　　When starting to generate solutions, you again want divergence. Have people work alone to start. Then collect people’s initial ideas and send them around to others and allow the divergence to continue as everyone individually builds on the ideas of other members.
　　Finally, let the group discuss the resulting ideas. This discussion will gradually lead the group to converge on a small number of candidate solutions. 　　This simple method works effectively, because it respects what individuals and groups do best. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出了大多数人不善于创造性地解决问题的两个原因, 介绍了一种使群体思维更有效的方法。
9. According to Para. 4, when a member presents an idea, others tend to ______.  A. think the other way roundB. follow his way of thinkingC. be more confident in their own ideasD. be less willing to share their own ideas
【解析】选B。 细节理解题。根据第四段中的In groups, once a member states a potential solution, that makes others think about the problem similarly. (在小组中, 一旦一个成员有了一个潜在的解决方案, 其他成员就会以同样的方式思考这个问题)可知, 当一个成员提出一个想法时, 其他人往往会跟随他的思维方式。
10. What should group members first do early in the problem-solving process?A. Discuss the problem. B. Simplify the problem. C. Put down group statements together. D. Write down their individual descriptions. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第五段可知, 在问题解决过程的早期, 小组成员首先应该写下他们的个人描述。
11. How can each group member make changes to his initial solution?A. By adding in collected evidence. B. By reorganizing his own words. C. By drawing on others’ ideas. D. By making his statement briefer. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第五段中的“小组讨论将引导每个人接受一个或一小部分需要处理的陈述——这是健康的融合”及第六段中的“然后收集人们最初的想法, 并把它们传递给其他人, 让分歧继续下去, 因为每个人都以其他成员的想法为基础”可知, 每个小组成员通过吸收其他人的想法来改变自己最初的解决方案。
12. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To advocate a way to make group thinking more effective. B. To demonstrate the difficulty in organizing group thinking. C. To highlight the differences between divergence and convergence. D. To show the advantage of group thinking over individual thinking.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段This simple method works effectively, because it respects what individuals and groups do best. (这个简单的方法很有效, 因为它最尊重个人和团队的表现)以及原文开篇提到小组讨论存在的问题, 接着作者提出了解决此问题的两种方法, 分散与集中。后文详细论述了什么情况下利用“分散”, 什么情况下利用“集中”的问题, 最后作者提出合理充分利用“分散”与“集中”的观点解决问题可知, 作者写这篇文章的目的是倡导一种使群体思维更有效的方法。
专题能力提升练 三限时25分钟Passage 1(2020·济南模拟)　　Thomas Cheatham had planned to study Latin during his time at Hebron High School in Texas. But when he learned that the school district was going to offer a Mandarin(普通话) class, he quickly changed his mind.
“I thought Mandarin would be more beneficial than Latin, ” said Cheatham, who is now in his second year of studying the language. He speaks Mandarin to order food at Chinese restaurants and can read social media posts from his Chinese-speaking friends. While it’s a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career. “Chinese is a good language to know, especially with China becoming a growing power, ” he said.
Many experts agree that proficiency(熟练) in a language spoken by a billion people worldwide will give American students an edge in the global economy. “People are looking at China as our next economic competitor, and interest in Mandarin is growing fast, ” said Marty Abbott, director of the American Council(议会) on the Teaching of Foreign Languages. “We’re seeing it in all parts of the country. ”
Abbott predicts that as many as 100, 000 students are now studying Mandarin in public and private schools throughout the US. She said the US government has designated (指定) Mandarin as an “important needs” language and provides professional development programs for teachers. “Our government wants to increase our language ability for national security and economic competitiveness, ” Abbott added.
At the same time, the Chinese government is spreading knowledge of the Chinese language and culture through Confucius Institutes set up in many US states. For example, the Confucius Institute at the University of Texas in Dallas has been the home of a Confucius Institute for 10 years. It sponsors Confucius Classrooms at 21 local public and private schools, where tens of thousands of students are learning Mandarin.
【文章大意】本文是说明文。文章主要以一个美国学生的经历为例来讲述随着中国经济的发展, 普通话在美国校园很流行, 这是中国在世界舞台上地位上升的一个反映。许多美国学生认为学习普通话对今后职业发展有所帮助, 美国政府对普通话的重视也促使更多的学生学习普通话。
1. Why did Thomas Cheatham decide to study Mandarin instead of Latin?A. Mandarin was easier to learn than Latin. B. Mandarin could be helpful to his future career. C. Mandarin might help him learn more about China. D. Mandarin could enable him to study computer engineering. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第三段中的While it’s a difficult language to master, the high school junior, who plans to study computer engineering, thinks it will be important for his career. 可知, Thomas认为普通话能够在他今后职业发展的道路上对他有所帮助。
2. The underlined word “edge” in Paragraph 4 probably means “______”.  A. a slight advantageB. the outside limitC. a sharp tone of voiceD. an exciting quality【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据本句句意可知, 汉语是一门全世界10亿人说的语言, 专家认为熟练掌握它的人会在全球经济中有优势, 故选项A符合题意。
3. Which of the following statements might Marty Abbott agree with?A. Mandarin should be taught in classrooms throughout the US. B. Those skilled at Chinese will be the most competitive in the future. C. The US government’s policy has helped popularize Mandarin in the US. D. Americans learn Mandarin because they worry about their national security.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段She said the US government has designated Mandarin as an “important needs” language and provides professional development programs for teachers. 可知, 美国政府的政策促进了普通话在美国的普及。
4. What does the author mainly talk about in this passage?A. The rising popularity of Mandarin among American students. B. The great benefits of learning Mandarin for American students. C. The influence of China’s growing power on American education. D. The effect of Confucius Institutes in promoting Mandarin in the US. 【解析】选A。主旨大意题。纵观全文, 文章主要介绍了美国学生学习普通话热情升温的现象, 分析了出现该现象的背景和原因。
Passage 2(2020·南开中学三模)　　If you believe that scientists and artists are most creative when they’re young, you are missing an important part of the story. A new study published in De Economist looked at Nobel Prize winners in the field of economics. It found there are two different peaks of creativity. One comes early in a person’s career, while another comes later.
　　The research supports previous work by the authors that found similar patterns in the arts and other sciences. 　　“We believe what we found in this study isn’t limited to economics, but could apply to creativity more generally, ” said Bruce Weinberg, lead author of the study and professor of economics at The Ohio State University. 　　“Many people believe that creativity is exclusively associated with youth, but it really depends on what kind of creativity you’re talking about. ”
　　In the study, those who did their most groundbreaking work early in their careers tended to be “conceptual” innovators(创新者). 　　These type of innovators “think outside the box”, challenging conventional wisdom and suddenly coming up with new ideas. Conceptual innovators are not yet immersed(沉浸于)in the accepted theories of their field, Weinberg said. 　　But there is another kind of creativity, he said, which is found among “experimental” innovators. These innovators accumulate knowledge through their careers and find new ways to understand it.
　　The long periods of trial and error for important experimental innovations come later in a Nobel laureate’s(荣誉获得者的)career. 　　“Whether you hit your creative peak early or late in your career depends on whether you have a conceptual or experimental approach, ” Weinberg said. 　　The researchers took a novel, empirical(经验主义的)approach to the study, which involved 31 laureates. They arranged the laureates on a list from the most experimental to most conceptual.
　　This ranking was based on the laureates’ most important work, classifying them into “conceptual” or “experimental”. 　　After classifying the laureates, the researchers determined the age at which each laureate made his most important contribution to economics and could be considered at his creative peak. 　　They found that conceptual laureates peaked between ages 25 and 29. Experimental laureates peaked when they were roughly twice as old, in their mid-50s. 　　“Our research suggests that when you’re most creative is more about how you approach your work. ”
【文章大意】文章讲述了通过对一些诺贝尔奖获得者事业生涯的研究, 发现人的创造力会有两种峰值, 这取决于你是哪种类型的创新者, 是“概念性的”创新者还是“实验性的”创新者。5. What do we know about “experimental” innovators?A. They usually come up with new ideas all of a sudden. B. They make discoveries through constant trial and error. C. The majority of them reach their creative peak in their twenties. D. They make more contributions than “conceptual” innovators.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第八段中“The long periods of trial and error for important experimental innovations come later in a Nobel laureate’s career. ”在一位诺贝尔奖得主的职业生涯中, 重要的实验性的创新经历了漫长的不断的反复实验。由此可知“实验性的”创新者是从不断的反复实验中获得发现。
6. Which of the following statements about the study published in De Economist is false?A. The study is not the first of its kind. B. The conclusion can be applied to other areas. C. The laureates’ most important work decides whether they are “conceptual” or “experimental”. D. The “conceptual” won their Nobel Prizes between ages 25 and 29.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中“They found that conceptual laureates peaked between ages 25 and 29. ”可知, “概念性的”诺贝尔奖获得者创造力在25岁到29岁之间达到顶峰, 不是在25岁到29岁之间获得诺贝尔奖。
7. What do the researchers believe determines someone’s creative peak?A. One’s personality type. B. What kind of job one takes. C. How one handles their work. D. One’s attitude toward their work. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Our research suggests that when you’re most creative is more about how you approach your work. ”可知, 研究人员认为, 你什么时候达到创造力巅峰与你如何处理你的工作有关。此题是语义转换, “how you approach your work”和选项C中的“How one handles their work”是语义转换。
8. What’s the main idea of this passage?A. Creativity comes at any age, young or old. B. Creativity tends to decrease as people get older. C. Economists, artists and other scientists have much in common. D. Economists are more creative than artists and other scientists.
【解析】选A。主旨大意题。文章第一段中提到“It found there are two different peaks of creativity. One comes early in a person’s career, while another comes later. ” 研究发现, 创造力有两个不同的巅峰。在一个人的职业生涯中, 有一个高峰出现得比较早, 而另一个高峰出现得比较晚。最后一段提到什么时候出现创造力巅峰与你如何处理你的工作有关。
【语篇二次运用】 变式训练Passage 2　　If you believe that scientists and artists are most creative when they’re young, you are missing an important part of the story. A new study 1. __________(publish) in De Economist looked at Nobel Prize winners in the field of economics. It found there are two different peaks of 2. __________(creative). One comes early in a person’s career, while another comes later.  
　　The research supports previous work by the authors that found similar patterns in the arts and other sciences. 　　“We believe 3. __________ we found in this study isn’t limited to economics, but could apply to creativity more generally, ” said Bruce Weinberg, lead author of the study and professor of economics at The Ohio State University.  　　“Many people believe that creativity is exclusively associated with youth, 4. __________ it really depends on what kind of creativity you’re talking about. ” 
　　In the study, those who did their most groundbreaking work early in their careers tended to be “conceptual” innovators(创新者). 　　These type of innovators “think outside the box”, challenging conventional wisdom and 5. __________(sudden) coming up with new 6. __________(idea). Conceptual innovators are not yet immersed(沉浸于)in the accepted theories of their field, Weinberg said.  
　　But there is another kind of creativity, he said, which is found among “experimental” innovators. These innovators accumulate knowledge through their careers and find new ways to understand it. 　　The long periods of trial and error for important experimental innovations come later in 7. __________ Nobel laureate’s(荣誉获得者的)career.  　　“Whether you hit your creative peak early or late in your career depends on whether you have a conceptual or experimental approach, ” Weinberg said.
　　The researchers took a novel, empirical(经验主义的)approach to the study, which involved 31 laureates. They arranged the laureates on a list from the most experimental to most conceptual. 　　This ranking was based on the laureates’ most important work, 8. __________(classify) them into “conceptual” or “experimental”.  　　After classifying the laureates, the researchers determined the age at which each laureate made his most important contribution to economics and could 9. __________(consider) at his creative peak.  
　　They found that conceptual laureates peaked between ages 25 and 29. Experimental laureates peaked when they were roughly twice as old, in their mid-50s. 　　“Our research 10. __________(suggest)that when you’re most creative is more about how you approach your work. ” 答案: 1. published　2. creativity　3. what　4. but5. suddenly　6. ideas　7. a　8. classifying　9. be considered　10. suggests