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北京市朝阳区2021届高三上学期期中考试 英语(含答案)
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北京市朝阳区2020～2021学年度第一学期期中质量检测
高三英语试卷
(考试时间90分钟 满分100分)
本试卷共10页。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分:知识运用(共两节，25分)
第一节 完形填空(共10小题；每小题1分，共10分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
One Mother to Another
On Wednesday evening, our daughter, who was at a boarding school over 200 kilometers away, told us that she had lost her phone when she took part in an activity off campus. We realized that we had little chance of finding it.
The next morning, my phone beeped (哔哔响) loudly. A kind voice announced that she had something that belonged to my daughter. I ___1___ that I lived a three-hour drive away, and told her I would ask a friend to fetch the phone. My daughter had written my number on the inside of her phone’s case — good thinking!
After contacting the people I know who lived near the school, I was out of ___2___ — no one could go and ___3___ the phone, not surprisingly as it was the working day and everyone was busy. I decided to ask the lady to post the phone to my daughter. But when I sent her a text to ask if this would be OK, she replied, “We will ___4___ it and we’re going to drive down to the boarding school tonight.” To my ___5___, this wonderful couple, who had already spent a busy day at work, was making a round trip on the night, ___6___ for returning a phone to a complete stranger. How touching it was!
I gave them directions and they ___7___ the phone into the hands of my daughter at her boarding house. The only word of an explanation was, “I’ve got children of my own, and I know how a mother ___8___.”
We had thought that the chance of getting back the phone was ___9___, but we got it back in such a short time. It was a wonderful reminder of the good in the world and how the actions of one person can _____10_____ the world to another.
1. A. suggested B. reported C. explained D. argued
2. A. date B. luck C. work D. control
3. A. pick up B. carry out C. hand in D. give away
4. A. find B. show C. miss D. take
5. A. regret B. surprise C. amusement D. disappointment
6. A. especially B. certainly C. definitely D. probably
7. A. conducted B. arranged C. delivered D. identified
8. A. doubts B. interests C. predicts D. worries
9. A. free B. slim C. hard D. fair
10. A. tell B. face C. mean D. join
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. C
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了远在寄宿学校的女儿丢了手机，一对好心的陌生夫妇特地来回奔波给她送手机的事情。作者从此事中感受到，人的善行能够影响到别人。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我解释道我住在三小时的车程开外，并且告诉她我会让一个朋友去拿这个手机。A. suggested建议；B. reported报道；C. explained解释；D. argued争论。根据语境可知，此处母亲“我”接到来自对方的电话，应该是与对方解释自己路程较远。故选C项。
【2题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在联系了住在学校附近的熟人后，我很不走运——没人能去接电话，这并不奇怪，因为那天是工作日，大家都很忙。A. date日期，B. luck运气；C. work工作；D. control控制。根据下文“not surprisingly as it was the working day and everyone was busy”推测，因为那天是工作日，大家都很忙，“我”并没有找到可以拿手机的人，应该是不走运的。out of luck“不走运的”。故选B项。
【3题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意同上。A. pick up捡起，获得；B. carry out执行；C. hand in上交；D. give away捐赠。根据上文语境可知，此处“我”找不到可以拿手机的人，pick up the phone“拿手机”，符合题意。故选A项。
【4题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但当我给她发短信问她这样行不行时，她回答：“我们将会带上它，并且我们今天晚上将会开车去寄宿学校。”A. find找到；B. show展示；C. miss错过，想念；D. take带。根据下文“drive down to the boarding school”判断，陌生人应该是要带上手机去找“我”的女儿，将手机还给她。故选D项。
【5题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：令我惊讶的是，这对完美的夫妇，已经忙了一天的工作，却要在晚上来回奔波，尤其是为了把手机还给一个完全陌生的人。A. regret遗憾；B. surprise惊讶；C. amusement娱乐；D. disappointment失望。根据本句句意推测，“我”应该对于这对陌生夫妇的表现非常吃惊。故选B项。
【6题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意同上。A. especially尤其；B. certainly当然；C. definitely肯定。根据语境判断，“我”认为陌生夫妇的行为是让人惊讶的，尤其是为了陌生人。故选A项。
【7题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我给了他们方向，他们将手机递到了在公寓里的我女儿的手上。A. conducted执行；B. arranged安排；C. delivered递送；D. identified识别。根据上文可知，此处陌生夫妇将手机送到了“我”的女儿的手上。故选C项。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我有我自己的孩子，我知道一个妈妈有多担心。A. doubts怀疑；B. interests感兴趣；C. predicts预测；D. worries担心。根据“I’ve got my children of my own”可知，这位送手机的也是一位母亲，也能体会到作为一个母亲的担心。故选D项。
【9题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们原以为拿回手机的机会很渺茫，但是我们在这么短的时间内就把它拿了回来。A. free空闲的；B. slim小的，少的；C. hard困难的；D. fair公平的。根据后半句句意推测，原来对于拿回手机这件事已经不抱希望了，即希望很小。故选B项。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：它很好地提醒我们世界上有善，并且一个人的行为对另一个人意味着整个世界。A. tell告诉；B. face面对；C. mean意味；D. join加入。根据语境判断，“我”从陌生夫妇的行为中知道了人的善行对于另外一个人的影响是如此之大，mean the world to another“对另外一个人意味着世界”，符合语境。故选C项。
第二节 语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分, 共15分)
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
I love my campus very much. It has a lot of buildings traditional in Chinese style but modern in equipment. Having classes in them always ___11___ (make) me feel excited with the busy world and relaxed about the long history of our nation. Out of the houses are beautiful gardens ___12___ (surround) by trees. In the morning, we read aloud by the lake or behind the hill. The air is so fresh and sweet that very often I think how ___13___ (luck) I am to study in such a beautiful campus.
【答案】11. makes
12. surrounded
13. lucky
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。作者在文章中介绍和赞美了自己的母校。
【11题详解】
考查主谓一致。句意：在里面上课总是让我对繁忙的世界感到兴奋和对我们国家的悠久历史感到放松。分析句子结构可知make作句子的谓语，主语为动名词Having classes(上课)，根据主谓一致原则，动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数，根据状语“always(总是) ”以及句子内容在陈述客观事实可知，时态为一般现在时。故填makes。
【12题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：房子外面是美丽的花园，周围都是树。根据句子中使用了系动词are可知，surround在句子中作非谓语动词，根据介词by和句意可知，surround与逻辑主语gardens(花园)之间为被动关系，所以使用过去分词，表示被动，作gardens的后置定语。故填surrounded。
【13题详解】
考查形容词。句意：空气是如此的新鲜和甜蜜，我经常想我是多么幸运能在这样一个美丽的校园学习。根据“I am”可知，需要使用形容词作表语，luck(幸运)的形容词为lucky。故填lucky。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Whales use sound to get information around them. By constantly ___14___ (send) out sounds that hit underwater objects and come back, whales receive information. This way of using sound is called sonar. Recently, scientists have found that whales ___15___ (harm) by the powerful sonar coming from ships. This problem is being studied, and people’s level of awareness of the problem is ___16___ (high) than ever before. Now ships around the world are trying to be more careful when using sonar.
【答案】14. sending
15. are harmed/are being harmed
16. higher
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。讲述了由于船只强大声呐的干扰，鲸鱼受到了伤害。人类正在提升意识，尽量避免这一事件的发生。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：通过不断发出声音，撞击水下物体，然后返回，鲸鱼可以接收到信息。by为介词，意思为“通过”，后面应接动名词形式。故填sending。
【15题详解】
考查一般现在时（现在进行时）的被动语态。句意：最近，科学家们发现鲸鱼（正）受到来自船只的强大声纳的伤害。本句是that引导的宾语从句，空格处为宾语从句的谓语部分，根据by“被”可推测，句子为被动语态。根据语境可知，此处可以表示“鲸鱼被船只的声呐伤害”这件事，也可以强调这件事正在发生，因此，时态可以是一般现在时或者现在进行时。主语whales为复数，故填are harmed或are being harmed
【16题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：这一问题正在得到研究，人们对这一问题的认识程度比以往任何时候都高。根据than可知，句子为比较级句型，放在is后面为形容词比较级，故填higher。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Rules help us live together in a community. At my local park, there is a sign that reads, “Keep off the grass.” Because our community has a need for a nice green space ___17___ (relax), we are expected to keep our park clean and in good condition for everyone’s enjoyment. If one person breaks the rules, more people ___18___ (follow) him and do what they want. In a community, rules are in place to protect everyone. What we do and ___19___ we act affect everyone, not just ourselves. We need rules in order to live ___20___ (safe).
【答案】17. to relax
18. will follow
19. how 20. safely
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。论述了按照规则生活的重要性。
【详解】1.考查to do不定式作目的状语。句意：因为我们的社区需要一个好的绿色空间来放松……需要绿色空间的目的是为了放松，表目的用to do不定式。故填to relax。
2.考查时态。句意：如果一个人打破了规则，更多的人会效仿他，做他们想做的事。在条件状语从句中，主将从现。根据if条件句中使用一般现在时可知，主句中使用一般将来时，故填will follow。
3.考查名词性从句。句意：我们做的事情和我们做事的方式会影响每个人而不是只有我们自己。动词affect前缺少主语，所以空格处引导主语从句。从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，根据句意，表示“如何”用how。故填how。
4.考查副词。句意：我们需要规则来安全地生活。修饰动词应用副词，故填safely。
第二部分:阅读理解(共两节，40分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，共30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Arbeia Roman Fort (城堡) and Museum
Location and History
Arbeia Roman Fort is situated on Hadrian’s Wall. It was the most important structure built by the Romans in Britain, and now it has been a World Heritage (遗产) Site. Built around AD 160, Arbeia Roman Fort was the military supply base for the soldiers who were stationed along Hadrian’s Wall. The fort has been gradually uncovered and some original parts have been revealed. There are reconstructions that show how Arbeia Roman Fort would have looked.
The Reconstructions
The reconstructions of the Commanding Officer’s house and soldiers’ quarters are strikingly different. The accommodation for soldiers is dark and uncomfortable, while the Commanding Officer’s house is spacious and luxurious, with courtyards with fountains for him and his family to enjoy.
The Museum
Visit the museum and see many objects that were found at Arbeia. They are historically important and show what daily life was really like at that time. You will see weapons, tools, jewellery, and so on. You can also discover how the Romans buried their dead and see tombstones (墓碑) which survive to this day. There is a “hands-on” area allowing visitors to dig on a certain site and study their findings with the help of museum staff. You can piece together pottery (陶器), or try writing just as the Romans would have done. For children, they can build this ancient Roman fort with building blocks by themselves.
Opening Times and Getting There
April 1-October 31:
Monday to Saturday 10:00am-5:00pm, Sunday 2:00pm-5:00pm.
November 1-March 31:
Monday to Saturday 11:00am-4:00pm, closed Sunday. (Closed December 25-26 and January 1)
Entry is free.
Arbeia is only a ten-minute walk from the bus station at South Shields. Free car park nearby.
Website:
www.twmuseums.org.uk/arbeia
21. According to the passage, Arbeia Roman Fort ______.
A. was related to the military B. got reconstructions around AD 160
C. was built in a small area in Rome D. provided a comfortable life for soldiers
22. What can visitors do in the museum?
A. See historical objects. B. Build tombstones for the dead.
C. Write to ancient Romans. D. Try using old tools and weapons.
23. What time does Arbeia Roman Fort close?
A. On April 1. B. On October 31. C. On November 1. D. On December 26.
【答案】21. A 22. A 23. D
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。介绍了旅游景点Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum的位置、历史、重建及开放时间等信息。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。由第一段第三句“…Arbeia Roman Fort was the military supply base for the soldiers…”可知，Arbeia Roman Fort城堡以前是一个为士兵们提供物资的军事供应基地，说明它以前与军事有关联。故选A项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。由第三段前两句“Visit the museum and see many objects that were found at Arbeia. They are historically important and show what daily life was really like at that time(参观博物馆，看看许多在阿贝亚发现的物体。它们在历史上是重要的，并展示了当时的日常生活是什么样子)”可知，博物馆里展出的物件都是些历史文物。故选A项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。关于参观时间介绍的最后一句“Closed December 25-26 and January 1”可得出12月26日是关门的。故选D项。
【点睛】
B
Learning to say “yes, and”
When I first heard about the improvisation (即兴交流) class I was hesitating. As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D., so it seemed like a perfect opportunity to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help.
During our first class, we learned an important concept of improvisation: “yes, and.” It means that, as improvisers, we’d better accept what fellow performers say. If someone says that rhinos (犀牛) are librarians, for example, then rhinos are librarians. We do not question the logic; we say “yes” and then continue with the scene as if nothing is wrong.
The first few scenes were hard, but as weeks turned into months, I became more comfortable and even started to enjoy our classes. I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment. Once when I was giving a presentation about my science, an audience member surprised me with a question that didn’t grow out of the information I’d presented. Instead of getting confused and nervous, I took the “yes, and” approach—accepting the question and letting my mind focus on why it was asked. That helped me find an appropriate answer. I got pretty excited about it.
The benefits of improvisation go beyond communication. Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected.
I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson. If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support a preconceived (先入为主的) story, but to say “yes, and.”
24. Why did the author attend the improvisation class?
A. To get a different experience.
B. To finish her Ph.D. at university.
C. To give up her job as a science communicator.
D. To improve her speaking and communicating ability.
25. What was the author’s change after attending the improvisation class?
A. She formed her own idea quickly.
B. She came up with lots of creative responses.
C. She paid more attention to the logic of answers.
D. She became a good listener before giving an opinion
26. The author mentions applying the “yes, and” approach to her scientific experiments to ______.
A. explain the process of using the method
B. prove the benefits of the improvisation class
C. share her own research experiences with readers
D. attract fellow scientists to attend the improvisation class
27. What can be inferred about scientists from the last paragraph?
A. They should attend the improvisation class.
B. They should question all preconceived ideas.
C. They should carry on research by admitting earlier data.
D. They should try to improve their professional knowledge.
【答案】24. D 25. D 26. B 27. C
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲叙了作者参加一门即兴交流课程，想要提高自己的沟通能力，详细描写了参加课程后自身所发生的一些变化，以及这门课程带给自己的积极影响。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D., so it seemed like a perfect opportunity to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help.”可知作为一个安静害羞的女孩，我害怕在陌生人面前即兴交流。然而，我知道我想在完成博士学位后从事科学传播者的工作，所以这似乎是一个学习如何有效地说话和与他人沟通的完美机会。我报名参加了，因为我知道这次经历会对我有所帮助。由此可知，作者参加即兴交流课，是为了提高她的开口说话的沟通能力。故选D。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment.”可知我变得更善于倾听，与我的谈话伙伴建立联系，并在那一刻清晰地交流。由此可知，作者参加了即兴交流课之后，所发生的变化是她在发表意见之前，先成为了一个好的倾听者。故选D。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The benefits of improvisation go beyond communication. Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected.(即兴交流的好处不仅仅体现在交流方面。在参加这门课之前，当我的实验产生了意想不到的数据时，我会卡住，认为自己犯了错误。但现在，我不会气馁，而是会保持开放的态度，相信结果是真实的，继续探索数据，最终确定一种新的细胞类型——一种没有按照预期表现的细胞)”由此可推知，作者提到在她的科学实验中运用“yes, and”的方法，是为了证明即兴交流课的好处。故选B。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson. If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support a preconceived (先入为主的) story, but to say ‘yes, and.’”可知我想所有的科学家都能从这一门课程中受益。如果数据显示犀牛是图书管理员，那么就值得去了解犀牛是否真的是图书管理员。作为科学家，我们的工作不是挑战支持先入为主故事的数据，而是说“是的，而且”。由此可推知，科学家应该通过承认早期数据来进行研究。故选C。
C
Success and Risk in Extreme Sports
What is it that drives some to take extreme risks, while the rest of us hurry for the safety of the sidelines?
Lester Keller, sports-psychology expert, says that not everyone has the mental makeup to do well in extreme sports. He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite for extreme risk in tricky conditions. But others have a much higher tolerance for risk. Keller points to a top ski racer. He told Keller that “the high element of risk makes you feel alive, tests what you are made of and how far you can take yourself”. He said he would get nervous on some of the courses, but that this would just make him fight more.
Psychologists note that some people seem to have a strong desire for adrenaline (肾上腺素) rushes as a behavior seeking excited feelings. Like many extreme athletes, Emily Cook’s appetite for risk appeared at a young age. “I was a gymnast,” she said. “I was one of those kids who enjoyed and did well at anything where you were upside down.” As she started doing harder tricks, she was drawn to the challenge. “There are moments when you’re up there doing a new trick and it seems like an impossible thing. But overcoming that is just the coolest feeling in the world.”
Shane Murphy, sports professor, has worked with groups climbing Everest. “To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they’ve prepared for years.” Murphy said the view of extreme athletes is different from our own. “We look at a risky situation and know that if we were in that situation we would be out of control. But from the athletes’ view, they have a lot of control, and there are many things that they do to minimize risk.”
Another aspect of risk perception (认知) may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present. “Something that makes you try doing a tougher climb than usual, perhaps, is that your adrenaline flows and you become very concentrated on what you’re doing,” Murphy says. “After it’s over, there’s great excitement.”
People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme. “I can enjoy hitting a tennis ball around, because that’s my skill level,” Murphy says. “But others might need the challenge of Olympic competition.”
28. By using the term “natural ceiling” in Paragraph 2, Lester Keller points out that ______.
A. extreme athletes must learn special skills
B. extreme athletes have chances to take risks
C. many people don’t want to do extreme sports
D. many people can’t limit desire for extreme sports
29. What does Shane Murphy think about the mountain climbers he mentions?
A. They put in lots of preparation for challenges.
B. They are more fortunate than other sportspeople.
C. They carry little risk when facing big challenges.
D. They have special reasons that others can’t easily understand.
30. What main point is made in Paragraph 5?
A. Extreme athletes use techniques other people don’t use.
B. Non-athletes are probably wise not to try extreme sports.
C. Most people lack the focus required to take bigger risks.
D. A certain state of mind makes attempting an activity more likely.
31. We can learn from the passage that ______.
A. risk-taking is something you either naturally do or avoid
B. those who take risks are more likely to be successful in life
C. extreme athletes are driven by a need to be better than others
D. taking part in extreme sports is not as difficult as people think
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了极限运动的成功与风险。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。分析文章第二段第二句“He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite for extreme risk in tricky conditions.”（他指出，我们中的大多数人达到了一个自然的上限，这个（自然上限）限制了我们在复杂条件下对极端风险的欲望。）可知，这里含有一个定语从句，先行词为a natural ceiling，定语从句对a natural ceiling进行修饰，“限制了我们在复杂条件下对极端风险的欲望”说明许多人不想做极限运动。故选C项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段开头提到的“groups climbing Everest”（攀登珠穆朗玛峰的团体）和第二句“To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they’ve prepared for years.”（“在我看来，这似乎是最大的风险，”他说。“但对他们来说，这是他们准备多年的一项活动的下一步。”）可知，登山者为挑战做了大量的准备。故选A项。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段第一句“Another aspect of risk perception (认知) may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present.”（ 风险认知的另一个方面可能是被称之为“心流”的东西 ，在这种状态下，许多运动员全神贯注于将精力完全集中在当下的行为。）以及后面的进一步解释可知，本段要点就是“the flow”这种特定的精神状态会使你更有可能去尝试一项活动。故选D项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme.”（不同技能水平的人在不同的时间体验这种流动。一些人可能总是被驱使去冒险，而另一些人则认为是极端的。）以及后文所举的事例可知，不同的技能水平的人有自己不同的选择，所以冒险是你可以选择做或选择避免的事情。故选A项。
【点睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。例如本文第3题，第五段的要点，就在段落第一句上，准确理解了段落第一句，也就抓住了段落要点。
D
Round and Round They Go
Space is becoming more crowded. Quite a few low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites have been launched into the sky, which are designed to move around the Earth only a few hundred kilometres above its surface. SpaceX and OneWeb plan to launch LEO satellites in their thousands, not hundreds, to double the total number of satellites in orbit (轨道) by 2027.
That promises to change things on Earth. LEO satellites can bring Internet connectivity to places where it is still unavailable. This will also be a source of new demand for the space economy. Morgan Stanley, a bank, projects that the space industry will grow from $350 billion in 2016 to more than $1.1 trillion by 2040. New Internet satellites will account for half this increase.
For that to happen, however, three worries must be overcome. Debris (碎片) is the most familiar concern. When enough satellites were packed into low-Earth orbits, any collision (碰撞) could cause a chain reaction which would eventually destroy all spaceships. One solution is to grab the satellites with problems and pull them down into the Earth’s atmosphere. Another is to monitor space more closely for debris. But technology is only part of the answer. Rules are needed to deal with old satellites safely from low-Earth orbits.
Cyber (网络的)-security is a second, long-standing worry. Hackers (黑客) could take control of a satellite and steal intellectual property, redirect data flows or cause a collision. The satellite industry has been slow to respond to such concerns. But as more of the world’s population comes to rely on the space for access to the Internet, the need for action will intensify. Measures will surely be taken to protect network security.
The third issue follows from the first two. If there is a simple mistake or a cyber-attack, it may cause a chain reaction which wipes out hundreds of billions of dollars of investment. Who is responsible for that? Now the plans of firms wishing to operate large numbers of satellites are being studied. But there is a long way to go before the risks are well understood, let alone priced.
As space becomes more commercialized mind-bending prospects open up: packages moved across the planet in minutes by rocket rather than by plane, equipment sent to other small planets, passengers launched into orbit and beyond. All that and more may come, one day. But such activities would raise the same questions as LEO satellites do. They must be answered before the space economy can truly develop.
32. What can we learn about LEO satellites from the passage?
A. They are supposed to limit the space economy.
B. They are expected to increase in large numbers.
C. They are designed to move beyond the Earth as far as possible.
D. They are mainly intended to bring Internet connectivity to remote areas.
33. To deal with debris in space, the author suggests _______.
A. depending entirely on the modern technology
B. monitoring the movement of spaceships carefully
C. strengthening rules to remove old satellites safely
D. destroying all the satellites with problems instantly
34. What does the underlined word “intensify” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Measure. B. Increase. C. Spread. D. Repeat.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward the launch of LEO satellites?
A. It should be further confirmed for its ownership.
B. It should be continued because of its advantages.
C. It should be done carefully to avoid potential risks.
D. It should be stopped in face of the space economy.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. B 35. C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。太空越来越拥挤，文章主要内容为一家名为SpaceX and OneWeb的公司计划在2027前发射数千上万颗近地轨道卫星之事，及对太空卫星数量剧增而带来的三个安全方面的担忧。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“SpaceX and OneWeb plan to launch LEO satellites in their thousands, not hundreds, to double the total number of satellites in orbit (轨道) by 2027(SpaceX and OneWeb计划发射数千上万颗近地轨道卫星将使轨道上卫星总数量增加一倍。)”可知， LEO卫星预计将大量增加。故选B项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段最后一句“Rules are needed to deal with old satellites safely from low-Earth orbits”可知，为了安全处理老旧的近地轨道卫星，需要制定一些规则。故选C项。
【34题详解】
词义猜测题。由第四段中句子“But as more of the world’s population comes to rely on the space for access to the Internet, the need for action will intensify”可知，因为世界上越来越多的人依赖太空卫星提供上因特网的通路，人们对于网络安全的需求将intensify。，可推断，依赖太空卫星的人数增多，因此对网络安全的需求就增强了。故划线词与increase意思相近。故选B项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。由第三段最后一句“Rules are needed to deal with old satellites safely from low-Earth orbits.(需要有规则来安全地处理来自低地球轨道的旧卫星 )”、第四段最后一句“Measures will surely be taken to protect network security(一定要采取措施保护网络安全)”及文末最后一句“They must be answered before the space economy can truly develop(在空间经济真正发展之前，必须回答这些问题)”可知，关于发射大量的近地轨道卫星，作者认为应该小心慎行，避免潜在的危险发生。故选C项。
【点睛】词义猜测题解题时往往借助上下文语境，有时也会运用构词法，大大提高词义猜测的准确性。本文中的intensify所在句前半句说“因为世界上越来越多的人依赖太空卫星提供的上因特网的通路”，可知人们对于网络安全的需求将增强。Intense, adj.非常强烈的;紧张的;intensive, a.加强的;增强的;后缀-fy是形容词转化为动词的一个后缀。结合前半句语意及构词法知识，可推出intensify意为“使增强”。
第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Our Amazing Hands
The hand is where the mind meets the world. We use our hands to build fires, to fly airplanes, and to write. The human brain, with its open-ended creativity, may be the thing that makes the human race unique. But without hands, all the ideas we think up would come to nothing.
____36____ Study it carefully, you will find something interesting. The thumb (拇指) alone is controlled by nine separate muscles. The wrist is a group of bones and muscles connected with nerves (神经). The nerves send branches into each fingertip, which makes the fingers extremely flexible. ____37____
Early hands seemed more unusual and interesting than any hand today. Some animals had seven fingers. Others had eight. But by the time vertebrates (脊椎动物) appeared 340 million years ago, the hand had developed to only five fingers. ____38____
Nevertheless, there are still many different types of hands in living animals. After years of research, scientists are beginning to understand the molecular (分子的) changes in hands. ____39____ This makes the hands of different animals very similar. There is a network of many genes (基因) that builds a hand, and all hands are built on that network.
The discovery has given scientists a deeper understanding of the development of hands. A bird’s wing and a lion’s paw (爪) may appear to have nothing in common. ____40____ It may just be a little more of one protein (蛋白) here, a little less of another there. In the past, scientists could recognize only the outward signs that hands had developed from a common ancestor. Today scientists are uncovering the inward signs as well.
A. Hands can often be used for a number of different purposes.
B. They also see that all hands start out in much the same way.
C. It has kept that number for reasons scientists don’t yet know.
D. No one would doubt that the five fingers are different with each other.
E But the difference between them may come down to a tiny change in form.
F. The reason we can use our hands for so many things is their special structure.
G. So you can see a skilled watchmaker use his hands to set springs in place under a microscope.
【答案】36. F 37. G 38. C 39. B 40. E
【解析】
本文是说明文。文章通过了分析科学家的研究介绍了我们神奇的手。手是心灵与世界相遇的地方。我们用手生火，飞飞机，写字。没有手，我们所想到的所有想法都将一事无成。
【36题详解】
上文“We use our hands to build fires, to fly airplanes, and to write.”说明我们用手生火，开飞机，和写字，空格处承上启下，下文“The thumb (拇指) alone is controlled by nine separate muscles. The wrist is a group of bones and muscles connected with nerves (神经). The nerves send branches into each fingertip, which makes the fingers extremely flexible.(单是拇指就由九个独立的肌肉控制。手腕是一组用神经相连的骨骼和肌肉。这些神经向每个指尖发送分支，这使得手指非常灵活)”说明手的结构，F项前半句的“we can use our hands for so many things”与上文一致，their special structure与下文一致，故选F。
【37题详解】
上文“The thumb (拇指) alone is controlled by nine separate muscles. The wrist is a group of bones and muscles connected with nerves (神经). The nerves send branches into each fingertip, which makes the fingers extremely flexible.(单是拇指就由九个独立的肌肉控制。手腕是一组用神经相连的骨骼和肌肉。这些神经向每个指尖发送分支，这使得手指非常灵活)”说明手的灵活，与空格处是因果关系，因此你可以看到一个熟练的钟表匠用他的手在显微镜下放置弹簧。故选G。
【38题详解】
上文“Some animals had seven fingers. Others had eight. But by the time vertebrates (脊椎动物) appeared 340 million years ago, the hand had developed to only five fingers.(有些动物有七个手指。其他的有八个。但到脊椎动物3.4亿年前出现时，手只发展到五个手指)”说明手指的个数，C项中的“that number”与上文一致，说明手指保持这个数的理由科学家不知道。故选C。
【39题详解】
上文“After years of research, scientists are beginning to understand the molecular (分子的) changes in hands.(经过多年的研究，科学家们开始了解手的分子变化)”说明了科学家的研究， B项中的also是关键词，与上文是递进关系，they指代scientists，说明“科学家也看到所有的手都以完全一样的方式开始”，符合题意，引出下文“这使得不同动物的手非常相似”，“much the same”与“similar”意思一致。故选B。
【40题详解】
上文“A bird’s wing and a lion’s paw (爪) may appear to have nothing in common.”说明鸟的翅膀和狮子的爪子似乎没有共同之处，E项中“But”说明与下文的转折关系，have nothing in common与the difference是转折关系，E项“但它们之间的差异可能归结为形式上的微小变化”符合题意。故选E。
第三部分:书面表达(共两节，35分)
第一节 (共4小题；第1-3题每小题3分，第4题6分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容在答题卡相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
Food as Communication
We usually understand when someone speaks or writes to us, and many gestures (手势) and facial expressions have meaning, too. But have you ever considered what and how we eat as a form of communication? In many cultures, people sit together and share food at mealtimes, which is a common tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also play an important role in a family or culture’s celebrations. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between areas within one country.
In most cultures, bread represents delicious food. It is also one of the most commonly shared foods in the world. Sharing bread is a common symbol of companionship and togetherness. In fact, the word companion comes from the Latin roots com- (together) and panis (bread). Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with decorated cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.
There are foods like bread in other cultures. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is baked into the cake, which stands for success in the New Year for the person who receives it. Most of the foods eaten during the Chinese New Year have significance. Sometimes this is based on their shape; for example, long noodles symbolize long life. The symbolism can also be based on the sound of the word in Chinese; for example, people give out oranges because the word for “orange” sounds like the word for “wealth”. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to symbolize family unity.
Food is essential for life, so it is not surprising that it is such an important part of different cultures around the world. The food people eat during celebrations may have a long history and can symbolize many things, but sharing food is one custom that almost all humans have in common.
41. Why does the author regard eating food as a form of communication?
①
42. How do people celebrate birthdays and marriages in many cultures?
②
43. What does the author mainly talk about in Paragraph 3?
③
44. Many of the food traditions mentioned in the passage are very old. Why are they still important today?
④
【答案】41. When eating food, people sit together and share food with each other, which promotes unity and trust.
42. In many cultures, people cut and share decorated cakes for birthday and marriage celebrations.
43. People have different foods to symbolise goodwill in different cultures.
44. These food traditions have a long history. They usually represent good meanings. For example, round foods symbolize family unity; a cake with a coin stands for success. People believe that these customs will bring good luck, and they pass them down from one generation to another, forming their unique cultures. That is the reason why many of them are still important today.
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍食物可以作为一种文化进行交流。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。由第一段的句子“ In many cultures, people sit together and share food at mealtimes, which is a common tradition that can promote unity and trust. ”（在许多文化中，人们在进餐时坐在一起分享食物，这是一个可以促进团结和信任的共同传统）可知，很多文化中，分享食物可以促进团结和信任。所以填：When eating food, people sit together and share food with each other, which promotes unity and trust.
【42题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段的句子“Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with decorated cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. ”（许多文化也用装饰好的蛋糕来庆祝生日和结婚，蛋糕会被切割并在客人之间分享）可知，人们通过“切蛋糕并一同分享”来庆祝生日和结婚，所以填：In many cultures, people cut and share decorated cakes for birthday and marriage celebrations.
【43题详解】
主旨大意题。由第三段第一句话“There are foods like bread in other cultures. ”（在其他文化中也有像面包这样的食物）可知，本段主要还是说明食物被赋予了文化性，本段中通过举例说明食物象征着“成功、财富和家庭团结等”美好愿望。所以填：People have different foods to symbolise goodwill in different cultures.
【44题详解】
推理判断题。由文章最后一句话“ The food people eat during celebrations may have a long history and can symbolize many things, but sharing food is one custom that almost all humans have in common. ”（人们在庆祝活动中吃的食物可能有着悠久的历史，象征着很多东西，但分享食物是几乎所有人类的共同习俗。）可知，虽然历史悠久，但有很多象征意义，人们相信这些习俗能够带来好运（可以举一个例子），所以代代相传。所以填：These food traditions have a long history. They usually represent good meanings. For example, round foods symbolize family unity; a cake with a coin stands for success. People believe that these customs will bring good luck, and they pass them down from one generation to another, forming their unique cultures. That is the reason why many of them are still important today.
【点睛】
第二节(20分)
45. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。近期你班同学普遍加强了英语听说训练，但是仍然存在一些困惑。请你给外教Jim写封邮件，邀请他下周为大家做一次专题讲座。邮件内容包括:
1. 介绍同学们的听说训练情况；
2. 希望提供更有效的学习方法;
3. 询问对方的意向。
注意:1. 词数不少于80；
2. 邮件的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
How is everything going? As you know we’ve strengthened English listening and speaking training since this term, but we still have some confusion. Knowing you are an expert in it, I’m writing to invite you to make a special lecture for us.
Now many of us have been studying with the help of online courses. We listen to the tape and do a simple follow-up every day, trying to imitate the pronunciation and intonation. Besides, we have increased the awareness of speaking English properly according to different occasions.
But some of us still find it hard to improve English within a limited time and wonder if there are some better learning methods. As an experienced teacher, you must have many views. We really hope you can put forward some effective learning methods for us. Could you come and give us some guidance? Please let us know by this weekend if you could accept the invitation.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给外教Jim写封邮件，邀请他下周为大家做一次关于如何加强英语听说的专题讲座。
【详解】第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和现在完成时,少量现在完成进行时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1. 介绍同学们的听说训练情况；
2. 希望提供更有效的学习方法;
3. 询问对方的意向。
第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）
strengthen English listening and speaking;be an expert in; with the help of; increase the awareness of; improve English; put forward; look forward to
第三步：连词成句
1.As you know, we’ve strengthened English listening and speaking training since this term, but we still have some confusion.
2. Knowing you are an expert in it, I’m writing to invite you to make a special lecture for us.
3. Now many of us have been studying with the help of online courses.
4.Besides, we have increased the awareness of speaking English properly according to different occasions.
5.But some of us still find it hard to improve English within a limited time and wonder if there are some better learning methods.
6.We really hope you can put forward some effective learning methods for us.
7.Looking forward to your reply.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，
第五步：润色修改
【点睛】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了主从复合句，如：Please let us know by this weekend if you could accept the invitation这句话运用了if引导的条件状语从句。使用了一些固定词组，如be an expert in; with the help of; put forward; look forward to等。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
高三英语试卷
(考试时间90分钟 满分100分)
本试卷共10页。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分:知识运用(共两节，25分)
第一节 完形填空(共10小题；每小题1分，共10分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
One Mother to Another
On Wednesday evening, our daughter, who was at a boarding school over 200 kilometers away, told us that she had lost her phone when she took part in an activity off campus. We realized that we had little chance of finding it.
The next morning, my phone beeped (哔哔响) loudly. A kind voice announced that she had something that belonged to my daughter. I ___1___ that I lived a three-hour drive away, and told her I would ask a friend to fetch the phone. My daughter had written my number on the inside of her phone’s case — good thinking!
After contacting the people I know who lived near the school, I was out of ___2___ — no one could go and ___3___ the phone, not surprisingly as it was the working day and everyone was busy. I decided to ask the lady to post the phone to my daughter. But when I sent her a text to ask if this would be OK, she replied, “We will ___4___ it and we’re going to drive down to the boarding school tonight.” To my ___5___, this wonderful couple, who had already spent a busy day at work, was making a round trip on the night, ___6___ for returning a phone to a complete stranger. How touching it was!
I gave them directions and they ___7___ the phone into the hands of my daughter at her boarding house. The only word of an explanation was, “I’ve got children of my own, and I know how a mother ___8___.”
We had thought that the chance of getting back the phone was ___9___, but we got it back in such a short time. It was a wonderful reminder of the good in the world and how the actions of one person can _____10_____ the world to another.
1. A. suggested B. reported C. explained D. argued
2. A. date B. luck C. work D. control
3. A. pick up B. carry out C. hand in D. give away
4. A. find B. show C. miss D. take
5. A. regret B. surprise C. amusement D. disappointment
6. A. especially B. certainly C. definitely D. probably
7. A. conducted B. arranged C. delivered D. identified
8. A. doubts B. interests C. predicts D. worries
9. A. free B. slim C. hard D. fair
10. A. tell B. face C. mean D. join
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. C
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了远在寄宿学校的女儿丢了手机，一对好心的陌生夫妇特地来回奔波给她送手机的事情。作者从此事中感受到，人的善行能够影响到别人。
【1题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我解释道我住在三小时的车程开外，并且告诉她我会让一个朋友去拿这个手机。A. suggested建议；B. reported报道；C. explained解释；D. argued争论。根据语境可知，此处母亲“我”接到来自对方的电话，应该是与对方解释自己路程较远。故选C项。
【2题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在联系了住在学校附近的熟人后，我很不走运——没人能去接电话，这并不奇怪，因为那天是工作日，大家都很忙。A. date日期，B. luck运气；C. work工作；D. control控制。根据下文“not surprisingly as it was the working day and everyone was busy”推测，因为那天是工作日，大家都很忙，“我”并没有找到可以拿手机的人，应该是不走运的。out of luck“不走运的”。故选B项。
【3题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意同上。A. pick up捡起，获得；B. carry out执行；C. hand in上交；D. give away捐赠。根据上文语境可知，此处“我”找不到可以拿手机的人，pick up the phone“拿手机”，符合题意。故选A项。
【4题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但当我给她发短信问她这样行不行时，她回答：“我们将会带上它，并且我们今天晚上将会开车去寄宿学校。”A. find找到；B. show展示；C. miss错过，想念；D. take带。根据下文“drive down to the boarding school”判断，陌生人应该是要带上手机去找“我”的女儿，将手机还给她。故选D项。
【5题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：令我惊讶的是，这对完美的夫妇，已经忙了一天的工作，却要在晚上来回奔波，尤其是为了把手机还给一个完全陌生的人。A. regret遗憾；B. surprise惊讶；C. amusement娱乐；D. disappointment失望。根据本句句意推测，“我”应该对于这对陌生夫妇的表现非常吃惊。故选B项。
【6题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意同上。A. especially尤其；B. certainly当然；C. definitely肯定。根据语境判断，“我”认为陌生夫妇的行为是让人惊讶的，尤其是为了陌生人。故选A项。
【7题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我给了他们方向，他们将手机递到了在公寓里的我女儿的手上。A. conducted执行；B. arranged安排；C. delivered递送；D. identified识别。根据上文可知，此处陌生夫妇将手机送到了“我”的女儿的手上。故选C项。
【8题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我有我自己的孩子，我知道一个妈妈有多担心。A. doubts怀疑；B. interests感兴趣；C. predicts预测；D. worries担心。根据“I’ve got my children of my own”可知，这位送手机的也是一位母亲，也能体会到作为一个母亲的担心。故选D项。
【9题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们原以为拿回手机的机会很渺茫，但是我们在这么短的时间内就把它拿了回来。A. free空闲的；B. slim小的，少的；C. hard困难的；D. fair公平的。根据后半句句意推测，原来对于拿回手机这件事已经不抱希望了，即希望很小。故选B项。
【10题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：它很好地提醒我们世界上有善，并且一个人的行为对另一个人意味着整个世界。A. tell告诉；B. face面对；C. mean意味；D. join加入。根据语境判断，“我”从陌生夫妇的行为中知道了人的善行对于另外一个人的影响是如此之大，mean the world to another“对另外一个人意味着世界”，符合语境。故选C项。
第二节 语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分, 共15分)
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
I love my campus very much. It has a lot of buildings traditional in Chinese style but modern in equipment. Having classes in them always ___11___ (make) me feel excited with the busy world and relaxed about the long history of our nation. Out of the houses are beautiful gardens ___12___ (surround) by trees. In the morning, we read aloud by the lake or behind the hill. The air is so fresh and sweet that very often I think how ___13___ (luck) I am to study in such a beautiful campus.
【答案】11. makes
12. surrounded
13. lucky
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。作者在文章中介绍和赞美了自己的母校。
【11题详解】
考查主谓一致。句意：在里面上课总是让我对繁忙的世界感到兴奋和对我们国家的悠久历史感到放松。分析句子结构可知make作句子的谓语，主语为动名词Having classes(上课)，根据主谓一致原则，动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数，根据状语“always(总是) ”以及句子内容在陈述客观事实可知，时态为一般现在时。故填makes。
【12题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：房子外面是美丽的花园，周围都是树。根据句子中使用了系动词are可知，surround在句子中作非谓语动词，根据介词by和句意可知，surround与逻辑主语gardens(花园)之间为被动关系，所以使用过去分词，表示被动，作gardens的后置定语。故填surrounded。
【13题详解】
考查形容词。句意：空气是如此的新鲜和甜蜜，我经常想我是多么幸运能在这样一个美丽的校园学习。根据“I am”可知，需要使用形容词作表语，luck(幸运)的形容词为lucky。故填lucky。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Whales use sound to get information around them. By constantly ___14___ (send) out sounds that hit underwater objects and come back, whales receive information. This way of using sound is called sonar. Recently, scientists have found that whales ___15___ (harm) by the powerful sonar coming from ships. This problem is being studied, and people’s level of awareness of the problem is ___16___ (high) than ever before. Now ships around the world are trying to be more careful when using sonar.
【答案】14. sending
15. are harmed/are being harmed
16. higher
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。讲述了由于船只强大声呐的干扰，鲸鱼受到了伤害。人类正在提升意识，尽量避免这一事件的发生。
【14题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：通过不断发出声音，撞击水下物体，然后返回，鲸鱼可以接收到信息。by为介词，意思为“通过”，后面应接动名词形式。故填sending。
【15题详解】
考查一般现在时（现在进行时）的被动语态。句意：最近，科学家们发现鲸鱼（正）受到来自船只的强大声纳的伤害。本句是that引导的宾语从句，空格处为宾语从句的谓语部分，根据by“被”可推测，句子为被动语态。根据语境可知，此处可以表示“鲸鱼被船只的声呐伤害”这件事，也可以强调这件事正在发生，因此，时态可以是一般现在时或者现在进行时。主语whales为复数，故填are harmed或are being harmed
【16题详解】
考查形容词比较级。句意：这一问题正在得到研究，人们对这一问题的认识程度比以往任何时候都高。根据than可知，句子为比较级句型，放在is后面为形容词比较级，故填higher。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Rules help us live together in a community. At my local park, there is a sign that reads, “Keep off the grass.” Because our community has a need for a nice green space ___17___ (relax), we are expected to keep our park clean and in good condition for everyone’s enjoyment. If one person breaks the rules, more people ___18___ (follow) him and do what they want. In a community, rules are in place to protect everyone. What we do and ___19___ we act affect everyone, not just ourselves. We need rules in order to live ___20___ (safe).
【答案】17. to relax
18. will follow
19. how 20. safely
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇议论文。论述了按照规则生活的重要性。
【详解】1.考查to do不定式作目的状语。句意：因为我们的社区需要一个好的绿色空间来放松……需要绿色空间的目的是为了放松，表目的用to do不定式。故填to relax。
2.考查时态。句意：如果一个人打破了规则，更多的人会效仿他，做他们想做的事。在条件状语从句中，主将从现。根据if条件句中使用一般现在时可知，主句中使用一般将来时，故填will follow。
3.考查名词性从句。句意：我们做的事情和我们做事的方式会影响每个人而不是只有我们自己。动词affect前缺少主语，所以空格处引导主语从句。从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，根据句意，表示“如何”用how。故填how。
4.考查副词。句意：我们需要规则来安全地生活。修饰动词应用副词，故填safely。
第二部分:阅读理解(共两节，40分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，共30分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
Arbeia Roman Fort (城堡) and Museum
Location and History
Arbeia Roman Fort is situated on Hadrian’s Wall. It was the most important structure built by the Romans in Britain, and now it has been a World Heritage (遗产) Site. Built around AD 160, Arbeia Roman Fort was the military supply base for the soldiers who were stationed along Hadrian’s Wall. The fort has been gradually uncovered and some original parts have been revealed. There are reconstructions that show how Arbeia Roman Fort would have looked.
The Reconstructions
The reconstructions of the Commanding Officer’s house and soldiers’ quarters are strikingly different. The accommodation for soldiers is dark and uncomfortable, while the Commanding Officer’s house is spacious and luxurious, with courtyards with fountains for him and his family to enjoy.
The Museum
Visit the museum and see many objects that were found at Arbeia. They are historically important and show what daily life was really like at that time. You will see weapons, tools, jewellery, and so on. You can also discover how the Romans buried their dead and see tombstones (墓碑) which survive to this day. There is a “hands-on” area allowing visitors to dig on a certain site and study their findings with the help of museum staff. You can piece together pottery (陶器), or try writing just as the Romans would have done. For children, they can build this ancient Roman fort with building blocks by themselves.
Opening Times and Getting There
April 1-October 31:
Monday to Saturday 10:00am-5:00pm, Sunday 2:00pm-5:00pm.
November 1-March 31:
Monday to Saturday 11:00am-4:00pm, closed Sunday. (Closed December 25-26 and January 1)
Entry is free.
Arbeia is only a ten-minute walk from the bus station at South Shields. Free car park nearby.
Website:
www.twmuseums.org.uk/arbeia
21. According to the passage, Arbeia Roman Fort ______.
A. was related to the military B. got reconstructions around AD 160
C. was built in a small area in Rome D. provided a comfortable life for soldiers
22. What can visitors do in the museum?
A. See historical objects. B. Build tombstones for the dead.
C. Write to ancient Romans. D. Try using old tools and weapons.
23. What time does Arbeia Roman Fort close?
A. On April 1. B. On October 31. C. On November 1. D. On December 26.
【答案】21. A 22. A 23. D
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。介绍了旅游景点Arbeia Roman Fort and Museum的位置、历史、重建及开放时间等信息。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。由第一段第三句“…Arbeia Roman Fort was the military supply base for the soldiers…”可知，Arbeia Roman Fort城堡以前是一个为士兵们提供物资的军事供应基地，说明它以前与军事有关联。故选A项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。由第三段前两句“Visit the museum and see many objects that were found at Arbeia. They are historically important and show what daily life was really like at that time(参观博物馆，看看许多在阿贝亚发现的物体。它们在历史上是重要的，并展示了当时的日常生活是什么样子)”可知，博物馆里展出的物件都是些历史文物。故选A项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。关于参观时间介绍的最后一句“Closed December 25-26 and January 1”可得出12月26日是关门的。故选D项。
【点睛】
B
Learning to say “yes, and”
When I first heard about the improvisation (即兴交流) class I was hesitating. As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D., so it seemed like a perfect opportunity to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help.
During our first class, we learned an important concept of improvisation: “yes, and.” It means that, as improvisers, we’d better accept what fellow performers say. If someone says that rhinos (犀牛) are librarians, for example, then rhinos are librarians. We do not question the logic; we say “yes” and then continue with the scene as if nothing is wrong.
The first few scenes were hard, but as weeks turned into months, I became more comfortable and even started to enjoy our classes. I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment. Once when I was giving a presentation about my science, an audience member surprised me with a question that didn’t grow out of the information I’d presented. Instead of getting confused and nervous, I took the “yes, and” approach—accepting the question and letting my mind focus on why it was asked. That helped me find an appropriate answer. I got pretty excited about it.
The benefits of improvisation go beyond communication. Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected.
I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson. If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support a preconceived (先入为主的) story, but to say “yes, and.”
24. Why did the author attend the improvisation class?
A. To get a different experience.
B. To finish her Ph.D. at university.
C. To give up her job as a science communicator.
D. To improve her speaking and communicating ability.
25. What was the author’s change after attending the improvisation class?
A. She formed her own idea quickly.
B. She came up with lots of creative responses.
C. She paid more attention to the logic of answers.
D. She became a good listener before giving an opinion
26. The author mentions applying the “yes, and” approach to her scientific experiments to ______.
A. explain the process of using the method
B. prove the benefits of the improvisation class
C. share her own research experiences with readers
D. attract fellow scientists to attend the improvisation class
27. What can be inferred about scientists from the last paragraph?
A. They should attend the improvisation class.
B. They should question all preconceived ideas.
C. They should carry on research by admitting earlier data.
D. They should try to improve their professional knowledge.
【答案】24. D 25. D 26. B 27. C
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲叙了作者参加一门即兴交流课程，想要提高自己的沟通能力，详细描写了参加课程后自身所发生的一些变化，以及这门课程带给自己的积极影响。
【24题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a quiet and shy girl, I feared improvising in front of strangers. However, I knew I wanted to work as a science communicator after finishing my Ph.D., so it seemed like a perfect opportunity to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. I signed up, knowing the experience would give me help.”可知作为一个安静害羞的女孩，我害怕在陌生人面前即兴交流。然而，我知道我想在完成博士学位后从事科学传播者的工作，所以这似乎是一个学习如何有效地说话和与他人沟通的完美机会。我报名参加了，因为我知道这次经历会对我有所帮助。由此可知，作者参加即兴交流课，是为了提高她的开口说话的沟通能力。故选D。
【25题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“I became better at listening, relating to my conversation partners, and communicating clearly in the moment.”可知我变得更善于倾听，与我的谈话伙伴建立联系，并在那一刻清晰地交流。由此可知，作者参加了即兴交流课之后，所发生的变化是她在发表意见之前，先成为了一个好的倾听者。故选D。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The benefits of improvisation go beyond communication. Before attending the class, I would get stuck when my experiments produced unexpected data, thinking that I had made a mistake. But now, instead of getting discouraged, I will stay open to the possibility that the results are real, keep exploring the data and end up identifying a new type of cell—one that isn’t behaving as expected.(即兴交流的好处不仅仅体现在交流方面。在参加这门课之前，当我的实验产生了意想不到的数据时，我会卡住，认为自己犯了错误。但现在，我不会气馁，而是会保持开放的态度，相信结果是真实的，继续探索数据，最终确定一种新的细胞类型——一种没有按照预期表现的细胞)”由此可推知，作者提到在她的科学实验中运用“yes, and”的方法，是为了证明即兴交流课的好处。故选B。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“I think all scientists can benefit from this lesson. If the data say rhinos are librarians, then it’s worth finding out whether rhinos are, in fact, librarians. As scientists, our job isn’t to challenge data that support a preconceived (先入为主的) story, but to say ‘yes, and.’”可知我想所有的科学家都能从这一门课程中受益。如果数据显示犀牛是图书管理员，那么就值得去了解犀牛是否真的是图书管理员。作为科学家，我们的工作不是挑战支持先入为主故事的数据，而是说“是的，而且”。由此可推知，科学家应该通过承认早期数据来进行研究。故选C。
C
Success and Risk in Extreme Sports
What is it that drives some to take extreme risks, while the rest of us hurry for the safety of the sidelines?
Lester Keller, sports-psychology expert, says that not everyone has the mental makeup to do well in extreme sports. He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite for extreme risk in tricky conditions. But others have a much higher tolerance for risk. Keller points to a top ski racer. He told Keller that “the high element of risk makes you feel alive, tests what you are made of and how far you can take yourself”. He said he would get nervous on some of the courses, but that this would just make him fight more.
Psychologists note that some people seem to have a strong desire for adrenaline (肾上腺素) rushes as a behavior seeking excited feelings. Like many extreme athletes, Emily Cook’s appetite for risk appeared at a young age. “I was a gymnast,” she said. “I was one of those kids who enjoyed and did well at anything where you were upside down.” As she started doing harder tricks, she was drawn to the challenge. “There are moments when you’re up there doing a new trick and it seems like an impossible thing. But overcoming that is just the coolest feeling in the world.”
Shane Murphy, sports professor, has worked with groups climbing Everest. “To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they’ve prepared for years.” Murphy said the view of extreme athletes is different from our own. “We look at a risky situation and know that if we were in that situation we would be out of control. But from the athletes’ view, they have a lot of control, and there are many things that they do to minimize risk.”
Another aspect of risk perception (认知) may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present. “Something that makes you try doing a tougher climb than usual, perhaps, is that your adrenaline flows and you become very concentrated on what you’re doing,” Murphy says. “After it’s over, there’s great excitement.”
People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme. “I can enjoy hitting a tennis ball around, because that’s my skill level,” Murphy says. “But others might need the challenge of Olympic competition.”
28. By using the term “natural ceiling” in Paragraph 2, Lester Keller points out that ______.
A. extreme athletes must learn special skills
B. extreme athletes have chances to take risks
C. many people don’t want to do extreme sports
D. many people can’t limit desire for extreme sports
29. What does Shane Murphy think about the mountain climbers he mentions?
A. They put in lots of preparation for challenges.
B. They are more fortunate than other sportspeople.
C. They carry little risk when facing big challenges.
D. They have special reasons that others can’t easily understand.
30. What main point is made in Paragraph 5?
A. Extreme athletes use techniques other people don’t use.
B. Non-athletes are probably wise not to try extreme sports.
C. Most people lack the focus required to take bigger risks.
D. A certain state of mind makes attempting an activity more likely.
31. We can learn from the passage that ______.
A. risk-taking is something you either naturally do or avoid
B. those who take risks are more likely to be successful in life
C. extreme athletes are driven by a need to be better than others
D. taking part in extreme sports is not as difficult as people think
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了极限运动的成功与风险。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。分析文章第二段第二句“He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite for extreme risk in tricky conditions.”（他指出，我们中的大多数人达到了一个自然的上限，这个（自然上限）限制了我们在复杂条件下对极端风险的欲望。）可知，这里含有一个定语从句，先行词为a natural ceiling，定语从句对a natural ceiling进行修饰，“限制了我们在复杂条件下对极端风险的欲望”说明许多人不想做极限运动。故选C项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段开头提到的“groups climbing Everest”（攀登珠穆朗玛峰的团体）和第二句“To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they’ve prepared for years.”（“在我看来，这似乎是最大的风险，”他说。“但对他们来说，这是他们准备多年的一项活动的下一步。”）可知，登山者为挑战做了大量的准备。故选A项。
【30题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段第一句“Another aspect of risk perception (认知) may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present.”（ 风险认知的另一个方面可能是被称之为“心流”的东西 ，在这种状态下，许多运动员全神贯注于将精力完全集中在当下的行为。）以及后面的进一步解释可知，本段要点就是“the flow”这种特定的精神状态会使你更有可能去尝试一项活动。故选D项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme.”（不同技能水平的人在不同的时间体验这种流动。一些人可能总是被驱使去冒险，而另一些人则认为是极端的。）以及后文所举的事例可知，不同的技能水平的人有自己不同的选择，所以冒险是你可以选择做或选择避免的事情。故选A项。
【点睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。例如本文第3题，第五段的要点，就在段落第一句上，准确理解了段落第一句，也就抓住了段落要点。
D
Round and Round They Go
Space is becoming more crowded. Quite a few low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites have been launched into the sky, which are designed to move around the Earth only a few hundred kilometres above its surface. SpaceX and OneWeb plan to launch LEO satellites in their thousands, not hundreds, to double the total number of satellites in orbit (轨道) by 2027.
That promises to change things on Earth. LEO satellites can bring Internet connectivity to places where it is still unavailable. This will also be a source of new demand for the space economy. Morgan Stanley, a bank, projects that the space industry will grow from $350 billion in 2016 to more than $1.1 trillion by 2040. New Internet satellites will account for half this increase.
For that to happen, however, three worries must be overcome. Debris (碎片) is the most familiar concern. When enough satellites were packed into low-Earth orbits, any collision (碰撞) could cause a chain reaction which would eventually destroy all spaceships. One solution is to grab the satellites with problems and pull them down into the Earth’s atmosphere. Another is to monitor space more closely for debris. But technology is only part of the answer. Rules are needed to deal with old satellites safely from low-Earth orbits.
Cyber (网络的)-security is a second, long-standing worry. Hackers (黑客) could take control of a satellite and steal intellectual property, redirect data flows or cause a collision. The satellite industry has been slow to respond to such concerns. But as more of the world’s population comes to rely on the space for access to the Internet, the need for action will intensify. Measures will surely be taken to protect network security.
The third issue follows from the first two. If there is a simple mistake or a cyber-attack, it may cause a chain reaction which wipes out hundreds of billions of dollars of investment. Who is responsible for that? Now the plans of firms wishing to operate large numbers of satellites are being studied. But there is a long way to go before the risks are well understood, let alone priced.
As space becomes more commercialized mind-bending prospects open up: packages moved across the planet in minutes by rocket rather than by plane, equipment sent to other small planets, passengers launched into orbit and beyond. All that and more may come, one day. But such activities would raise the same questions as LEO satellites do. They must be answered before the space economy can truly develop.
32. What can we learn about LEO satellites from the passage?
A. They are supposed to limit the space economy.
B. They are expected to increase in large numbers.
C. They are designed to move beyond the Earth as far as possible.
D. They are mainly intended to bring Internet connectivity to remote areas.
33. To deal with debris in space, the author suggests _______.
A. depending entirely on the modern technology
B. monitoring the movement of spaceships carefully
C. strengthening rules to remove old satellites safely
D. destroying all the satellites with problems instantly
34. What does the underlined word “intensify” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Measure. B. Increase. C. Spread. D. Repeat.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward the launch of LEO satellites?
A. It should be further confirmed for its ownership.
B. It should be continued because of its advantages.
C. It should be done carefully to avoid potential risks.
D. It should be stopped in face of the space economy.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. B 35. C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。太空越来越拥挤，文章主要内容为一家名为SpaceX and OneWeb的公司计划在2027前发射数千上万颗近地轨道卫星之事，及对太空卫星数量剧增而带来的三个安全方面的担忧。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“SpaceX and OneWeb plan to launch LEO satellites in their thousands, not hundreds, to double the total number of satellites in orbit (轨道) by 2027(SpaceX and OneWeb计划发射数千上万颗近地轨道卫星将使轨道上卫星总数量增加一倍。)”可知， LEO卫星预计将大量增加。故选B项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段最后一句“Rules are needed to deal with old satellites safely from low-Earth orbits”可知，为了安全处理老旧的近地轨道卫星，需要制定一些规则。故选C项。
【34题详解】
词义猜测题。由第四段中句子“But as more of the world’s population comes to rely on the space for access to the Internet, the need for action will intensify”可知，因为世界上越来越多的人依赖太空卫星提供上因特网的通路，人们对于网络安全的需求将intensify。，可推断，依赖太空卫星的人数增多，因此对网络安全的需求就增强了。故划线词与increase意思相近。故选B项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。由第三段最后一句“Rules are needed to deal with old satellites safely from low-Earth orbits.(需要有规则来安全地处理来自低地球轨道的旧卫星 )”、第四段最后一句“Measures will surely be taken to protect network security(一定要采取措施保护网络安全)”及文末最后一句“They must be answered before the space economy can truly develop(在空间经济真正发展之前，必须回答这些问题)”可知，关于发射大量的近地轨道卫星，作者认为应该小心慎行，避免潜在的危险发生。故选C项。
【点睛】词义猜测题解题时往往借助上下文语境，有时也会运用构词法，大大提高词义猜测的准确性。本文中的intensify所在句前半句说“因为世界上越来越多的人依赖太空卫星提供的上因特网的通路”，可知人们对于网络安全的需求将增强。Intense, adj.非常强烈的;紧张的;intensive, a.加强的;增强的;后缀-fy是形容词转化为动词的一个后缀。结合前半句语意及构词法知识，可推出intensify意为“使增强”。
第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，共10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Our Amazing Hands
The hand is where the mind meets the world. We use our hands to build fires, to fly airplanes, and to write. The human brain, with its open-ended creativity, may be the thing that makes the human race unique. But without hands, all the ideas we think up would come to nothing.
____36____ Study it carefully, you will find something interesting. The thumb (拇指) alone is controlled by nine separate muscles. The wrist is a group of bones and muscles connected with nerves (神经). The nerves send branches into each fingertip, which makes the fingers extremely flexible. ____37____
Early hands seemed more unusual and interesting than any hand today. Some animals had seven fingers. Others had eight. But by the time vertebrates (脊椎动物) appeared 340 million years ago, the hand had developed to only five fingers. ____38____
Nevertheless, there are still many different types of hands in living animals. After years of research, scientists are beginning to understand the molecular (分子的) changes in hands. ____39____ This makes the hands of different animals very similar. There is a network of many genes (基因) that builds a hand, and all hands are built on that network.
The discovery has given scientists a deeper understanding of the development of hands. A bird’s wing and a lion’s paw (爪) may appear to have nothing in common. ____40____ It may just be a little more of one protein (蛋白) here, a little less of another there. In the past, scientists could recognize only the outward signs that hands had developed from a common ancestor. Today scientists are uncovering the inward signs as well.
A. Hands can often be used for a number of different purposes.
B. They also see that all hands start out in much the same way.
C. It has kept that number for reasons scientists don’t yet know.
D. No one would doubt that the five fingers are different with each other.
E But the difference between them may come down to a tiny change in form.
F. The reason we can use our hands for so many things is their special structure.
G. So you can see a skilled watchmaker use his hands to set springs in place under a microscope.
【答案】36. F 37. G 38. C 39. B 40. E
【解析】
本文是说明文。文章通过了分析科学家的研究介绍了我们神奇的手。手是心灵与世界相遇的地方。我们用手生火，飞飞机，写字。没有手，我们所想到的所有想法都将一事无成。
【36题详解】
上文“We use our hands to build fires, to fly airplanes, and to write.”说明我们用手生火，开飞机，和写字，空格处承上启下，下文“The thumb (拇指) alone is controlled by nine separate muscles. The wrist is a group of bones and muscles connected with nerves (神经). The nerves send branches into each fingertip, which makes the fingers extremely flexible.(单是拇指就由九个独立的肌肉控制。手腕是一组用神经相连的骨骼和肌肉。这些神经向每个指尖发送分支，这使得手指非常灵活)”说明手的结构，F项前半句的“we can use our hands for so many things”与上文一致，their special structure与下文一致，故选F。
【37题详解】
上文“The thumb (拇指) alone is controlled by nine separate muscles. The wrist is a group of bones and muscles connected with nerves (神经). The nerves send branches into each fingertip, which makes the fingers extremely flexible.(单是拇指就由九个独立的肌肉控制。手腕是一组用神经相连的骨骼和肌肉。这些神经向每个指尖发送分支，这使得手指非常灵活)”说明手的灵活，与空格处是因果关系，因此你可以看到一个熟练的钟表匠用他的手在显微镜下放置弹簧。故选G。
【38题详解】
上文“Some animals had seven fingers. Others had eight. But by the time vertebrates (脊椎动物) appeared 340 million years ago, the hand had developed to only five fingers.(有些动物有七个手指。其他的有八个。但到脊椎动物3.4亿年前出现时，手只发展到五个手指)”说明手指的个数，C项中的“that number”与上文一致，说明手指保持这个数的理由科学家不知道。故选C。
【39题详解】
上文“After years of research, scientists are beginning to understand the molecular (分子的) changes in hands.(经过多年的研究，科学家们开始了解手的分子变化)”说明了科学家的研究， B项中的also是关键词，与上文是递进关系，they指代scientists，说明“科学家也看到所有的手都以完全一样的方式开始”，符合题意，引出下文“这使得不同动物的手非常相似”，“much the same”与“similar”意思一致。故选B。
【40题详解】
上文“A bird’s wing and a lion’s paw (爪) may appear to have nothing in common.”说明鸟的翅膀和狮子的爪子似乎没有共同之处，E项中“But”说明与下文的转折关系，have nothing in common与the difference是转折关系，E项“但它们之间的差异可能归结为形式上的微小变化”符合题意。故选E。
第三部分:书面表达(共两节，35分)
第一节 (共4小题；第1-3题每小题3分，第4题6分，共15分)
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容在答题卡相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。
Food as Communication
We usually understand when someone speaks or writes to us, and many gestures (手势) and facial expressions have meaning, too. But have you ever considered what and how we eat as a form of communication? In many cultures, people sit together and share food at mealtimes, which is a common tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also play an important role in a family or culture’s celebrations. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between areas within one country.
In most cultures, bread represents delicious food. It is also one of the most commonly shared foods in the world. Sharing bread is a common symbol of companionship and togetherness. In fact, the word companion comes from the Latin roots com- (together) and panis (bread). Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with decorated cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.
There are foods like bread in other cultures. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is baked into the cake, which stands for success in the New Year for the person who receives it. Most of the foods eaten during the Chinese New Year have significance. Sometimes this is based on their shape; for example, long noodles symbolize long life. The symbolism can also be based on the sound of the word in Chinese; for example, people give out oranges because the word for “orange” sounds like the word for “wealth”. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to symbolize family unity.
Food is essential for life, so it is not surprising that it is such an important part of different cultures around the world. The food people eat during celebrations may have a long history and can symbolize many things, but sharing food is one custom that almost all humans have in common.
41. Why does the author regard eating food as a form of communication?
①
42. How do people celebrate birthdays and marriages in many cultures?
②
43. What does the author mainly talk about in Paragraph 3?
③
44. Many of the food traditions mentioned in the passage are very old. Why are they still important today?
④
【答案】41. When eating food, people sit together and share food with each other, which promotes unity and trust.
42. In many cultures, people cut and share decorated cakes for birthday and marriage celebrations.
43. People have different foods to symbolise goodwill in different cultures.
44. These food traditions have a long history. They usually represent good meanings. For example, round foods symbolize family unity; a cake with a coin stands for success. People believe that these customs will bring good luck, and they pass them down from one generation to another, forming their unique cultures. That is the reason why many of them are still important today.
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍食物可以作为一种文化进行交流。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。由第一段的句子“ In many cultures, people sit together and share food at mealtimes, which is a common tradition that can promote unity and trust. ”（在许多文化中，人们在进餐时坐在一起分享食物，这是一个可以促进团结和信任的共同传统）可知，很多文化中，分享食物可以促进团结和信任。所以填：When eating food, people sit together and share food with each other, which promotes unity and trust.
【42题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段的句子“Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with decorated cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. ”（许多文化也用装饰好的蛋糕来庆祝生日和结婚，蛋糕会被切割并在客人之间分享）可知，人们通过“切蛋糕并一同分享”来庆祝生日和结婚，所以填：In many cultures, people cut and share decorated cakes for birthday and marriage celebrations.
【43题详解】
主旨大意题。由第三段第一句话“There are foods like bread in other cultures. ”（在其他文化中也有像面包这样的食物）可知，本段主要还是说明食物被赋予了文化性，本段中通过举例说明食物象征着“成功、财富和家庭团结等”美好愿望。所以填：People have different foods to symbolise goodwill in different cultures.
【44题详解】
推理判断题。由文章最后一句话“ The food people eat during celebrations may have a long history and can symbolize many things, but sharing food is one custom that almost all humans have in common. ”（人们在庆祝活动中吃的食物可能有着悠久的历史，象征着很多东西，但分享食物是几乎所有人类的共同习俗。）可知，虽然历史悠久，但有很多象征意义，人们相信这些习俗能够带来好运（可以举一个例子），所以代代相传。所以填：These food traditions have a long history. They usually represent good meanings. For example, round foods symbolize family unity; a cake with a coin stands for success. People believe that these customs will bring good luck, and they pass them down from one generation to another, forming their unique cultures. That is the reason why many of them are still important today.
【点睛】
第二节(20分)
45. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。近期你班同学普遍加强了英语听说训练，但是仍然存在一些困惑。请你给外教Jim写封邮件，邀请他下周为大家做一次专题讲座。邮件内容包括:
1. 介绍同学们的听说训练情况；
2. 希望提供更有效的学习方法;
3. 询问对方的意向。
注意:1. 词数不少于80；
2. 邮件的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
How is everything going? As you know we’ve strengthened English listening and speaking training since this term, but we still have some confusion. Knowing you are an expert in it, I’m writing to invite you to make a special lecture for us.
Now many of us have been studying with the help of online courses. We listen to the tape and do a simple follow-up every day, trying to imitate the pronunciation and intonation. Besides, we have increased the awareness of speaking English properly according to different occasions.
But some of us still find it hard to improve English within a limited time and wonder if there are some better learning methods. As an experienced teacher, you must have many views. We really hope you can put forward some effective learning methods for us. Could you come and give us some guidance? Please let us know by this weekend if you could accept the invitation.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【分析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给外教Jim写封邮件，邀请他下周为大家做一次关于如何加强英语听说的专题讲座。
【详解】第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和现在完成时,少量现在完成进行时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1. 介绍同学们的听说训练情况；
2. 希望提供更有效的学习方法;
3. 询问对方的意向。
第二步:列提纲 （重点词组）
strengthen English listening and speaking;be an expert in; with the help of; increase the awareness of; improve English; put forward; look forward to
第三步：连词成句
1.As you know, we’ve strengthened English listening and speaking training since this term, but we still have some confusion.
2. Knowing you are an expert in it, I’m writing to invite you to make a special lecture for us.
3. Now many of us have been studying with the help of online courses.
4.Besides, we have increased the awareness of speaking English properly according to different occasions.
5.But some of us still find it hard to improve English within a limited time and wonder if there are some better learning methods.
6.We really hope you can put forward some effective learning methods for us.
7.Looking forward to your reply.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also), including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，
第五步：润色修改
【点睛】范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中使用了主从复合句，如：Please let us know by this weekend if you could accept the invitation这句话运用了if引导的条件状语从句。使用了一些固定词组，如be an expert in; with the help of; put forward; look forward to等。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
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