2020届新高考英语二轮教师用书：第一讲　名词和冠词



第一讲　名词和冠词
语法项目(一)
名词　　　　　　　　
[考纲解读·定方向]
语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格，以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。解答有关名词的题目时，一定要注意名词前的修饰成分，如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等，来判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词；有的还要结合语境分析句子成分，来判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。

　　　 如何确定填单复数、所有格还是派生为名词
[思考趋向]
1．填名词的单复数
若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。
2．填名词的所有格
提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。
3．派生为名词
[典例感悟]
[典例1](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several ________ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.
解析：invitations　invitation“邀请”是可数名词，其前有several修饰，应用复数形式。
[典例2](2019·湖南师大附中模拟)This could be ________ (Mary) motto——the expression that best captures her spirit.
解析：Mary's　此题考查名词的所有格，根据语境应该表示“玛丽的格言”。
[典例3](2017·浙江卷11月)Of course you have to work at it.You wouldn't think that a few ________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life，and that's also true for building your vocabulary—you have to keep at it daily，and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary.
解析：months　考查名词的数。根据空前的a few及month为可数名词可知，此处表示“几个月的锻炼”，故用month的复数形式。
[典例4](2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her ________(educate)．
解析：education　根据空格前的修饰语定答案。前面由形容词性物主代词her(她的)修饰，故用educate的名词形式，education是不可数名词。
　　　　　名词单数变复数的技法
　　　　　牢记名词变复数的5种变化形式
[实例体验]
1．(2018·浙江卷6月)Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese ________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
解析：dishes　[考查名词的数。dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式dishes。]
2．(2018·福州期末)A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.Surrounding the Forbidden City，many were built during the Yuan，Ming and Qing ________ (dynasty)．
解析：dynasties　[考查名词的数。根据该句中的“Yuan，Ming and Qing”可知，此处指三个朝代，dynasty为可数名词，故用其复数形式。]
3．(2017·浙江卷6月)Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small ________ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.
解析：carrots　[carrot是可数名词，根据a handful of“一把”可知，应用其复数形式。]
4．(2020·江西重点中学盟校联考)________ (tomato) and potatoes took some time to become popular.
解析：Tomatoes　[and连接并列主语，由potatoes可知tomato应用复数形式。]
5．(2020·四川龙泉模拟)They may let you surf the Internet，listen to music and take ________ (photo) wherever you are.
解析：photos　[take photos意为“拍照”。]
6．(2020·湖北宜昌葛洲坝中学月考)Not only have the fables themselves lived for nearly 1,500 years，but ________ (express) from them have entered various languages.
解析：expressions　[句意： 不仅这些寓言本身存在了近1 500年，而且里面的一些词语已经被收录到各种语言中了。设空处表示“词语”之意，在句中作主语，需用名词形式；根据设空处后的have entered可推知设空处需用名词复数形式，故填expressions。]
7．(2019·福建厦门期末)The 17th­century philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon declared that nothing had changed the world more deeply than three great ________ (invention)：gunpowder，printing and the compass.
解析：inventions　[句意：17世纪的哲学家兼政治家弗朗西斯·培根宣称：任何东西都不如火药、印刷术和指南针这三项伟大的发明对世界造成的变化大。根据设空处前的three可知设空处填名词复数形式。]
8．(2019·河北五个一名校联盟二模)The site is constantly updated with news，often about exciting ________ (finding) that change how we view the world.
解析：findings　[考查名词的数。finding 为可数名词，其前无限定词修饰，且定语从句中谓语动词为“change”，为复数概念，所以应用finding的复数形式。]
[重点强化]
规则名词的6种复数变化形式
变化规则
例词
一般情况下
在词尾直接加­s
mouth→mouths
以­s，­x，­ch，­sh结尾的名词
在词尾加­es
glass→glasses match→matches
以辅音字母＋­y结尾的名词
变y为i再加­es
country→countries factory→factories
以元音字母＋­y结尾的名词
在词尾直接加＋­s
holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys
以o结尾的名词
一般在词尾加­s
有些在词尾加­es
photo→photos potato→potatoes
以f，fe结尾的名词
一般要变f或fe为v＋­es
self→selves wolf→wolves
少数直接加­s
belief→beliefs
　　　　牢记不规则变化的名词复数形式
[实例体验]
1．(2019·福建高三质检)“Alaya，you don't have to do this if you don't want to.Nobody is forcing you.”Though I said I wasn't going to do it，my ________ (foot) carried me toward the pool.
解析：feet　[由空格前的my确定空格处应填名词。由常识可知应是我的双脚带着我朝一个池塘走去，故应填foot的复数形式feet。]
2．(2019·江西重点中学协作体联考)Now，these ________ (child) may have a high­tech friend to help feel less alone.
解析：children　[由空格前的these确定空格处应填child的复数形式children。]
3．(2019·山西省实验中学模拟) ________ (woman) are starting to take power in more and more important positions in recent years.
解析：Women　[由空格后的are确定空格处应用woman的复数形式women作主语。]
[重点强化]
不规则名词的3种复数变化形式
变化规则
例词
单复数同形
deer，sheep，means，series，Chinese，Swiss，aircraft，spacecraft
变内部元音
foot→feet，tooth→teeth，
man→men，woman→women
外来名词
medium→media　媒体
phenomenon→phenomena　现象
analysis→analyses　分析
　　　　　派生出来的名词
[实例体验]
1．(2019·衡水期末)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asia's biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me ，pandas are its top ________ (attract)．
解析：attraction　[空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用名词形式。]
2．(2019·九江模拟)“The most efficient way is to decrease the local population to reduce the ________ (possible) of causing harm to the heritage，”Wang said.
解析：possibility　[前有定冠词the修饰，所以用名词形式。]
3．(2019·潍坊一模)The book gives a detailed ________ (explain) of the origin，the processing skills and the classification of bony fish.
解析：explanation　[根据空格前的不定冠词a以及形容词detailed可知，空格处被不定冠词和形容词修饰，故用explain的名词形式。]
[重点强化]
运用构词法知识，掌握派生出来的名词
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
­ion/
­tion/
­sion/
­ation
correct→correction　　　改正
celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会
attract→attraction 吸引
graduate→graduation 毕业
conclude→conclusion 结论；结束
discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论
decide→decision 决定
admit→admission 接纳；准许入学
invite→invitation 邀请
explain→explanation 解释
expect→expectation 期望
­er/­or
drive→driver　　　　　 司机；驾驶员
gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者
teach→teacher 老师
announce→announcer 广播员
conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员
­ment
punish→punishment　　 惩罚
achieve→achievement 功绩；成就
argue→argument 辩论；论据
treat→treatment 对待；治疗
equip→equipment 装备；设备
govern→government 政府
­ance/
­ence
appear→appearance　　　出现，外貌
guide→guidance 指引；指导
perform→performance 表演；节目
exist→existence 存在，生存
prefer→preference 偏爱
refer→reference 参考；查阅
­ing
hear→hearing　　　　　 听力；听觉
begin→beginning 开始
­ure/­ture
fail→failure　　　　　　失败；倒闭
press→pressure 压力
depart→departure 离开；出发
mix→mixture 混合；混合物
­y
recover→recovery　　　　恢复；痊愈
discover→discovery 发现
其他
choose→choice　　　　　选择
vary→variety 多样化；种类
tend→tendency 趋向；趋势
2．形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
­age
short→shortage 　　不足，短缺
­cy
efficient→efficiency　效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利，流畅
accurate→accuracy 准确性 private→privacy 隐私；私密
­dom
free→freedom　　 自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧
­ence
different→difference　差异 silent→silence 沉默
­ness
weak→weakness　　 虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意
careless→carelessness 粗心大意
­th
strong→strength　　 力气；强项 warm→warmth 温暖；热情
­y/
­ty/
­ity
honest→honesty　　诚实 difficult→difficulty 困难
cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴 safe→safety 安全
disable→disability 无能；伤残 responsible→responsibility 责任
3．表示“人”的名词后缀
在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有：
后缀
例词
­er
clean→cleaner清洁工 report→reporter记者
strange→stranger陌生人
­or
invent→inventor发明者 visit→visitor游客
direct→director导演
­ar
lie→liar说谎者 beg→beggar乞讨者，乞丐
­ee
employ→employee雇员 interview→interviewee参加面试者
train→trainee受训者，学员
­ess
host→hostess女主人 act→actress女演员
­ian
music→musician音乐家 politics→politician政治家
history→historian历史学家
­ist
art→artist艺术家 science→scientist科学家
piano→pianist钢琴家
­ant
serve→servant仆人 participate→participant参加者
assist→assistant助手，图书管理员

语法项目(二)
冠词　　　　　　　　
[考纲解读·定方向]
冠词是语法填空的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a，an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词类题目时，首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指，如果是前者用the，后者则需要再判断用a还是an。

　　　　　如何确定冠词
解题
攻略
如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。
典
例
1
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ____________ past 25 years，while rice has increased only 7 percent.
[分析]　“over/in/during the past/last＋时间段”为固定结构，特指过去的多长时间里。
典
例
2
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As ____________ result，people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
[分析]　as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。故填a。
典
例
3
(2020·温州六校协作体联考)That night she told me her son loved me.It was such ____________ unforgettable moment.
[分析]　此处表示“这是一个如此令人难忘的时刻”。空后unforgettable 是以元音音素开头的词，所以用冠词an。
　　　　　冠词的解题技法
　　　　　冠词简约不简单，特指泛指需分辩
[实例体验]
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road，laying the track and then building a strong roof over ________ top.
解析：the　[由空格前的the road，the track顺承下来应该填the top。]
2．(2019·福州期末)In order to establish the strongest power，emperors planned the city and arranged the residential areas.________center of the city Beijing was the royal palace—the Forbidden City.
解析：The　[由center后的of the city Beijing确定对center进行了限定，故填定冠词the。]
3．(2020·西安模拟)Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in ________ 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English.
解析：the　[在序数词前应加定冠词the。]
4．(2020·合肥第一次检测)Chinese brush calligraphy or “shufa” in Chinese is one of ________ most important art forms in China.
解析：the　[最高级前要加定冠词the。]
5．(2020·太原阶段测评)Society even glorifies “ burning the candle at both ends” as ________ sign of our devotion to work and family.
解析：a　[此处表示泛指，意为：“作为对工作和家庭献身的一种标志”。]
6．(2020·陕西质量检测一)Like other world famous universities，Harvard too has many colleges and Harvard Business School is one of them.There is ________ saying in education that Harvard is the crown of American education and Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it.
解析：a　[此处表示泛指。]
7．(2020·石家庄质量检测一)According to William Hanson, ________ expert in ceremony，there's a very good reason for this—and it has nothing to do with fashion，but rather a royal tradition that dates back to the sixteenth century.
解析：an　[此处表示泛指，且expert的发音以元音音素开头，故填an。]
8．(2020·四川成都诊断)I visited Hangzhou for the first time in the summer of 2016.It is so attractive that I decided to go there for ________ second time next year.
解析：a　[此处表示“又一；再一”的意思，故填a。]
[重点强化]
1．牢记定冠词the的用法
(1)定冠词the特指某人或某物；
(2)在最高级或序数词前面或由only，very，same等修饰的名词前面用定冠词the；
(3)定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物；
(4)定冠词用在年代或用于逢十的数词前，也用在表示世纪的某个年代前；
(5)在世界上独一无二的事物、西洋乐器以及发明物的名词前要用定冠词，如play the violin/piano拉小提琴/弹钢琴。
2．不定冠词a，an表泛指规则要记清
(1)不定冠词有两种形式
①有些单词开头的辅音字母并不发音，该单词实际上是以元音音素开头的，要使用an，如an hour，an honest man；
②有些单词以元音字母开头，但该单词实际上是以辅音音素开头，要使用a，如a university，a European country。
(2)不定冠词a/an放在单数可数名词前，泛指一个人或一个事物。
(3)具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。如a success一个成功的人或一件成功的事。
(4)序数词前用不定冠词表示“另一个”或“又一个”。
　　　　　根据固定句式、固定搭配选择冠词
[实例体验]
1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic.Unexpectedly，I'm face­to­face with the gorilla，who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.That makes her baby scream，and then a 400­pound male appears.
解析：the　[考查冠词。at the top of在……的顶部，为固定搭配。]
2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed，________ other is with mum—she never suspects.
解析：the　[one...the other...意为“一个……另一个……”，为固定用法。]
3．As you know，science plays ________ very important role in our education.
解析：a　[考查冠词。play an important role in...为固定搭配，意为“在……中扮演重要角色(发挥重要作用)”，因为空后有发音以辅音音素开头的very，故填冠词a。]
4．(2020·石家庄检测一)I have known from Gu Yu that from tiny street stands to large chains，________ huge number of people accept mobile payment，mostly through popular apps Alipay and WeChat.
解析：a　[考查固定短语。a huge number of是固定短语，意思是“许多”，修饰可数名词复数。]
5．(2020·成都模拟)Recently when he took ________ look at his collection of books，he discovered the old book borrowed 61 years ago.
解析：a　[take a look (at...)，为固定短语，意为“看一看”。句意为：最近，当他查看他的藏书时，他发现了那本61年前借的旧书。]
6．(2020·兰州一模)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for ________ while，exercising，or doing something you enjoy.
解析：a　[for a while是固定短语，意为“片刻，一会儿”。]
[重点强化]
谨记常考的一些固定搭配
1．含不定冠词的固定搭配
as a result因此　　　　　　as a rule通常
as a whole总体上 at a loss不知所措
in a hurry匆忙 in a word总之
pay a visit to拜访 put an end to结束
once in a while偶尔 once upon a time从前
all of a sudden突然 be on a diet节食
in a short while不久 have/catch a cold感冒
make a living 谋生 have/take a rest休息
as a matter of fact事实上 in a sense 在某种意义上
in a way 在某种程度上 keep an eye on 照看，留意
have a gift for 在某方面有天赋
give sb.a lift 让某人搭便车
2.含定冠词的固定搭配
in the end 最后　　　　 　　in the way挡道
in the distance在远处 by the way 顺便说一下
on the whole总的来说 at the same time同时
to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时
on the spot在现场 not in the least一点也不
the other day前几天 take the place of代替
at the moment此刻，目前 to the point中肯，切题
make the most/best of 充分利用
on the other hand 另一方面
in the middle of 在……中间
3.含零冠词的固定搭配
at present目前　　　　　　take part in 参加
in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧
on purpose故意 lose heart灰心
out of control失控 out of work失业
ahead of time提前 in advance提前
by law 根据法律 by mistake由于差错
under repair处于维修中 day and night整日整夜
at risk有危险 in danger处于危险之中
from morning till night 从早到晚
on second thoughts 再一想

[小题夯基练]
单句语法填空
1．But without sunlight and good soil，soon the leaves began to fall down and the ________ (branch)began to dry.
解析：branches　[由空前的the可知，此处应用名词形式，且根据常识可知，树上不止一根树枝，而branch是可数名词，故填branches。]
2．Now，Sanzhenzhai has approximately 100 ________ (outlet)across the country.
解析：outlets　[根据设空处前的数字100可推知空处需填名词复数形式。]
3．The little boy ate so many ________ (potato) and so much meat that he threw up at dawn.
解析：potatoes　[potato前有many修饰，故用名词的复数形式。]
4．Buckingham Palace is a great tourist ________ (attract)，drawing millions of visitors every year.
解析：attraction　[句意为：白金汉宫是一个著名的旅游景点，每年都吸引上百万游客前去参观。tourist attraction旅游景点，是固定短语。]
5．There are many students living at school；the ________ (child) houses are all far from school.
解析：children's　[由students可以判断出横线处应填复数，且作houses的定语，所以应用其所有格形式，故答案为children's。]
6．Trust us.It might make you ________ genius.
解析：a　[考查不定冠词。句意：相信我们，它可能会让你成为一个天才。genius是可数名词，此处表示泛指用a。]
7．We should treasure every moment of sincerity and gratefulness because ________ best things will be gone very easily.
解析：the　[句意：我们应该珍惜每一个真诚和感激的时刻，因为最好的东西会很容易消失。形容词最高级前要用定冠词the。]
8．Until last year he was still ________ unknown singer，but now his name has become ________ household name.
解析：an；a　[由语境可知这两个空都表示泛指，且其后均为可数名词单数，故用不定冠词，又因第一空后的unknown的发音以元音音素开头，故填an；第二空后的household的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。]
9．I usually go to my workplace coffee shop to place ________ order but this Wednesday，it was slightly different.
解析：an　[place an order为固定搭配，意为“下订单”，order“订单”是可数名词，它的发音是以元音音素开头的，故其前填an。]
10．He answered the question on ________ spot.
解析：the　[on the spot为固定搭配，意为“当场”。]
[大题提能练]
语法填空——名词专练(用所给词的适当形式填空)
A young man in Wuhan，Hubei Province has become the latest Internet sensation after a video showing his heart­warming act on a subway train went viral on social 1.________(medium) recently.
In the video，the man can be seen holding his mobile phone in his hand after falling asleep on a Metro，with a message in large font on the screen which reads，“Please wake me if you need my seat.”
The video was recorded by a fellow passenger who posted it on Weibo.The video，whose 2.________(long)was just seven seconds，has been viewed more than 19 million 3.________(time) in just two days.Chinese netizens were greatly touched by the young 4.________(man) act and greeted him with a storm of 5.________(applaud) for his kind 6.________ (behave)．A web 7.________ (use) even commented，“I only needed seven 8.________ (second) to fall in 9.________ with this young man.”
The humble man refused an interview 10.________ (invite) after becoming an Internet star and said that he just did what he felt he should.In a Weibo post，he thanked netizens for their love and praise.He said he would always fall asleep when he had nothing to do on the train but worried others may need the seat，so he got the idea of making a message on his phone screen.
[语篇解读]　文章讲述了武汉市一名年轻男子在地铁上播放了一段感人的视频，视频在社交媒体上迅速走红。
1．解析：media　[考查名词的数。泛指各种媒体，用复数形式。]
2．解析：length　[考查词性转换。前有作定语的关系代词whose修饰，表示video的长度，用名词形式。]
3．解析：times　[考查名词的数。time在这里为可数名词，意为“次数”。前有19 million修饰，故用复数形式。]
4．解析：man's　[考查名词的所有格。作定语修饰act，用所有格。句意为：中国的网民被这位小伙子的行为深深地打动，并对他的这个善举报以热烈的掌声。]
5．解析：applause　[考查词性转换。空格所填词和前面的of一起构成of所有格形式，修饰前面的名词storm作定语。所以用名词形式。]
6．解析：behavio(u)r　[考查词性转换。前有“his kind(他善良的)”作定语修饰，指他善良的行为，故填名词形式。]
7．解析：user　[考查词性转换。由语境和句子结构可知，该空作主语，意为“用户”。句意为：一位微博用户甚至评论道：我只要七秒就爱上了这个年轻人。]
8．解析：seconds　[考查名词的数。second在此用作名词，意为“秒”，是可数名词，前有数词seven修饰，用复数形式。]
9．解析：love　[考查固定搭配。fall in love with 为固定搭配，意为“喜欢上，爱上”。]
10．解析：invitation　[考查词性转换。这里指的是采访邀请，用名词形式，前有an修饰，用单数形式。]