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人教版 (2019)必修 第一册Unit 3 Sports and fitness优秀学案
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这是一份人教版 (2019)必修 第一册Unit 3 Sports and fitness优秀学案，共34页。学案主要包含了2018全国卷I，2019全国卷III等内容，欢迎下载使用。
Unit 3 SPORTS AND FITNESS
1.1 Reading and Thinking
重点单词
1. 健康; 健壮；适合n._________________; 健康adj. _______________
2. vt. 主办；主持_______________; n． 主人；东道主；节目主持人_______________;
n. 女主人; 女主持人_______________
3. n. 跑道；足迹; 铁路轨道_______________；铁路轨道vt.& vi. 跟踪; 追踪______________；t n.[C] 追踪者；跟踪者______________；
4. n. 运动员；运动健儿______________；;运动的；健身的adj. ______________；
5. n. 荣誉；尊重；荣幸; ______________；adj. 荣幸的；荣耀的______________；
6. n. 荣誉；光荣；赞美______________；;adj.荣誉的；赞美的______________；
7. n. 决心；决定______________； vt. 决定；下定决心；确定______________；adj. 坚决的；有决心的______________；
8. vt. 使受伤；损害______________； adj. 受伤的；有伤的______________； n. 伤害；损伤 ______________；
9./ n.力量；体力______________； vt. 加强；巩固；使坚强vi. 变强______________； adj. 强壮的; 坚强的______________；
10. n. 失败；失败的人（或事物）______________； vi. & vt. 失败；未能（做到）；不及格______________；
11. vi. 竞争；对抗______________； n. 比赛；竞赛______________；
n. 竞争者______________； adj. 竞争的；有竞争力的______________；
12. n. 压力；紧张；重音 ______________；vt. 强调；重读；使焦虑不安 vi.焦虑不安______________；adj.焦虑的，有压力的；______________；压力大的_______adj.
目标短语
1. _______________________做成某事
2. _____________________树立一个榜样
3. _____________________是有意义的
4. _____________________假装做
5. _____________________做出改变
6. _____________________剪下
7. _____________________一起来
8. _____________________计算出
9. fall apart_____________________
10. lost heart_____________________
11. give up____________________
12. even if/even though___________
13. rather than_____________________
14. compare...to/with____________
now and then____________________
重点语法
附加疑问句
【答案】
重点单词
1. fitness fit 2.host host hostess 3. Track track tracker
4.athlete athletic 5.glory glorious 6.honor honored
7.determination determine determined 8.injure injured injury
9.strength strengthen strong 10.failure fail
11.compete competition competitor competitive
12.stress stress stressed stressful
目标短语
1. make it做成某事
2. set an example树立一个榜样
3. make sense是有意义的
4. pretend to do假装做
5. make a difference做出改变
6. cut out剪下
7. come along一起来
8. work out计算出
9. fall apart崩溃
10. lost heart失去的心
11. give up放弃
12. even if/even though即使/即使
13. rather than而不是
compare...to/with比较…/now and then现在和以后
1. fitness /ˈfɪtnəs/ n.健康; 健壮；适合
Sports and Fitness运动与健康 （P35）
health and fitness 卫生与健康
a fitness center健身中心
They're doing exercises to improve their fitness. 他们为增强体质而做体操.
2. event / ɪˈvent/ n. 比赛项目；大事；公开活动
an e-sports event 电子竞技项目（P36）
Badminton is traditional advantage event in China. 我国羽毛球是传统优势运动项目。
3. come along 跟随；到达；进步；赶快
Would you like to come along? 你一起来吗？（P36）
Come along with me, boys, don’t keeping everybody waiting.
孩子们跟我来, 大家都在等你俩呢。
Come along or we'll miss the train. 快点,不然就会赶不上火车。
4. ski / ski:/
adj. 滑雪的
ski race滑雪比赛（P37）
ski boots 滑雪靴
He went on a ski trip with some friends. 他和一些朋友滑雪去了。
v. 滑雪；go skiing 去滑雪
I like to ski on the snow. 我喜欢在雪上滑雪。
5. host /həʊst/
vt. 主办；主持
Zhangjiakou will host the Youth Ski Race in December.
十二月份张家口要举办青年滑雪比赛。（P37）
n． 主人；东道主；节目主持人；host family寄宿家庭（人们出国时所借宿的人家）
Do you want to learn to speak English well? Why not go to England and stay with a host family?
你想学说一口好的英语吗？为什么不去英国与房东一家人住在一起呢？
hostess /ˈhəʊstəs/ n. 女主人; 女主持人
Mary was always the perfect hostess. 玛丽总是最殷勤的女主人。
6. track /træk/
n. 跑道；足迹；铁路轨道
track and field 田径
track - and - field lover 田径爱好者（P37）
Are you also taking part in the track - and - field events today?
你今天也要去参加田径比赛吗 ?
Suddenly an athlete fell on to the running track. 突然一名运动员摔倒在赛跑跑道上。
We followed the bear's tracks in the snow. 我们跟着熊在雪地上留下的足迹走。
vt.& vi. 跟踪; 追踪
The hunter tracked this wolf and killed it. 猎人跟踪这只狼，并杀死了它。
7. gym / dʒɪm / n. 健身房; 体育馆
Come and work out at a gym! 来健身房锻炼吧！（P37）
Our school has recently built a new gym. 我们学校最近新建了一个体育馆。
gymnastics / dʒɪmˈnæstɪks / n. 体操（训练）
Gymnastics is his favourite sport. 体操是他最喜爱的运动。
8. work out 锻炼；计算出；解决
Come and work out at a gym! 来健身房锻炼吧！（P37）
I work out at a gym twice a week. 我一周去健身房锻炼两次。
She find it difficult to work out the problem. 她发现解决这问题有困难。
I can't work out how to do it. 我无法解答怎么做它。
9. sweat / swet /
vt. 使出汗；出汗弄湿
Sweat your way to good health. 用汗水保持身体健康。（P37）
vi. 出汗；流汗
The weather in summer is very hot, so I always sweat.
夏天的天气那么热，所以我总是在流汗。
n. 汗水; 出汗
The Great Wall was built with the blood and sweat of the labouring people.
长城是用劳动人民的血汗建成的。
10. make it 获得成功；准时到达
You can make it! 你会成功的！（P37）
Work hard and you can make it. 努力学习，你会成功的。
I believe anyone can make it if he tries hard. 我相信只要努力任何人都能成功的。
11. master / ˈmɑ:stə(r)/
n. 高手; 主人
Deng Yaping is a master of pingpang. 邓亚萍是一个乒乓球高手。
The dog was running behind its master. 狗跟在它主人后面跑着。
vt. 精通；掌握
Students are expected to master a second language. 学生应该掌握一门第二语言。
12. set an example 树立榜样
They must be athletes who are masters in their sports and also set good examples for others. 他们一定是一些远动员，是他们领域的高手，并且给别人树立好榜样。（P38）
Parents should set a good example for their children. 父母亲应该为孩子树立好榜样.
13. honour / 'ɒnə(r)/ n. 荣誉；尊重；荣幸
We won the game and brought honour to our school. 我们赢得了比赛，为学校赢得了荣誉。
the guest of honour 贵宾
in honour of为纪念，为表示敬意
They held a party in honor of the foreign visitors. 他们为国外来访者举办了晚会。
14. championship /ˈtʃæmpiənʃɪp / n. 锦标赛; 冠军赛；冠军称号
As a coach, she led the China women's volleyball team to medal at world championships and the Olympics.
作为一名教练，她带领中国女排在世界锦标赛和奥林匹克运动会上赢得奖牌。（P38）
champion / ˈtʃæmpiən/ n. 冠军; 优胜者
Two weeks later they were world champions! 两周后她们成了世界冠军。（P38）
15. determination /dɪˌtɜ:mɪˈneɪʃn/ n. 决心；决定
When the Chinese team was preparing for the 2015 World Cup, her determination was tested. 当中国队正在备战2015年世界杯时，她的决心受到了考验。（P38）
He fought the illness with courage and determination.
他勇敢顽强地与疾病作斗争。
determine /dɪ'tɜ:mɪn/ vt. 决定；下定决心；确定
They determined to start early. 他们决定早点出发。
determined /dɪ'tɜ:mɪnd/ adj. 坚决的；有决心的
A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.
无论工作有多困难，一个有决心的人总是会设法完成它。
be determined to do sth. 决心做某事
She was determined to become a doctor and her hard work paid off.
她决心成为医生，她的努力取得了成功。
16.apart / əˈpɑ:t / adv.分离；分开；成碎片
I can't tell the twins apart . 我分不出这一对双胞胎中谁是谁。
I needed to take apart my computer. 我得把我的电脑拆开。
fall apart破裂；破碎；崩溃
The team that Lang Ping had built was falling apart.
郎平组建的队伍正在分崩离析。（P38）
17. injure / ˈɪndʒə(r)/ vt. 使受伤；损害
Three people were killed and five were injured in the crash. 撞车事故中有三人死亡，五人受伤。
injured / ˈɪndʒəd / adj. 受伤的；有伤的
One of the best players had been injure. 最好的球员之一受伤了。（P38）
Luckily, she isn't injured. 幸运的是，她没受伤。
injury / ˈɪndʒəri / n. 伤害；损伤
serious injury/injuries 重伤
Two players are out of the team because of injury . 两名队员因伤退出了比赛。
18. lose heart丧失信心；泄气
Losing two important players was a big challenge, but Lang Ping did not lose hear.
失去两名重要球员是一个巨大的挑战，但郎平没有灰心。（P38）
We shouldn't lose heart. We may have another try. 我们不应该灰心,我们可以再试一次.
lose one's heart to 爱上
When he was a child, he lost his heart to poems. 他是个孩子时就喜欢上诗歌。
19. graceful /ˈgreɪsfl / adj. 优美的；优雅的
The player who became known as “Air Jordan” changed basketball with his graceful moves and jump. 这个被称为“飞人乔丹”的球员以他优雅的动作和跳跃改变了篮球。（P38）
His handwriting is flowing and graceful. 他的字写得流畅优美。
20. strength / streŋθ/ n.力量；体力
Jordan's skills were impressive, but the mental strength that he showed made him unique. 乔丹的技能令人印象深刻，但他表现出来的精神力量使他与众不同（P38）。
She didn't have the strength to walk any further. 她再也走不动了。
strengthen /ˈstreŋθn/ vt. 加强；巩固；使坚强； vi. 变强
Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. 参加锻炼可以增强我们的体质。
The wind strengthened overnight. 夜里，风更大了。
strong /strɒŋ/ adj. 强壮的; 坚强的
He's strong enough to lift a car! 他力气大得能抬起一辆汽车！
21. failure / ˈfeɪljə(r) / n. 失败；失败的人（或事物）
Jordan says that the secret to his success is learning from his failures. 乔丹说他成功的秘诀是从失败中吸取教训。（P38）
Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
fail / feɪl/ vi. & vt. 失败；未能（做到）；不及格
I can accept failure; everyone fails at something. 我可以接受失败；每个人都会在某件事上失败。（P38）
She failed to get into art college. 她未能进入艺术学院。
22. give up放弃；投降
Losing games taught him to practise harder and never give up.
输掉比赛教会了他更努力训练，永不放弃。（P38）
She doesn't give up easily. 她决不轻易认输。
23. compete / kəmˈpi:t / vi. 竞争；对抗
An athlete should think about honour and his/her fan if he / she is competing for his/her country. 如果为国家参赛，运动员应该考虑荣誉和他的球迷。（P41）
compete in sth. 参加……比赛（竞争）
He's hoping to compete in the London marathon. 他期盼着参加伦敦马拉松比赛。
compete with/against sb. 同某人比赛（竞争）
compete for sth. 为……比赛（竞争）
They competed with each other to attract more customers. 他们互相竞争以吸引更多的顾客。
【拓展】
（1）competition /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ n. 比赛；竞赛； in competition with与……竞争
We are in competition with four other companies for the contract. 我们在与其他四家公司竞争这项合同。
（2）competitor / kəmˈpetɪtə(r) / n. 竞争者
（3）competitive /kəmˈpetətɪv/ adj. 竞争的；有竞争力的
We need to work harder to remain competitive with other companies.
我们必须更加努力工作以保持对其他公司具有竞争力。
24. make sense 有道理；合乎情理；表述清楚
That doesn't make any sense! 这个行不通/没有意义。（P41）
This sentence doesn't make sense. 这句话没意义。
make sense of 懂得； 了解 ... 的意义
Can you make sense of what I say?你能领会我说的意思吗？
25. pretend /prɪˈtend/ vi.& vt.假装；装扮
He pretended to his family that everything was fine. 他对家人佯称一切都好。
pretend to do sth 假装做某事
A soccer player should not pretend to fall down even if it helps his/her team.
足球运动员即使是帮助自己的球队也不能假摔。（P41）
pretend to be doing sth 假装正在做某事（强调动作正在进行）
The boy pretended to be doing his homework when his mother came in．当他妈妈进来的时候，这个男孩假装正在做作业。
pretend to have done sth 假装做了某事（强调假装的动作已经完成）
He pretended to have forgotten his promise．他假装忘记了他的承诺。
26. even if/though 即使；虽然。
Even even if/though it should rain tomorrow, they will go for an outing. 即使明天下雨，他们也要去游览。
Even if/though the forest park is far away, a lot of people visit it every year. 即使那个森林公园很遥远，但是每年都有很多游客到那里参观。
27. million / ˈmɪljən / num. —百万
They sold their house for about 1.4 million pounds. 他们把的房子卖了140万英镑。
millions of 数百万的
It is wrong to pay people millions of yuan to play sport.
给人们几百万元来参加体育运动是不对的。（P41）
28.cheat / tʃi:t /
vi.作弊；舞弊
You should never cheat. 你永远不应该作弊。（P41）
John cheated in the exam, and the teacher kicked him out of the class.
约翰考试作弊，结果被老师赶出了教室。
vt. 欺骗；蒙骗
Although people may cheat you, be honest anyway.
虽然人们可能会欺骗你，但不管怎样，你都要诚实。
He cheated the old lady of her money. 他骗取了老太太的钱。
n. 欺骗手段；骗子
He looks honest, but actually he is a cheat.
他看上去挺厚道，可实际上他是个骗子。
29. audience / ˈɔːdiəns / n. 观众；听众
I see what you mean, but the audience wants fair play.
我明白你的意思，但观众希望公平竞争。（P41）
The audience were greatly moved by his performance. 观众们被他的表演深深打动。
30.positive / ˈpɒzətɪv / adj. 积极的；正面的；乐观的；肯定的
By being positive about myself and my body, I became both happier and healthier.通过对自己和身体保持积极的态度，我变得更快乐、更健康。（P42）
Keep a positive attitude and good things will happen. 保持乐观的心态，好事自然会发生。
I was positive that things were going to turn out fine. 我确信事情最终会好起来的。
31.diet / ˈdaɪət /
n.规定饮食；日常饮食； vi.节食
I worried about my weight and tried every new diet I read about online.
我担心我的体重，尝试了我在网上看到的每一种新的饮食。（P42）
a balanced diet 均衡的饮食
a low-fat, salt-free diet低脂肪无盐的饮食
go on a diet/ be on a diet节食
I decided to go on a diet before my holiday. 我决定在休假前节食。
32.make a difference有作用或影响
I had no idea a letter could make such a difference! 我不知道一封信会有这么大影响！（P42）
It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.
这表明懂得急救知识的确能发挥重要作用。
Whether he is here or not will make no difference to our work.
他在不在对我们的工作没有影响。
33.rather / ˈrɑ:ðə(r) / adv. 相 当 ；有点儿
I didn't fail the exam; in fact I did rather well!
我没有考不及格，事实上，我考得不错！
It was a rather difficult question. 这是个相当难的问题。
rather than 而不是
Once I started thinking about fitness rather than weight, things began to change.
一旦我开始考虑健康而不是体重时，情况开始发生变化。（P42）
Rather than cutting out the foods I enjoyed, I added healthy foods to my meal.
不是停止吃我喜欢的食物，我在饮食上加了健康的食品。（P42）
【拓展】 rather than用法
一、rather than用作连词，连接两个平行结构。既可以表示主观愿望上的决择，“与其…宁可…”，也可以表示客观程度上的差异，“与其说是…不如说是…”。后可以接代词、名词、形容词、动名词、过去分词、不等式、谓语动词和从句。例如：
1）I, rather than you, should do the work.该做这工作的是我，而不是你。
2）John ought to go rather than Jean.约翰比琴更应该去。
3）These shoes are comfortable rather than for your friend.这鞋不好看可是舒服。
4)He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.他那时是在写信而不是看报纸。
5)She insisted on having the room papered rather than painted.她坚持要用纸裱糊房间，而不是把房间粉刷一下。
6)I decided to write rather than telephone.我决定写信而不是打电话。
7) Shall we go for a walk rather than watch television?咱们不看电视，出去散步，好不好？
8)He ran rather than walked.他跑步而不是步行。
9)It was what he meant rather than what he said.
那是指他话中的意思，而不是他所说的话。
二、rather than用作介词
和as well as及instead of一样，rather than后面跟一个和母句中的动词形式并不匹配的ing分词分句时，它是介词，而不是准并列连词：
Rather than a new car, he bought a color television.他买了一台彩电，而不是一辆新车。
Let's finish the job today, rather than leaving it till tomorrow.
让咱们今天干完工作，而不是留到明天。
34. push -up /' pʊʃʌp / n. ( especially NAmE ) 俯卧撑
I want to be able to do 30 push-up. 我想做30个俯卧撑。（P42）
How many push-ups can you do in a minute? 你一分钟能做多少个俯卧撑？
35. cut out 停止做（或使用、食用）；剪下
Rather than cutting out the foods I enjoyed, I added healthy foods to my meal.
不是停止吃我喜欢的食物，我在饮食上加了健康的食物。（P42）
36. now and then有时；偶尔
I could still have a burger now and then, but I would add a salad or an apple.
我偶尔还会吃汉堡，但是我要加沙拉或苹果。（P42）
I like to go to the cinema now and then. 我喜欢偶尔去看电影。
37.compare… with/to… 与……比较
Finally, I stopped comparing myself with actresses and models and looking for things that were wrong with my face or body.最后，我不再拿自己跟女演员和模特比较, 也不再挑剔我的脸上或身体上的毛病了。（P42）
We often compare a teacher to a candle．我们常把老师比喻成蜡烛。
Books can be compared to friends. 书可以比喻为朋友。
compared with/to与……比起来（做方式状语）
Compared to/with our parents, we have greater opportunities to have a good time.
和我们的父母比起来，我们有更多机会享受生活。
38. stress /stres/
n. 压力；紧张；重音
Kids these days already have enough stress from school.
现在的孩子们已经承担了足够多的学习压力。
Things can easily go wrong when people are under stress . 人在压力下，办事情容易出差错。
Stress can lead to many sicknesses. 心理压力常常导致一些疾病。
vt. 强调；重读；使焦虑不安
He stressed the importance of a good education. 他强调了接受良好教育的重要性。
vi.焦虑不安
I try not to stress out when things go wrong. 出问题时，我尽量不紧张。
一、单词拼写
1．According to the old______________ (传说), Romulus and Remus were the founders of Rome.
2．Liu Xiang is a great ______________ (运动员)．
3．She won a silver ______________ (奖牌) in the Olympics.
4．Nelson Piquet, three times world ______________ (冠军), was injured.
5．Remind John not to do an ______________ (损伤) to himself when he plays outdoors.
6．She is such a ______________ (优雅的) old lady that we all like her.
7．The patient was too weak to have the ______________ (力量) to stand up.
8．It was a great ______________ (荣幸) to be invited here today.
二、单句语法填空
1．We have won a ______________ (glory) victory over our opponents.
2．But unfortunately, my left foot _______________ (injure) in the football game.
3．I think you had better give up alcohol.
4．To make yourself ______________,_you should get more exercise to ______________ your muscles. (strength)
5．Tom worked hard and set _________example to his classmates.
6．Her hard work, ______________ (determine) and luck got her into a medical school.
三、选词填空
relate ... to ...， become known as， give up， set a good example， fall apart， lose heart， prepare for， share ... with
1．He dropped out of school at age 16 and his health started to ______________.
2．Siberian Tiger ______________ the king of the forest in the world.
3．I ______________ a dormitory ______________ some other students.
4．We need to take action to ______________ the game from now on.
5．My uncle hasn't been able to ______________ smoking, but at least he has cut down.
6．A teacher should ______________ for students by behaving himself very well at any moment.
7．We shall not ______________ in the face of difficulties.
8．The children enjoyed____________ their imaginary adventures _______ the visitors.
四、完成句子
1．Marie Curie, a famous scientist, ___________________________ (已经树立了好榜样)．
2．____________________________ (我们一直想念他们) since they left here.
3．Most people say ___________________________ (成功的秘诀是努力)．
4．We must ___________________________ (找方法交流) with others more.
5．___________________________ (尽管她是一个失败者) in life, she gained great success in her career.
6．My shelf ______________ (快散架了), because many books are on it.
答案
一、单词拼写
1．According to the old legend (传说), Romulus and Remus were the founders of Rome.
2．Liu Xiang is a great athlete (运动员)．
3．She won a silver medal (奖牌) in the Olympics.
4．Nelson Piquet, three times world champion (冠军), was injured.
5．Remind John not to do an injury (损伤) to himself when he plays outdoors.
6．She is such a graceful (优雅的) old lady that we all like her.
7．The patient was too weak to have the strength (力量) to stand up.
8．It was a great honour (荣幸) to be invited here today.
二、单句语法填空
1．We have won a glorious (glory) victory over our opponents.
2．But unfortunately, my left foot was_injured (injure) in the football game.
3．I think you had better give up alcohol.
4．To make yourself strong,_you should get more exercise to strengthen your muscles. (strength)
5．Tom worked hard and set an example to his classmates.
6．Her hard work, determination (determine) and luck got her into a medical school.
三、选词填空
relate ... to ...， become known as， give up， set a good example， fall apart， lose heart， prepare for， share ... with
1．He dropped out of school at age 16 and his health started to fall_apart.
2．Siberian Tiger becomes_known_as the king of the forest in the world.
3．I share a dormitory with some other students.
4．We need to take action to prepare_for the game from now on.
5．My uncle hasn't been able to give_up smoking, but at least he has cut down.
6．A teacher should set_a_good_example for students by behaving himself very well at any moment.
7．We shall not lose_heart in the face of difficulties.
8．The children enjoyed relating their imaginary adventures to the visitors.
四、完成句子
1．Marie Curie, a famous scientist, has_set_a_good_example (已经树立了好榜样)．
2．We_have_been_missing_them (我们一直想念他们) since they left here.
3．Most people say the_secret_to_success_is_hard_work (成功的秘诀是努力)．
4．We must find_a_way_to_communicate (找方法交流) with others more.
5．Though_she_was_a_failure (尽管她是一个失败者) in life, she gained great success in her career.
6．My shelf is_falling_apart (快散架了), because many books are on it.
一、阅读理解
A
People need to relax and enjoy themselves. One way they can have a good time is to watch a baseball game or another sports event. Even thousands of years ago, groups of people gathered to watch skilled athletes.
Over 2,000 years ago in Greece, certain days in the year were festival days. These were holidays when people stopped work and enjoyed themselves. They liked to watch athletes take part in races and other games of skills.
The most important festival was held every four years at the town of Olympia. It was held in honour of the Greek god Zeus. For five days, athletes from all parts of the Greek world took part in the Olympic Games. At the Olympic Games, people could watch them box, run, jump and so on. There was a relay race between two teams of men in which a lighted torch (火炬) was passed from runner to runner. The Olympic Games were thought to be so important that cities which were at war with one another had to stop fighting. People were allowed to travel to the games freely. Thousands of people came to Olympia from cities in Greece and from its colonies (殖民地) in Africa, Asia and Italy. They met as friends to cheer their favourite athletes and to enjoy themselves.
21．What happened in Greece over 2,000 years ago?
A．People stopped work and enjoyed themselves.
B．The cities there were often against one another.
C．People watched baseball games.
D．People didn't go to any games at all.
22．What did people do at the games?
A．They fought.
B．They just talked to friends.
C．They cheered for good athletes.
D．They tried to find friends.
23．Greek cities then were fighting so they ________.
A．were weak
B．were strong
C．couldn't go to other cities freely
D．could see each other
B
Vitamin B could help lessen the effects of the most dangerous types of air pollution, according to a new study published recently. In the first study of its kind, a team of international researchers looked at the damage caused by one of the pollutants that has the most severe impact on health: PM2.5.
Particulate matter, or PM, is a type of air pollutant consisting of small particles of different sizes. PM2.5 has a diametre of fewer than 2.5 micrometres, about 30 times smaller than a human hair. These particles are so small that they can go into our respiratory system (呼吸系统), resulting in lung and systemic inflammation (炎症) and stress.
The team found that something as simple as a daily vitamin B supplement could potentially reduce the impact of the tiny particles on the human body，although they stressed that the research was in its early stages and the sample size was small.
For this study, 10 volunteers were initially exposed to clean air and given a placebo (安慰剂) to check their responses. The group then took another placebo for four weeks before being exposed to heavily polluted air from downtown Toronto, where an estimated 1,000 cars pass every hour. The bad air was delivered to the volunteers through an “oxygentype” face mask. The experiment was then repeated, with each volunteer taking a vitamin B supplement daily made up of 2.5 mg of folic acid, 50 mg of vitamin B6, and 1 mg of vitamin B12.B6 can be found in liver, chicken and nuts, and B12 in fish, meat, eggs, milk and some cereals.
The researchers found that four weeks of B vitamin supplements reduced the damage of PM2.5 exposure by 28%－76%. The results highlight how prevention at an individual level could be used to fight the harmful effects of PM2.5.
24．Why is PM2.5 harmful to our health?
A．It pollutes and poisons the air.
B．It is too much to be got rid of.
C．It carries viruses and diseases.
D．It is easily breathed in and damages our body.
25．What can we infer from Paragraph 3?
A．The process of the research was not scientific.
B．This kind of research has been done many times.
C．Further studies are needed to confirm their findings.
D．Vitamin B is hard to obtain in people's daily life.
26．What is the text mainly about?
A．International researchers have a new finding.
B．Vitamin B could reduce the damage of PM2.5.
C．Particulate matter does great harm to our health.
D．Emission control and regulation are badly needed.
27．The new study was probably published________.
A．in a science journal
B．on a government website
C．in a fashion magazine
D．in a medical textbook
C
Last week was Sports Day at my daughter's school. She was part of the Yellow House. She had to wear yellow and race for points. The Yellow House won. I was really pleased for my daughter because last year the Green House won. In fact, when the winning house was announced last year, many little faces turned sour. There were many tears and children were bitter because they had lost.
Losing is never fun. From a young age children know that winning is the best result. As parents, we can talk to children about the importance of everyone having a chance to win; we can teach our children to be happy for their friends when a friend wins.
As children grow older they will be exposed to more and more competition. It is important that we teach our children to learn to “bounce back” from losses, to experience loss in a positive way and to keep on going even when they don't achieve the desired outcome.
By teaching children now to be resilient (适应性强的), we can prepare them for adult life in the future. Our children can learn to compete for fun and learn how to bounce back from life's failures and disappointments.
We can talk to our children about competition. We can teach by example and show our kids that losing a game or failing a test is not the end. Losing is simply a chance to try again and a chance to become more successful.
Raising emotionally healthy children is very important for the future generation and by teaching our children the above principles we can help them to overcome the difficulties of life and they will learn to compete in healthy ways throughout their lives.
28．In the first paragraph, the author intends to ________.
A．describe the sports event
B．introduce the topic of the text
C．show the cruelty of competition
D．make a comparison between winners and losers
29．What kind of instruction will the author give to his children?
A．You are allowed to fail.
B．Winning is the best result.
C．Competition is not healthy.
D．You should try your best to win.
30．What is the text mainly about?
A．Preparing children for future life.
B．Raising emotionally healthy children.
C．Teaching children to face failure bravely.
D．Teaching children about healthy competition.
二、七选五
What is friendship? The answers may be different. __31__. We cannot live without friendship just as we cannot live without air or water. Friendship gives us a feeling of safety and warmth, and friendship encourages us to go ahead all the time.
__32__. When we feel happy, we can share our happiness with friends. When we feel down, friends will comfort us. If we are overconfident, our friends can persuade us, and they can make us confident and brave when we are discouraged.
Friendship is valuable. It can touch your heart and give you hope. Many people are proud of having a good friend. __33__. If you help your friends for no reason but simply because they are your friends, this means that you regard your friends as yourself. This is true friendship.
In fact, friendship isn't always easily kept. __34__， you should treat him or her like you want to be treated. Keep the secrets that your friend tells you. Keep your promise with your friend. Share things with your friend. Stick up for your friend. We should try our best to protect the friendship from being hurt. As an old saying goes，“Friendship cannot stand always on one side.” True friendship should be able to stand all kinds of tests.
Because of friendship, our lives are full of happiness. Therefore, the more friends we have, the more pleasure we can share with them.Let's say “Thank you” to our friends for their love and care. __35__， never forget to keep the beautiful friendship!
A．When you want to keep a friend
B．If not, their friendship still cannot last long
C．No matter where we go or who we become
D．Everyone needs friends and is eager to get friendship
E．True friendship must be sincere and must not have conditions
F．But one thing is clear that friendship is the most important thing in our life
G．Sometimes people have good friends when they are young and studying in school
三、完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
I love helping others. One day one year ago, I was on a tour promoting (促进) acts of __36__ in Denver. I met a man called James Moss. James Moss was a(n) __37__ father living in the city with his 2yearold son. When I first met Moss, I did not __38__ the father's situation. After speaking with him I __39__ that Moss had moved from New York to Denver only a few days before. I was __40__ told he hadn't found a house to live in.
Though he had no home with a young child, Moss had a __41__ attitude. He explained that he was happy and __42__ inside. He also said he'd change his __43__ soon. At the end of our __44__， I gave Moss $1,000 and a weeklong stay in a __45__ with his son.
__46__ we were talking, I recorded our talk. Later I posted the video on YouTube. But I __47__ to do more to help the father. I __48__ a GoFundMe campaign.“James is a __49__ father and man，” I wrote on the campaign site.“Let's make kindness __50__ to him and his son and show him some love and that there are still good __51__ in this world.”
In just five days, more than $35,000 was donated to the campaign. I __52__ all the money to Moss. With that money, Moss __53__ his life in Denver. Now he has a __54__ and can afford an apartment to live in and his son is now in day care.
I'm so glad that I __55__ this man and his son.
36．A.encouragement B．development
C．happiness D．kindness
37．A.honest B．old
C．homeless D．terrible
38．A.make up B．hope for
C．refer to D．know of
39．A.wished B．guessed
C．learned D．suggested
40．A.hardly B．also
C．still D．never
41．A.positive B．strange
C．disappointing D．friendly
42．A.brave B．peaceful
C．surprised D．worried
43．A.attitude B．name
C．address D．situation
44．A.story B．plan
C．chat D．tour
45．A.street B．hotel
C．factory D．school
46．A.Before B．Though
C．Unless D．While
47．A.decided B．feared
C．refused D．pretended
48．A.knew B．started
C．improved D．found
49．A.selfish B．boring
C．great D．calm
50．A.repeat B．move
C．spread D．happen
51．A.places B．people
C．ideas D．harvests
52．A.gave B．lent
C．pushed D．showed
53．A.risked B．missed
C．changed D．ended
54．A.son B．journey
C．wife D．job
55．A.praised B．helped
C．taught D．recognized
四、语法填空
A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.__56__ (surround) the Forbidden City, many were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing __57__ (dynasty)．In order to establish the strongest power, emperors planned the city and arranged the residential areas.__58__ center of the city Beijing was the royal palace — the Forbidden City.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, after __59__ (close) China came under the influence from abroad, many old hutongs lost __60__ (they) former neat arrangement.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, hutong conditions __61__ (improve)．But in recent years, the houses in many hutongs have been pulled __62__ and replaced by modern buildings.And the hutong today is fading into the shade for __63__ tourists and local people.
However, in the urban district of Beijing houses along hutongs still occupy one __64__ (three) of the total area, providing housing for half population, so many hutongs __65__ (survive)．In this respect, we see the old in the new in Beijing as an ancient yet modern city.
答案解析
一、阅读理解
A篇
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了2 000多年前在古希腊的奥林匹亚镇为纪念希腊主神每四年举行一次的奥运会的相关知识。
21.解析：选B 推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的“The Olympic Games were thought to be so important that cities which were at war with one another had to stop fighting.”可知，两千多年前，希腊的这些城市互相交战，故B项正确。
22解析：选C 细节理解题。由文章最后一段最后一句“They met as friends to cheer their favourite athletes and to enjoy themselves.”可知C项正确。
23解析：选C 推理判断题。由文章最后一段的“People were allowed to travel to the games freely.”可知，人们在运动会期间被允许自由活动。由此可推知，人们在交战的城市之间是不能自由走动的，故C项正确。
B篇
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。吸入人体内的PM2.5(细颗粒物)会导致疾病。不过，研究发现维生素B在一定程度上能降低PM2.5的危害。
24解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“These particles are so small that they can go into our respiratory system (呼吸系统), resulting in lung and systemic inflammation (炎症) and stress”可知，PM2.5(细颗粒物)很小，能进入我们的呼吸系统，导致肺部和全身炎症。
25解析：选C 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“although they stressed that the research was in its early stages and the sample size was small”可知，该项研究目前处于初级阶段且样本规模小，因此还需要更多的研究来证明研究团队的发现。
26解析：选B 主旨大意题。文章第一段和第二段谈到PM2.5的定义以及PM2.5的危害；第三到五段告诉我们维生素B能降低PM2.5的危害，所以B项最能概括文章主旨。
27解析：选A 推理判断题。该文的内容为科学研究发现，很可能出自科学期刊。所以A项正确。
C篇
语篇解读：孩子在成长的过程中会面对很多竞争，而教会他们坦然面对失败是必要的。
28解析：选B 写作目的题。分析第一段和全文的关系可知，本文论述教会孩子坦然面对失败的必要性，而文章第一段显然是通过叙述一个事例来引出本文的话题。
29解析：选A 推理判断题。第二段指出要教导孩子为别人的成功喝彩。第三、四段指出教孩子学会适应失败。由此可知，作者认为失败是可以接受的。
30解析：选D 主旨大意题。综合全文，文章论述让孩子学会坦然面对成败的重要性，即让孩子学会如何健康竞争。
二、七选五
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了什么是友谊以及友谊的特点。
31．选F 上文提到“友谊是什么？答案可能是不同的”，F项“但是有一点很清楚，友谊是我们生活中最重要的东西”与上文形成转折关系，再联系下文可知，应选F。
32．选D D项“每个人都需要朋友，渴望得到友谊”是对下文“当我们感到快乐时，我们可以与朋友分享我们的幸福；当我们感到沮丧时，朋友会安慰我们……”的具体描述，故选D。
33．选E E项中的“True friendship”与下文中的“true friendship”相照应，故选E。
34．选A 下文说你应该像对待你自己一样对待他或她，A项“当你想留住朋友的时候”与下文形成条件关系，故选A。
35．选C 下文说“永远不要忘记保持美丽的友谊”，C项“无论我们走到哪里，无论我们成为谁”与之衔接紧密，故选C。
三、完形填空
语篇解读：作者帮助了一对无家可归的父子，让他们过上了更好的生活。
36解析：选D 根据后文作者帮助James Moss的语境可知，作者是在促进“好心”行为。
37解析：选C 根据本段末句“he hadn't found a house to live in”可知，James Moss是位“无家可归的”父亲。
38解析：选D 作者跟James Moss不熟悉，一开始并不“知道”他的处境。
39解析：选C 根据“After speaking with him”可知，跟James Moss聊了一会后，作者“知道”了他的一些情况。
40解析：选B 作者“还”被告知James Moss没有地方住。
41解析：选A 根据“He explained that he was happy”可知，James Moss有着“乐观的”态度。
42解析：选B James Moss有着乐观的态度，他的内心应该是“平静的”。
43解析：选D 上文中作者和James Moss聊到了James Moss的处境，故James Moss应该说他会设法改变他的“处境”。
44解析：选C 根据前文可知，作者跟James Moss在聊天，故这里是指“聊天”快结束的时候。
45解析：选B James Moss跟儿子没地方住，作者应该安排他们在“宾馆”里住了一个星期。
46解析：选D 这里是指当作者跟James Moss聊天的时候，顺便录下了他们的谈话，故选D项，表示“当……时”。
47解析：选A 根据后文可知，作者“决定”做更多的事情来帮助James Moss。
48解析：选B 为了帮助James Moss，作者“发起”了GoFundMe运动。
49解析：选C 为了能够帮助James Moss获得捐款，作者应该说他是一位“很好的”父亲。
50解析：选D 这里是指让善良的举动“发生”。
51解析：选B James Moss需要人们的帮助，应该是让他知道世界上有好“人”。
52解析：选A 这些钱是作者帮助James Moss募捐来的，所以应该把募捐到的钱都“给”了他。
53解析：选C 有了这些钱，James Moss“改变”了自己的生活。
54解析：选D 根据后文的“can afford an apartment to live in”可知，他现在应该是有了一份“工作”。
55解析：选B 根据前文可知，作者“帮助”了James Moss和他的儿子，这是作者感到高兴的事情。
四、语法填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了北京胡同的发展历史、建造作用以及当前的状况等。
56．Surrounding 考查非谓语动词。胡同环绕着紫禁城，它们中的许多建造于元、明、清时期。分析该句结构可知，many前面的部分为状语；主语many代指“胡同”，和动词surround之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词。
57．dynasties 考查名词复数。根据该句中的“Yuan, Ming and Qing”可知，该处指三个朝代，dynasty为可数名词，故该处用复数形式。
58．The 考查定冠词。北京城的中心是皇宫——紫禁城。根据该句中的“of the city Beijing”可知，该处特指“北京城的中心”，故用定冠词The。
59．closed 考查形容词。根据句子结构和空后的名词“China”可知，空处修饰该名词，表示“闭关自守的”，故用形容词。
60．their 考查代词。根据空后的名词短语“former neat arrangement”可知，空处修饰该名词短语，故用形容词性物主代词。
61．were improved 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。1949年中华人民共和国成立以后，胡同的状况得到了改善。该句主语为“hutong conditions”，和动词“improve”之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；由主语“hutong conditions”可知，谓语用复数；根据该句中的时间状语可知，该句介绍过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
62．down 考查介词。但是近年来，许多胡同中的房子被拆毁，取而代之的是现代化的建筑。pull down为固定搭配，意为“拆毁”。
63．both 考查固定搭配。both ...and ...为固定搭配，意为“两者都……”。
64．third 考查数词。该处指“在北京市区的胡同中的房子占整个地区的三分之一”，分母用序数词，故用third。
65．have survived 考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“still occupy”可知，该空表示过去的动作一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。
1. 【2018全国卷I】To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to___68___(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉).
2. 【2019全国卷III】When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 66 （compete）to watch，together with the story behind it.
1.答案：strengthen 考查词性转换。句意：为了避免膝盖疼痛，你可以在柔软的表面跑步，做运动来增强腿部肌肉，避开山丘，穿好的跑鞋。to strengthen your leg muscles(肌肉)是目的状语，故需要用strength的动词形式strengthen。
2.答案及解析：competition考查词性转换。an interesting competition to watch一场有趣的比赛。
Unit 3 SPORTS AND FITNESS
1.1 Reading and Thinking
重点单词
1. 健康; 健壮；适合n._________________; 健康adj. _______________
2. vt. 主办；主持_______________; n． 主人；东道主；节目主持人_______________;
n. 女主人; 女主持人_______________
3. n. 跑道；足迹; 铁路轨道_______________；铁路轨道vt.& vi. 跟踪; 追踪______________；t n.[C] 追踪者；跟踪者______________；
4. n. 运动员；运动健儿______________；;运动的；健身的adj. ______________；
5. n. 荣誉；尊重；荣幸; ______________；adj. 荣幸的；荣耀的______________；
6. n. 荣誉；光荣；赞美______________；;adj.荣誉的；赞美的______________；
7. n. 决心；决定______________； vt. 决定；下定决心；确定______________；adj. 坚决的；有决心的______________；
8. vt. 使受伤；损害______________； adj. 受伤的；有伤的______________； n. 伤害；损伤 ______________；
9./ n.力量；体力______________； vt. 加强；巩固；使坚强vi. 变强______________； adj. 强壮的; 坚强的______________；
10. n. 失败；失败的人（或事物）______________； vi. & vt. 失败；未能（做到）；不及格______________；
11. vi. 竞争；对抗______________； n. 比赛；竞赛______________；
n. 竞争者______________； adj. 竞争的；有竞争力的______________；
12. n. 压力；紧张；重音 ______________；vt. 强调；重读；使焦虑不安 vi.焦虑不安______________；adj.焦虑的，有压力的；______________；压力大的_______adj.
目标短语
1. _______________________做成某事
2. _____________________树立一个榜样
3. _____________________是有意义的
4. _____________________假装做
5. _____________________做出改变
6. _____________________剪下
7. _____________________一起来
8. _____________________计算出
9. fall apart_____________________
10. lost heart_____________________
11. give up____________________
12. even if/even though___________
13. rather than_____________________
14. compare...to/with____________
now and then____________________
重点语法
附加疑问句
【答案】
重点单词
1. fitness fit 2.host host hostess 3. Track track tracker
4.athlete athletic 5.glory glorious 6.honor honored
7.determination determine determined 8.injure injured injury
9.strength strengthen strong 10.failure fail
11.compete competition competitor competitive
12.stress stress stressed stressful
目标短语
1. make it做成某事
2. set an example树立一个榜样
3. make sense是有意义的
4. pretend to do假装做
5. make a difference做出改变
6. cut out剪下
7. come along一起来
8. work out计算出
9. fall apart崩溃
10. lost heart失去的心
11. give up放弃
12. even if/even though即使/即使
13. rather than而不是
compare...to/with比较…/now and then现在和以后
1. fitness /ˈfɪtnəs/ n.健康; 健壮；适合
Sports and Fitness运动与健康 （P35）
health and fitness 卫生与健康
a fitness center健身中心
They're doing exercises to improve their fitness. 他们为增强体质而做体操.
2. event / ɪˈvent/ n. 比赛项目；大事；公开活动
an e-sports event 电子竞技项目（P36）
Badminton is traditional advantage event in China. 我国羽毛球是传统优势运动项目。
3. come along 跟随；到达；进步；赶快
Would you like to come along? 你一起来吗？（P36）
Come along with me, boys, don’t keeping everybody waiting.
孩子们跟我来, 大家都在等你俩呢。
Come along or we'll miss the train. 快点,不然就会赶不上火车。
4. ski / ski:/
adj. 滑雪的
ski race滑雪比赛（P37）
ski boots 滑雪靴
He went on a ski trip with some friends. 他和一些朋友滑雪去了。
v. 滑雪；go skiing 去滑雪
I like to ski on the snow. 我喜欢在雪上滑雪。
5. host /həʊst/
vt. 主办；主持
Zhangjiakou will host the Youth Ski Race in December.
十二月份张家口要举办青年滑雪比赛。（P37）
n． 主人；东道主；节目主持人；host family寄宿家庭（人们出国时所借宿的人家）
Do you want to learn to speak English well? Why not go to England and stay with a host family?
你想学说一口好的英语吗？为什么不去英国与房东一家人住在一起呢？
hostess /ˈhəʊstəs/ n. 女主人; 女主持人
Mary was always the perfect hostess. 玛丽总是最殷勤的女主人。
6. track /træk/
n. 跑道；足迹；铁路轨道
track and field 田径
track - and - field lover 田径爱好者（P37）
Are you also taking part in the track - and - field events today?
你今天也要去参加田径比赛吗 ?
Suddenly an athlete fell on to the running track. 突然一名运动员摔倒在赛跑跑道上。
We followed the bear's tracks in the snow. 我们跟着熊在雪地上留下的足迹走。
vt.& vi. 跟踪; 追踪
The hunter tracked this wolf and killed it. 猎人跟踪这只狼，并杀死了它。
7. gym / dʒɪm / n. 健身房; 体育馆
Come and work out at a gym! 来健身房锻炼吧！（P37）
Our school has recently built a new gym. 我们学校最近新建了一个体育馆。
gymnastics / dʒɪmˈnæstɪks / n. 体操（训练）
Gymnastics is his favourite sport. 体操是他最喜爱的运动。
8. work out 锻炼；计算出；解决
Come and work out at a gym! 来健身房锻炼吧！（P37）
I work out at a gym twice a week. 我一周去健身房锻炼两次。
She find it difficult to work out the problem. 她发现解决这问题有困难。
I can't work out how to do it. 我无法解答怎么做它。
9. sweat / swet /
vt. 使出汗；出汗弄湿
Sweat your way to good health. 用汗水保持身体健康。（P37）
vi. 出汗；流汗
The weather in summer is very hot, so I always sweat.
夏天的天气那么热，所以我总是在流汗。
n. 汗水; 出汗
The Great Wall was built with the blood and sweat of the labouring people.
长城是用劳动人民的血汗建成的。
10. make it 获得成功；准时到达
You can make it! 你会成功的！（P37）
Work hard and you can make it. 努力学习，你会成功的。
I believe anyone can make it if he tries hard. 我相信只要努力任何人都能成功的。
11. master / ˈmɑ:stə(r)/
n. 高手; 主人
Deng Yaping is a master of pingpang. 邓亚萍是一个乒乓球高手。
The dog was running behind its master. 狗跟在它主人后面跑着。
vt. 精通；掌握
Students are expected to master a second language. 学生应该掌握一门第二语言。
12. set an example 树立榜样
They must be athletes who are masters in their sports and also set good examples for others. 他们一定是一些远动员，是他们领域的高手，并且给别人树立好榜样。（P38）
Parents should set a good example for their children. 父母亲应该为孩子树立好榜样.
13. honour / 'ɒnə(r)/ n. 荣誉；尊重；荣幸
We won the game and brought honour to our school. 我们赢得了比赛，为学校赢得了荣誉。
the guest of honour 贵宾
in honour of为纪念，为表示敬意
They held a party in honor of the foreign visitors. 他们为国外来访者举办了晚会。
14. championship /ˈtʃæmpiənʃɪp / n. 锦标赛; 冠军赛；冠军称号
As a coach, she led the China women's volleyball team to medal at world championships and the Olympics.
作为一名教练，她带领中国女排在世界锦标赛和奥林匹克运动会上赢得奖牌。（P38）
champion / ˈtʃæmpiən/ n. 冠军; 优胜者
Two weeks later they were world champions! 两周后她们成了世界冠军。（P38）
15. determination /dɪˌtɜ:mɪˈneɪʃn/ n. 决心；决定
When the Chinese team was preparing for the 2015 World Cup, her determination was tested. 当中国队正在备战2015年世界杯时，她的决心受到了考验。（P38）
He fought the illness with courage and determination.
他勇敢顽强地与疾病作斗争。
determine /dɪ'tɜ:mɪn/ vt. 决定；下定决心；确定
They determined to start early. 他们决定早点出发。
determined /dɪ'tɜ:mɪnd/ adj. 坚决的；有决心的
A determined person always tries to finish the job, no matter how hard it is.
无论工作有多困难，一个有决心的人总是会设法完成它。
be determined to do sth. 决心做某事
She was determined to become a doctor and her hard work paid off.
她决心成为医生，她的努力取得了成功。
16.apart / əˈpɑ:t / adv.分离；分开；成碎片
I can't tell the twins apart . 我分不出这一对双胞胎中谁是谁。
I needed to take apart my computer. 我得把我的电脑拆开。
fall apart破裂；破碎；崩溃
The team that Lang Ping had built was falling apart.
郎平组建的队伍正在分崩离析。（P38）
17. injure / ˈɪndʒə(r)/ vt. 使受伤；损害
Three people were killed and five were injured in the crash. 撞车事故中有三人死亡，五人受伤。
injured / ˈɪndʒəd / adj. 受伤的；有伤的
One of the best players had been injure. 最好的球员之一受伤了。（P38）
Luckily, she isn't injured. 幸运的是，她没受伤。
injury / ˈɪndʒəri / n. 伤害；损伤
serious injury/injuries 重伤
Two players are out of the team because of injury . 两名队员因伤退出了比赛。
18. lose heart丧失信心；泄气
Losing two important players was a big challenge, but Lang Ping did not lose hear.
失去两名重要球员是一个巨大的挑战，但郎平没有灰心。（P38）
We shouldn't lose heart. We may have another try. 我们不应该灰心,我们可以再试一次.
lose one's heart to 爱上
When he was a child, he lost his heart to poems. 他是个孩子时就喜欢上诗歌。
19. graceful /ˈgreɪsfl / adj. 优美的；优雅的
The player who became known as “Air Jordan” changed basketball with his graceful moves and jump. 这个被称为“飞人乔丹”的球员以他优雅的动作和跳跃改变了篮球。（P38）
His handwriting is flowing and graceful. 他的字写得流畅优美。
20. strength / streŋθ/ n.力量；体力
Jordan's skills were impressive, but the mental strength that he showed made him unique. 乔丹的技能令人印象深刻，但他表现出来的精神力量使他与众不同（P38）。
She didn't have the strength to walk any further. 她再也走不动了。
strengthen /ˈstreŋθn/ vt. 加强；巩固；使坚强； vi. 变强
Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. 参加锻炼可以增强我们的体质。
The wind strengthened overnight. 夜里，风更大了。
strong /strɒŋ/ adj. 强壮的; 坚强的
He's strong enough to lift a car! 他力气大得能抬起一辆汽车！
21. failure / ˈfeɪljə(r) / n. 失败；失败的人（或事物）
Jordan says that the secret to his success is learning from his failures. 乔丹说他成功的秘诀是从失败中吸取教训。（P38）
Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
fail / feɪl/ vi. & vt. 失败；未能（做到）；不及格
I can accept failure; everyone fails at something. 我可以接受失败；每个人都会在某件事上失败。（P38）
She failed to get into art college. 她未能进入艺术学院。
22. give up放弃；投降
Losing games taught him to practise harder and never give up.
输掉比赛教会了他更努力训练，永不放弃。（P38）
She doesn't give up easily. 她决不轻易认输。
23. compete / kəmˈpi:t / vi. 竞争；对抗
An athlete should think about honour and his/her fan if he / she is competing for his/her country. 如果为国家参赛，运动员应该考虑荣誉和他的球迷。（P41）
compete in sth. 参加……比赛（竞争）
He's hoping to compete in the London marathon. 他期盼着参加伦敦马拉松比赛。
compete with/against sb. 同某人比赛（竞争）
compete for sth. 为……比赛（竞争）
They competed with each other to attract more customers. 他们互相竞争以吸引更多的顾客。
【拓展】
（1）competition /ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ n. 比赛；竞赛； in competition with与……竞争
We are in competition with four other companies for the contract. 我们在与其他四家公司竞争这项合同。
（2）competitor / kəmˈpetɪtə(r) / n. 竞争者
（3）competitive /kəmˈpetətɪv/ adj. 竞争的；有竞争力的
We need to work harder to remain competitive with other companies.
我们必须更加努力工作以保持对其他公司具有竞争力。
24. make sense 有道理；合乎情理；表述清楚
That doesn't make any sense! 这个行不通/没有意义。（P41）
This sentence doesn't make sense. 这句话没意义。
make sense of 懂得； 了解 ... 的意义
Can you make sense of what I say?你能领会我说的意思吗？
25. pretend /prɪˈtend/ vi.& vt.假装；装扮
He pretended to his family that everything was fine. 他对家人佯称一切都好。
pretend to do sth 假装做某事
A soccer player should not pretend to fall down even if it helps his/her team.
足球运动员即使是帮助自己的球队也不能假摔。（P41）
pretend to be doing sth 假装正在做某事（强调动作正在进行）
The boy pretended to be doing his homework when his mother came in．当他妈妈进来的时候，这个男孩假装正在做作业。
pretend to have done sth 假装做了某事（强调假装的动作已经完成）
He pretended to have forgotten his promise．他假装忘记了他的承诺。
26. even if/though 即使；虽然。
Even even if/though it should rain tomorrow, they will go for an outing. 即使明天下雨，他们也要去游览。
Even if/though the forest park is far away, a lot of people visit it every year. 即使那个森林公园很遥远，但是每年都有很多游客到那里参观。
27. million / ˈmɪljən / num. —百万
They sold their house for about 1.4 million pounds. 他们把的房子卖了140万英镑。
millions of 数百万的
It is wrong to pay people millions of yuan to play sport.
给人们几百万元来参加体育运动是不对的。（P41）
28.cheat / tʃi:t /
vi.作弊；舞弊
You should never cheat. 你永远不应该作弊。（P41）
John cheated in the exam, and the teacher kicked him out of the class.
约翰考试作弊，结果被老师赶出了教室。
vt. 欺骗；蒙骗
Although people may cheat you, be honest anyway.
虽然人们可能会欺骗你，但不管怎样，你都要诚实。
He cheated the old lady of her money. 他骗取了老太太的钱。
n. 欺骗手段；骗子
He looks honest, but actually he is a cheat.
他看上去挺厚道，可实际上他是个骗子。
29. audience / ˈɔːdiəns / n. 观众；听众
I see what you mean, but the audience wants fair play.
我明白你的意思，但观众希望公平竞争。（P41）
The audience were greatly moved by his performance. 观众们被他的表演深深打动。
30.positive / ˈpɒzətɪv / adj. 积极的；正面的；乐观的；肯定的
By being positive about myself and my body, I became both happier and healthier.通过对自己和身体保持积极的态度，我变得更快乐、更健康。（P42）
Keep a positive attitude and good things will happen. 保持乐观的心态，好事自然会发生。
I was positive that things were going to turn out fine. 我确信事情最终会好起来的。
31.diet / ˈdaɪət /
n.规定饮食；日常饮食； vi.节食
I worried about my weight and tried every new diet I read about online.
我担心我的体重，尝试了我在网上看到的每一种新的饮食。（P42）
a balanced diet 均衡的饮食
a low-fat, salt-free diet低脂肪无盐的饮食
go on a diet/ be on a diet节食
I decided to go on a diet before my holiday. 我决定在休假前节食。
32.make a difference有作用或影响
I had no idea a letter could make such a difference! 我不知道一封信会有这么大影响！（P42）
It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.
这表明懂得急救知识的确能发挥重要作用。
Whether he is here or not will make no difference to our work.
他在不在对我们的工作没有影响。
33.rather / ˈrɑ:ðə(r) / adv. 相 当 ；有点儿
I didn't fail the exam; in fact I did rather well!
我没有考不及格，事实上，我考得不错！
It was a rather difficult question. 这是个相当难的问题。
rather than 而不是
Once I started thinking about fitness rather than weight, things began to change.
一旦我开始考虑健康而不是体重时，情况开始发生变化。（P42）
Rather than cutting out the foods I enjoyed, I added healthy foods to my meal.
不是停止吃我喜欢的食物，我在饮食上加了健康的食品。（P42）
【拓展】 rather than用法
一、rather than用作连词，连接两个平行结构。既可以表示主观愿望上的决择，“与其…宁可…”，也可以表示客观程度上的差异，“与其说是…不如说是…”。后可以接代词、名词、形容词、动名词、过去分词、不等式、谓语动词和从句。例如：
1）I, rather than you, should do the work.该做这工作的是我，而不是你。
2）John ought to go rather than Jean.约翰比琴更应该去。
3）These shoes are comfortable rather than for your friend.这鞋不好看可是舒服。
4)He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.他那时是在写信而不是看报纸。
5)She insisted on having the room papered rather than painted.她坚持要用纸裱糊房间，而不是把房间粉刷一下。
6)I decided to write rather than telephone.我决定写信而不是打电话。
7) Shall we go for a walk rather than watch television?咱们不看电视，出去散步，好不好？
8)He ran rather than walked.他跑步而不是步行。
9)It was what he meant rather than what he said.
那是指他话中的意思，而不是他所说的话。
二、rather than用作介词
和as well as及instead of一样，rather than后面跟一个和母句中的动词形式并不匹配的ing分词分句时，它是介词，而不是准并列连词：
Rather than a new car, he bought a color television.他买了一台彩电，而不是一辆新车。
Let's finish the job today, rather than leaving it till tomorrow.
让咱们今天干完工作，而不是留到明天。
34. push -up /' pʊʃʌp / n. ( especially NAmE ) 俯卧撑
I want to be able to do 30 push-up. 我想做30个俯卧撑。（P42）
How many push-ups can you do in a minute? 你一分钟能做多少个俯卧撑？
35. cut out 停止做（或使用、食用）；剪下
Rather than cutting out the foods I enjoyed, I added healthy foods to my meal.
不是停止吃我喜欢的食物，我在饮食上加了健康的食物。（P42）
36. now and then有时；偶尔
I could still have a burger now and then, but I would add a salad or an apple.
我偶尔还会吃汉堡，但是我要加沙拉或苹果。（P42）
I like to go to the cinema now and then. 我喜欢偶尔去看电影。
37.compare… with/to… 与……比较
Finally, I stopped comparing myself with actresses and models and looking for things that were wrong with my face or body.最后，我不再拿自己跟女演员和模特比较, 也不再挑剔我的脸上或身体上的毛病了。（P42）
We often compare a teacher to a candle．我们常把老师比喻成蜡烛。
Books can be compared to friends. 书可以比喻为朋友。
compared with/to与……比起来（做方式状语）
Compared to/with our parents, we have greater opportunities to have a good time.
和我们的父母比起来，我们有更多机会享受生活。
38. stress /stres/
n. 压力；紧张；重音
Kids these days already have enough stress from school.
现在的孩子们已经承担了足够多的学习压力。
Things can easily go wrong when people are under stress . 人在压力下，办事情容易出差错。
Stress can lead to many sicknesses. 心理压力常常导致一些疾病。
vt. 强调；重读；使焦虑不安
He stressed the importance of a good education. 他强调了接受良好教育的重要性。
vi.焦虑不安
I try not to stress out when things go wrong. 出问题时，我尽量不紧张。
一、单词拼写
1．According to the old______________ (传说), Romulus and Remus were the founders of Rome.
2．Liu Xiang is a great ______________ (运动员)．
3．She won a silver ______________ (奖牌) in the Olympics.
4．Nelson Piquet, three times world ______________ (冠军), was injured.
5．Remind John not to do an ______________ (损伤) to himself when he plays outdoors.
6．She is such a ______________ (优雅的) old lady that we all like her.
7．The patient was too weak to have the ______________ (力量) to stand up.
8．It was a great ______________ (荣幸) to be invited here today.
二、单句语法填空
1．We have won a ______________ (glory) victory over our opponents.
2．But unfortunately, my left foot _______________ (injure) in the football game.
3．I think you had better give up alcohol.
4．To make yourself ______________,_you should get more exercise to ______________ your muscles. (strength)
5．Tom worked hard and set _________example to his classmates.
6．Her hard work, ______________ (determine) and luck got her into a medical school.
三、选词填空
relate ... to ...， become known as， give up， set a good example， fall apart， lose heart， prepare for， share ... with
1．He dropped out of school at age 16 and his health started to ______________.
2．Siberian Tiger ______________ the king of the forest in the world.
3．I ______________ a dormitory ______________ some other students.
4．We need to take action to ______________ the game from now on.
5．My uncle hasn't been able to ______________ smoking, but at least he has cut down.
6．A teacher should ______________ for students by behaving himself very well at any moment.
7．We shall not ______________ in the face of difficulties.
8．The children enjoyed____________ their imaginary adventures _______ the visitors.
四、完成句子
1．Marie Curie, a famous scientist, ___________________________ (已经树立了好榜样)．
2．____________________________ (我们一直想念他们) since they left here.
3．Most people say ___________________________ (成功的秘诀是努力)．
4．We must ___________________________ (找方法交流) with others more.
5．___________________________ (尽管她是一个失败者) in life, she gained great success in her career.
6．My shelf ______________ (快散架了), because many books are on it.
答案
一、单词拼写
1．According to the old legend (传说), Romulus and Remus were the founders of Rome.
2．Liu Xiang is a great athlete (运动员)．
3．She won a silver medal (奖牌) in the Olympics.
4．Nelson Piquet, three times world champion (冠军), was injured.
5．Remind John not to do an injury (损伤) to himself when he plays outdoors.
6．She is such a graceful (优雅的) old lady that we all like her.
7．The patient was too weak to have the strength (力量) to stand up.
8．It was a great honour (荣幸) to be invited here today.
二、单句语法填空
1．We have won a glorious (glory) victory over our opponents.
2．But unfortunately, my left foot was_injured (injure) in the football game.
3．I think you had better give up alcohol.
4．To make yourself strong,_you should get more exercise to strengthen your muscles. (strength)
5．Tom worked hard and set an example to his classmates.
6．Her hard work, determination (determine) and luck got her into a medical school.
三、选词填空
relate ... to ...， become known as， give up， set a good example， fall apart， lose heart， prepare for， share ... with
1．He dropped out of school at age 16 and his health started to fall_apart.
2．Siberian Tiger becomes_known_as the king of the forest in the world.
3．I share a dormitory with some other students.
4．We need to take action to prepare_for the game from now on.
5．My uncle hasn't been able to give_up smoking, but at least he has cut down.
6．A teacher should set_a_good_example for students by behaving himself very well at any moment.
7．We shall not lose_heart in the face of difficulties.
8．The children enjoyed relating their imaginary adventures to the visitors.
四、完成句子
1．Marie Curie, a famous scientist, has_set_a_good_example (已经树立了好榜样)．
2．We_have_been_missing_them (我们一直想念他们) since they left here.
3．Most people say the_secret_to_success_is_hard_work (成功的秘诀是努力)．
4．We must find_a_way_to_communicate (找方法交流) with others more.
5．Though_she_was_a_failure (尽管她是一个失败者) in life, she gained great success in her career.
6．My shelf is_falling_apart (快散架了), because many books are on it.
一、阅读理解
A
People need to relax and enjoy themselves. One way they can have a good time is to watch a baseball game or another sports event. Even thousands of years ago, groups of people gathered to watch skilled athletes.
Over 2,000 years ago in Greece, certain days in the year were festival days. These were holidays when people stopped work and enjoyed themselves. They liked to watch athletes take part in races and other games of skills.
The most important festival was held every four years at the town of Olympia. It was held in honour of the Greek god Zeus. For five days, athletes from all parts of the Greek world took part in the Olympic Games. At the Olympic Games, people could watch them box, run, jump and so on. There was a relay race between two teams of men in which a lighted torch (火炬) was passed from runner to runner. The Olympic Games were thought to be so important that cities which were at war with one another had to stop fighting. People were allowed to travel to the games freely. Thousands of people came to Olympia from cities in Greece and from its colonies (殖民地) in Africa, Asia and Italy. They met as friends to cheer their favourite athletes and to enjoy themselves.
21．What happened in Greece over 2,000 years ago?
A．People stopped work and enjoyed themselves.
B．The cities there were often against one another.
C．People watched baseball games.
D．People didn't go to any games at all.
22．What did people do at the games?
A．They fought.
B．They just talked to friends.
C．They cheered for good athletes.
D．They tried to find friends.
23．Greek cities then were fighting so they ________.
A．were weak
B．were strong
C．couldn't go to other cities freely
D．could see each other
B
Vitamin B could help lessen the effects of the most dangerous types of air pollution, according to a new study published recently. In the first study of its kind, a team of international researchers looked at the damage caused by one of the pollutants that has the most severe impact on health: PM2.5.
Particulate matter, or PM, is a type of air pollutant consisting of small particles of different sizes. PM2.5 has a diametre of fewer than 2.5 micrometres, about 30 times smaller than a human hair. These particles are so small that they can go into our respiratory system (呼吸系统), resulting in lung and systemic inflammation (炎症) and stress.
The team found that something as simple as a daily vitamin B supplement could potentially reduce the impact of the tiny particles on the human body，although they stressed that the research was in its early stages and the sample size was small.
For this study, 10 volunteers were initially exposed to clean air and given a placebo (安慰剂) to check their responses. The group then took another placebo for four weeks before being exposed to heavily polluted air from downtown Toronto, where an estimated 1,000 cars pass every hour. The bad air was delivered to the volunteers through an “oxygentype” face mask. The experiment was then repeated, with each volunteer taking a vitamin B supplement daily made up of 2.5 mg of folic acid, 50 mg of vitamin B6, and 1 mg of vitamin B12.B6 can be found in liver, chicken and nuts, and B12 in fish, meat, eggs, milk and some cereals.
The researchers found that four weeks of B vitamin supplements reduced the damage of PM2.5 exposure by 28%－76%. The results highlight how prevention at an individual level could be used to fight the harmful effects of PM2.5.
24．Why is PM2.5 harmful to our health?
A．It pollutes and poisons the air.
B．It is too much to be got rid of.
C．It carries viruses and diseases.
D．It is easily breathed in and damages our body.
25．What can we infer from Paragraph 3?
A．The process of the research was not scientific.
B．This kind of research has been done many times.
C．Further studies are needed to confirm their findings.
D．Vitamin B is hard to obtain in people's daily life.
26．What is the text mainly about?
A．International researchers have a new finding.
B．Vitamin B could reduce the damage of PM2.5.
C．Particulate matter does great harm to our health.
D．Emission control and regulation are badly needed.
27．The new study was probably published________.
A．in a science journal
B．on a government website
C．in a fashion magazine
D．in a medical textbook
C
Last week was Sports Day at my daughter's school. She was part of the Yellow House. She had to wear yellow and race for points. The Yellow House won. I was really pleased for my daughter because last year the Green House won. In fact, when the winning house was announced last year, many little faces turned sour. There were many tears and children were bitter because they had lost.
Losing is never fun. From a young age children know that winning is the best result. As parents, we can talk to children about the importance of everyone having a chance to win; we can teach our children to be happy for their friends when a friend wins.
As children grow older they will be exposed to more and more competition. It is important that we teach our children to learn to “bounce back” from losses, to experience loss in a positive way and to keep on going even when they don't achieve the desired outcome.
By teaching children now to be resilient (适应性强的), we can prepare them for adult life in the future. Our children can learn to compete for fun and learn how to bounce back from life's failures and disappointments.
We can talk to our children about competition. We can teach by example and show our kids that losing a game or failing a test is not the end. Losing is simply a chance to try again and a chance to become more successful.
Raising emotionally healthy children is very important for the future generation and by teaching our children the above principles we can help them to overcome the difficulties of life and they will learn to compete in healthy ways throughout their lives.
28．In the first paragraph, the author intends to ________.
A．describe the sports event
B．introduce the topic of the text
C．show the cruelty of competition
D．make a comparison between winners and losers
29．What kind of instruction will the author give to his children?
A．You are allowed to fail.
B．Winning is the best result.
C．Competition is not healthy.
D．You should try your best to win.
30．What is the text mainly about?
A．Preparing children for future life.
B．Raising emotionally healthy children.
C．Teaching children to face failure bravely.
D．Teaching children about healthy competition.
二、七选五
What is friendship? The answers may be different. __31__. We cannot live without friendship just as we cannot live without air or water. Friendship gives us a feeling of safety and warmth, and friendship encourages us to go ahead all the time.
__32__. When we feel happy, we can share our happiness with friends. When we feel down, friends will comfort us. If we are overconfident, our friends can persuade us, and they can make us confident and brave when we are discouraged.
Friendship is valuable. It can touch your heart and give you hope. Many people are proud of having a good friend. __33__. If you help your friends for no reason but simply because they are your friends, this means that you regard your friends as yourself. This is true friendship.
In fact, friendship isn't always easily kept. __34__， you should treat him or her like you want to be treated. Keep the secrets that your friend tells you. Keep your promise with your friend. Share things with your friend. Stick up for your friend. We should try our best to protect the friendship from being hurt. As an old saying goes，“Friendship cannot stand always on one side.” True friendship should be able to stand all kinds of tests.
Because of friendship, our lives are full of happiness. Therefore, the more friends we have, the more pleasure we can share with them.Let's say “Thank you” to our friends for their love and care. __35__， never forget to keep the beautiful friendship!
A．When you want to keep a friend
B．If not, their friendship still cannot last long
C．No matter where we go or who we become
D．Everyone needs friends and is eager to get friendship
E．True friendship must be sincere and must not have conditions
F．But one thing is clear that friendship is the most important thing in our life
G．Sometimes people have good friends when they are young and studying in school
三、完形填空
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
I love helping others. One day one year ago, I was on a tour promoting (促进) acts of __36__ in Denver. I met a man called James Moss. James Moss was a(n) __37__ father living in the city with his 2yearold son. When I first met Moss, I did not __38__ the father's situation. After speaking with him I __39__ that Moss had moved from New York to Denver only a few days before. I was __40__ told he hadn't found a house to live in.
Though he had no home with a young child, Moss had a __41__ attitude. He explained that he was happy and __42__ inside. He also said he'd change his __43__ soon. At the end of our __44__， I gave Moss $1,000 and a weeklong stay in a __45__ with his son.
__46__ we were talking, I recorded our talk. Later I posted the video on YouTube. But I __47__ to do more to help the father. I __48__ a GoFundMe campaign.“James is a __49__ father and man，” I wrote on the campaign site.“Let's make kindness __50__ to him and his son and show him some love and that there are still good __51__ in this world.”
In just five days, more than $35,000 was donated to the campaign. I __52__ all the money to Moss. With that money, Moss __53__ his life in Denver. Now he has a __54__ and can afford an apartment to live in and his son is now in day care.
I'm so glad that I __55__ this man and his son.
36．A.encouragement B．development
C．happiness D．kindness
37．A.honest B．old
C．homeless D．terrible
38．A.make up B．hope for
C．refer to D．know of
39．A.wished B．guessed
C．learned D．suggested
40．A.hardly B．also
C．still D．never
41．A.positive B．strange
C．disappointing D．friendly
42．A.brave B．peaceful
C．surprised D．worried
43．A.attitude B．name
C．address D．situation
44．A.story B．plan
C．chat D．tour
45．A.street B．hotel
C．factory D．school
46．A.Before B．Though
C．Unless D．While
47．A.decided B．feared
C．refused D．pretended
48．A.knew B．started
C．improved D．found
49．A.selfish B．boring
C．great D．calm
50．A.repeat B．move
C．spread D．happen
51．A.places B．people
C．ideas D．harvests
52．A.gave B．lent
C．pushed D．showed
53．A.risked B．missed
C．changed D．ended
54．A.son B．journey
C．wife D．job
55．A.praised B．helped
C．taught D．recognized
四、语法填空
A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.__56__ (surround) the Forbidden City, many were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing __57__ (dynasty)．In order to establish the strongest power, emperors planned the city and arranged the residential areas.__58__ center of the city Beijing was the royal palace — the Forbidden City.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, after __59__ (close) China came under the influence from abroad, many old hutongs lost __60__ (they) former neat arrangement.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, hutong conditions __61__ (improve)．But in recent years, the houses in many hutongs have been pulled __62__ and replaced by modern buildings.And the hutong today is fading into the shade for __63__ tourists and local people.
However, in the urban district of Beijing houses along hutongs still occupy one __64__ (three) of the total area, providing housing for half population, so many hutongs __65__ (survive)．In this respect, we see the old in the new in Beijing as an ancient yet modern city.
答案解析
一、阅读理解
A篇
语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了2 000多年前在古希腊的奥林匹亚镇为纪念希腊主神每四年举行一次的奥运会的相关知识。
21.解析：选B 推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的“The Olympic Games were thought to be so important that cities which were at war with one another had to stop fighting.”可知，两千多年前，希腊的这些城市互相交战，故B项正确。
22解析：选C 细节理解题。由文章最后一段最后一句“They met as friends to cheer their favourite athletes and to enjoy themselves.”可知C项正确。
23解析：选C 推理判断题。由文章最后一段的“People were allowed to travel to the games freely.”可知，人们在运动会期间被允许自由活动。由此可推知，人们在交战的城市之间是不能自由走动的，故C项正确。
B篇
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。吸入人体内的PM2.5(细颗粒物)会导致疾病。不过，研究发现维生素B在一定程度上能降低PM2.5的危害。
24解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“These particles are so small that they can go into our respiratory system (呼吸系统), resulting in lung and systemic inflammation (炎症) and stress”可知，PM2.5(细颗粒物)很小，能进入我们的呼吸系统，导致肺部和全身炎症。
25解析：选C 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“although they stressed that the research was in its early stages and the sample size was small”可知，该项研究目前处于初级阶段且样本规模小，因此还需要更多的研究来证明研究团队的发现。
26解析：选B 主旨大意题。文章第一段和第二段谈到PM2.5的定义以及PM2.5的危害；第三到五段告诉我们维生素B能降低PM2.5的危害，所以B项最能概括文章主旨。
27解析：选A 推理判断题。该文的内容为科学研究发现，很可能出自科学期刊。所以A项正确。
C篇
语篇解读：孩子在成长的过程中会面对很多竞争，而教会他们坦然面对失败是必要的。
28解析：选B 写作目的题。分析第一段和全文的关系可知，本文论述教会孩子坦然面对失败的必要性，而文章第一段显然是通过叙述一个事例来引出本文的话题。
29解析：选A 推理判断题。第二段指出要教导孩子为别人的成功喝彩。第三、四段指出教孩子学会适应失败。由此可知，作者认为失败是可以接受的。
30解析：选D 主旨大意题。综合全文，文章论述让孩子学会坦然面对成败的重要性，即让孩子学会如何健康竞争。
二、七选五
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了什么是友谊以及友谊的特点。
31．选F 上文提到“友谊是什么？答案可能是不同的”，F项“但是有一点很清楚，友谊是我们生活中最重要的东西”与上文形成转折关系，再联系下文可知，应选F。
32．选D D项“每个人都需要朋友，渴望得到友谊”是对下文“当我们感到快乐时，我们可以与朋友分享我们的幸福；当我们感到沮丧时，朋友会安慰我们……”的具体描述，故选D。
33．选E E项中的“True friendship”与下文中的“true friendship”相照应，故选E。
34．选A 下文说你应该像对待你自己一样对待他或她，A项“当你想留住朋友的时候”与下文形成条件关系，故选A。
35．选C 下文说“永远不要忘记保持美丽的友谊”，C项“无论我们走到哪里，无论我们成为谁”与之衔接紧密，故选C。
三、完形填空
语篇解读：作者帮助了一对无家可归的父子，让他们过上了更好的生活。
36解析：选D 根据后文作者帮助James Moss的语境可知，作者是在促进“好心”行为。
37解析：选C 根据本段末句“he hadn't found a house to live in”可知，James Moss是位“无家可归的”父亲。
38解析：选D 作者跟James Moss不熟悉，一开始并不“知道”他的处境。
39解析：选C 根据“After speaking with him”可知，跟James Moss聊了一会后，作者“知道”了他的一些情况。
40解析：选B 作者“还”被告知James Moss没有地方住。
41解析：选A 根据“He explained that he was happy”可知，James Moss有着“乐观的”态度。
42解析：选B James Moss有着乐观的态度，他的内心应该是“平静的”。
43解析：选D 上文中作者和James Moss聊到了James Moss的处境，故James Moss应该说他会设法改变他的“处境”。
44解析：选C 根据前文可知，作者跟James Moss在聊天，故这里是指“聊天”快结束的时候。
45解析：选B James Moss跟儿子没地方住，作者应该安排他们在“宾馆”里住了一个星期。
46解析：选D 这里是指当作者跟James Moss聊天的时候，顺便录下了他们的谈话，故选D项，表示“当……时”。
47解析：选A 根据后文可知，作者“决定”做更多的事情来帮助James Moss。
48解析：选B 为了帮助James Moss，作者“发起”了GoFundMe运动。
49解析：选C 为了能够帮助James Moss获得捐款，作者应该说他是一位“很好的”父亲。
50解析：选D 这里是指让善良的举动“发生”。
51解析：选B James Moss需要人们的帮助，应该是让他知道世界上有好“人”。
52解析：选A 这些钱是作者帮助James Moss募捐来的，所以应该把募捐到的钱都“给”了他。
53解析：选C 有了这些钱，James Moss“改变”了自己的生活。
54解析：选D 根据后文的“can afford an apartment to live in”可知，他现在应该是有了一份“工作”。
55解析：选B 根据前文可知，作者“帮助”了James Moss和他的儿子，这是作者感到高兴的事情。
四、语法填空
语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了北京胡同的发展历史、建造作用以及当前的状况等。
56．Surrounding 考查非谓语动词。胡同环绕着紫禁城，它们中的许多建造于元、明、清时期。分析该句结构可知，many前面的部分为状语；主语many代指“胡同”，和动词surround之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词。
57．dynasties 考查名词复数。根据该句中的“Yuan, Ming and Qing”可知，该处指三个朝代，dynasty为可数名词，故该处用复数形式。
58．The 考查定冠词。北京城的中心是皇宫——紫禁城。根据该句中的“of the city Beijing”可知，该处特指“北京城的中心”，故用定冠词The。
59．closed 考查形容词。根据句子结构和空后的名词“China”可知，空处修饰该名词，表示“闭关自守的”，故用形容词。
60．their 考查代词。根据空后的名词短语“former neat arrangement”可知，空处修饰该名词短语，故用形容词性物主代词。
61．were improved 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。1949年中华人民共和国成立以后，胡同的状况得到了改善。该句主语为“hutong conditions”，和动词“improve”之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；由主语“hutong conditions”可知，谓语用复数；根据该句中的时间状语可知，该句介绍过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
62．down 考查介词。但是近年来，许多胡同中的房子被拆毁，取而代之的是现代化的建筑。pull down为固定搭配，意为“拆毁”。
63．both 考查固定搭配。both ...and ...为固定搭配，意为“两者都……”。
64．third 考查数词。该处指“在北京市区的胡同中的房子占整个地区的三分之一”，分母用序数词，故用third。
65．have survived 考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“still occupy”可知，该空表示过去的动作一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。
1. 【2018全国卷I】To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to___68___(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉).
2. 【2019全国卷III】When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 66 （compete）to watch，together with the story behind it.
1.答案：strengthen 考查词性转换。句意：为了避免膝盖疼痛，你可以在柔软的表面跑步，做运动来增强腿部肌肉，避开山丘，穿好的跑鞋。to strengthen your leg muscles(肌肉)是目的状语，故需要用strength的动词形式strengthen。
2.答案及解析：competition考查词性转换。an interesting competition to watch一场有趣的比赛。
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