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2020浙江高考英语二轮讲义：专题一第一部分 题型分类概述
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“阅读理解”和“七选五”占据着高考浙江卷的第一部分。“良好的开端是成功的一半”，前面这两个题型解答的顺利与否，直接影响着后面其他试题的答题时间和答题心态，准做快做阅读理解类试题，为攻克后面的题目节省时间。
第一部分 题型分类概述|掌握四种题型选项特征，快速阅读不失分
[阅读理解·题型细分类]
[正误选项·特征巧识别]
超重点1 正确选项特征
【考情调研】
在阅读理解的备考过程中，明确阅读理解常设选项的特征是快速准确锁定答案的关键。高考英语阅读理解的正确选项一般通过以下途径设置：
关键词直接复现：直接复现类可从问题中找到关键词，以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧迅速定位即可。此类题目较为简单，考查频率不高。
对原文关键词进行同义转换、正话反说和细节概括：此类题目需对原文信息进行准确理解并简单推理，观察词义、词性及语态的变化。这是命题人常用的设题方式，复习时应掌握英语的多种表达法。
同义转述
从近几年的高考题来看，细节理解题不仅数量有所增加，而且难度也稍有加大，主要表现为题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。命题人一般会对文章细节加以转述来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。转述的主要方式有以下三种：
1．同义词转化：把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，设为正确选项。
2．词性或语态等的变化：把原文中的词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，用另一种表达转述原文信息。
3．语言简化概括：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化或概括成为正确答案。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plasticlike parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A．It’ll be environmentfriendly.
B．It’ll reach consumers soon.
C．It’ll be made of plastics.
D．It’ll help speed up typing.
[解析] B 细节理解题。根据上段中的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选B。
正话反说
正话反说是阅读理解题目中的一个难点，通常有以下几个高频考向：
1．It looks/sounds like/as if类：表示看/听起来好像是，实际上并不是。
2．虚拟语气句：用虚拟语气来表述与事实相反的情况，让读者推断事实内容。
3．让步论述：先假设作者的观点反面成立，从而引出一系列荒谬的、不合理的结果，倒过来证明作者观点的正确性。
4．反问句。
[典例] (2019·北京卷·C片段)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real.
38．How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?
A．Panicked. B．Confused.
C．Embarrassed. D．Disappointed.
[解析] D 推理判断题。根据上段中的“By the time these ‘solutions’(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可知，等到这些“解决方案”被广泛使用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望，D项意为“失望的”，故选D。
理解概括
阅读理解除了考查考生对细节信息的准确理解外， 还要求考生通过思维分析将信息进行归纳概括，使之系统化、条理化。
[典例] (2019·浙江卷6月·C)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)．
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
30．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
[解析] A 标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了其原因。因此A项能很好地概括全文。故选A。
超重点2 干扰项特征
【考情调研】
高考英语阅读理解的错误选项就是命题人用以干扰考生思维的陷阱。高考英语中，由于词汇量的限制，挑选的文章不能过难。命题人就在问题和干扰项上做文章，使考生即使能基本读懂文章，也不能轻松做对题目。现在的干扰项不仅语言复杂，而且欺骗性强，两个语言水平相当、对文章理解程度相差不大的考生会因为对干扰项的辨别能力不同，而影响答题的准确率。为了提高辨别错误和干扰信息的能力，有必要分析干扰项的种种特征，使考生在命题人设置的种种陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。
偷梁换柱
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D片段)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
32．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A．Unkind. B．Lonely.
C．Generous. D．Cool.
[解析] C 推理判断题。根据上段的第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.”可知，作者在小学时乐于分享。unkind“不友好的”，lonely“孤独的”，generous“慷慨的，大方的”，cool“酷的”，故选C。
[易错分析] 该题易误选A项。选项A属于偷梁换柱，由“Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.”可知A项是作者青少年时期的情况。
张冠李戴
干扰项表述的内容在原文里可以找到信息依据， 但与题干所问的动作发出者不一致。不注意动作主语的差异， 张冠李戴， 极易造成误选。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ·A片段)
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan, about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld, 236 W．45th St.2122396200.)
2．Who is the director of The Audience?
A．Helen Mirren. B．Peter Morgan.
C．Dylan Baker. D．Stephen Daldry.
[解析] D 细节理解题。题干问的是“谁执导了The Audience？”。根据该部分中的“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知答案。
[易错分析] 本题容易误选B项。有些考生一看到原文中的“Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan”就贸然下结论，以为这部戏剧的导演是Peter Morgan。
绝对化表达
干扰项中出现如all, none, everyone, each, everything, impossible 等绝对化的表达， 一般不符合客观事实和原文信息。
[典例] (2019·江苏卷·C片段)Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative longterm costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
62．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________．
A．take people’s essential needs into account
B．make their programmes attractive to people
C．ensure that each child gets financial support
D．provide more affordable internet facilities
[解析] A 推理判断题。根据上段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and...in rural villages.”可知，作者想通过事例说明捐赠者应该考虑人们的基本需求，而不要片面地认为有了高科技产品，受赠者的生活水平就会产生巨大飞跃。故选A。
[易错分析] 选项C为绝对化表达，不符合客观事实和原文信息。
颠倒逻辑
干扰项中出现语义逻辑的混乱， 即原文中出现的是A引起B, 而选项中是B引起A，考生可能看到了文中出现过的词语， 没有细研究其逻辑意义， 从而造成误选。
[典例] (2019·江苏卷·C片段)It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
61．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________．
A．a lack of confidence in technology
B．a slow progress in technology
C．a conflict or public opinions
D．a waste of limited resources
[解析] D 细节理解题。根据上段中的“However，they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知，对新技术影响的误判导致了对稀缺资源的误用，故选D。
[易错分析] 选项C是颠倒逻辑，对新技术影响的误判会导致对稀缺资源的误用而不是公共观点的冲突。
“阅读理解”和“七选五”占据着高考浙江卷的第一部分。“良好的开端是成功的一半”，前面这两个题型解答的顺利与否，直接影响着后面其他试题的答题时间和答题心态，准做快做阅读理解类试题，为攻克后面的题目节省时间。
第一部分 题型分类概述|掌握四种题型选项特征，快速阅读不失分
[阅读理解·题型细分类]
[正误选项·特征巧识别]
超重点1 正确选项特征
【考情调研】
在阅读理解的备考过程中，明确阅读理解常设选项的特征是快速准确锁定答案的关键。高考英语阅读理解的正确选项一般通过以下途径设置：
关键词直接复现：直接复现类可从问题中找到关键词，以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧迅速定位即可。此类题目较为简单，考查频率不高。
对原文关键词进行同义转换、正话反说和细节概括：此类题目需对原文信息进行准确理解并简单推理，观察词义、词性及语态的变化。这是命题人常用的设题方式，复习时应掌握英语的多种表达法。
同义转述
从近几年的高考题来看，细节理解题不仅数量有所增加，而且难度也稍有加大，主要表现为题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。命题人一般会对文章细节加以转述来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。转述的主要方式有以下三种：
1．同义词转化：把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，设为正确选项。
2．词性或语态等的变化：把原文中的词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，用另一种表达转述原文信息。
3．语言简化概括：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化或概括成为正确答案。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plasticlike parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
30．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?
A．It’ll be environmentfriendly.
B．It’ll reach consumers soon.
C．It’ll be made of plastics.
D．It’ll help speed up typing.
[解析] B 细节理解题。根据上段中的最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选B。
正话反说
正话反说是阅读理解题目中的一个难点，通常有以下几个高频考向：
1．It looks/sounds like/as if类：表示看/听起来好像是，实际上并不是。
2．虚拟语气句：用虚拟语气来表述与事实相反的情况，让读者推断事实内容。
3．让步论述：先假设作者的观点反面成立，从而引出一系列荒谬的、不合理的结果，倒过来证明作者观点的正确性。
4．反问句。
[典例] (2019·北京卷·C片段)The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don’t know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it’s not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you’re hearing is actually real.
38．How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?
A．Panicked. B．Confused.
C．Embarrassed. D．Disappointed.
[解析] D 推理判断题。根据上段中的“By the time these ‘solutions’(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.”可知，等到这些“解决方案”被广泛使用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音电话问题的解决方案感到很失望，D项意为“失望的”，故选D。
理解概括
阅读理解除了考查考生对细节信息的准确理解外， 还要求考生通过思维分析将信息进行归纳概括，使之系统化、条理化。
[典例] (2019·浙江卷6月·C)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪)．
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
30．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．California’s Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D．Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
[解析] A 标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了其原因。因此A项能很好地概括全文。故选A。
超重点2 干扰项特征
【考情调研】
高考英语阅读理解的错误选项就是命题人用以干扰考生思维的陷阱。高考英语中，由于词汇量的限制，挑选的文章不能过难。命题人就在问题和干扰项上做文章，使考生即使能基本读懂文章，也不能轻松做对题目。现在的干扰项不仅语言复杂，而且欺骗性强，两个语言水平相当、对文章理解程度相差不大的考生会因为对干扰项的辨别能力不同，而影响答题的准确率。为了提高辨别错误和干扰信息的能力，有必要分析干扰项的种种特征，使考生在命题人设置的种种陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。
偷梁换柱
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·D片段)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
32．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A．Unkind. B．Lonely.
C．Generous. D．Cool.
[解析] C 推理判断题。根据上段的第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.”可知，作者在小学时乐于分享。unkind“不友好的”，lonely“孤独的”，generous“慷慨的，大方的”，cool“酷的”，故选C。
[易错分析] 该题易误选A项。选项A属于偷梁换柱，由“Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.”可知A项是作者青少年时期的情况。
张冠李戴
干扰项表述的内容在原文里可以找到信息依据， 但与题干所问的动作发出者不一致。不注意动作主语的差异， 张冠李戴， 极易造成误选。
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅲ·A片段)
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan, about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld, 236 W．45th St.2122396200.)
2．Who is the director of The Audience?
A．Helen Mirren. B．Peter Morgan.
C．Dylan Baker. D．Stephen Daldry.
[解析] D 细节理解题。题干问的是“谁执导了The Audience？”。根据该部分中的“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知答案。
[易错分析] 本题容易误选B项。有些考生一看到原文中的“Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan”就贸然下结论，以为这部戏剧的导演是Peter Morgan。
绝对化表达
干扰项中出现如all, none, everyone, each, everything, impossible 等绝对化的表达， 一般不符合客观事实和原文信息。
[典例] (2019·江苏卷·C片段)Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative longterm costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
62．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________．
A．take people’s essential needs into account
B．make their programmes attractive to people
C．ensure that each child gets financial support
D．provide more affordable internet facilities
[解析] A 推理判断题。根据上段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and...in rural villages.”可知，作者想通过事例说明捐赠者应该考虑人们的基本需求，而不要片面地认为有了高科技产品，受赠者的生活水平就会产生巨大飞跃。故选A。
[易错分析] 选项C为绝对化表达，不符合客观事实和原文信息。
颠倒逻辑
干扰项中出现语义逻辑的混乱， 即原文中出现的是A引起B, 而选项中是B引起A，考生可能看到了文中出现过的词语， 没有细研究其逻辑意义， 从而造成误选。
[典例] (2019·江苏卷·C片段)It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
61．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________．
A．a lack of confidence in technology
B．a slow progress in technology
C．a conflict or public opinions
D．a waste of limited resources
[解析] D 细节理解题。根据上段中的“However，they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知，对新技术影响的误判导致了对稀缺资源的误用，故选D。
[易错分析] 选项C是颠倒逻辑，对新技术影响的误判会导致对稀缺资源的误用而不是公共观点的冲突。
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