高中英语语法最重要知识汇总 教案

第一章 名词性从句
　　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一．主语从句
　　主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.　我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.　谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）
d) It is John that broke the window.　是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）
2. 用it作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that…
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that… It is strange that…
(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… It happened that… It appears that…
(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that… It has been proved that… It is said that…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：
（1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?
4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
a) What you said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a consolation
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that he joined the army. 我听说他参军了。
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
a) She did not know what had happened.　她不知道发生了什么。
b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.　我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.　她对我说她会接受我的邀请。
2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.　我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。
3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.　我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。
5.* 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：
正确表达：I admire their winning the match.
错误表达：I admire that they won the match.
6.* 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.
错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
三. 表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) △The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) But △the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) △The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四. 同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）


第二章 定语从句
　　定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
　　被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
　　关系副词有：when, where, why, how。
　　关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
　　定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
　　定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1、关系代词引导的定语从句
1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：　
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　
3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)
△关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：
△1)不用that的情况：
a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c) 多用who 的情况
①关系代词在从句中做主语
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行词为those, people 时
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.
④在There be句型中
There is a stranger who wants to see you.
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
△2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.　
b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。　
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.
d)先行词既有人，又有物时。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate.
f)关系代词在从句中做表语
He is not the man that he used to be.
2 、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.　
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　　
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　
I'm surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.
注意：
①在非限制性定语从句中，"介词+ which"结构不能代替关系副词。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.
②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。
Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?
3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句
She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.
There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.
There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.
4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　　
as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
用法区别：
(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
As we all know, he never smokes.
(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。
She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.
(4)As 的用法 the same… as; such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I should like to use the same tool as is used here.
We should have such a dictionary as he is using.

第三章 状语从句
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：
1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词)
2.  We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)
3.  To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)
4.   Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)
5.  I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句）
状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。
现分别列举如下:
1． 时间状语从句
常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
2． 地点状语从句
常用引导词：where
特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3． 原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, since
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, 
My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.
4． 目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that
特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
5． 结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,
特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night.
6． 条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless,
特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that
We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
7． 让步状语从句
常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though
特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。
The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
He won’t listen whatever you may say.
8． 比较状语从句
常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)
特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B
She is as bad-tempered as her mother.
The house is three times as big as ours.
The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。
9． 方式状语从句
常用引导词：as, as if, how
特殊引导词：the way
When in Rome, do as the Roman do.
She behaved as if she were the boss.
Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
☆10.  状语从句的简化
状语从句的省略
状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：
When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .
He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.
另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：
I’m taller than he (is tall ).
The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).
就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行"简化"。状语从句的"简化"现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。
状语从句的"简化"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。
(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:
If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。
You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。
(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:
a.连词+形容词
As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。
Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。
Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
b.连词+名词
While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。
Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。
c.连词+现在分词
As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。
Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。
d.连词+过去分词
He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。
The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。
e.连词+不定式
He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。f. 连词+介词短语
She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。
He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。
注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。
例如:
When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over,….)

第四章 倒装结构
一　全部倒装
　全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
　1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：
　　1) There goes the bell.　铃声渐渐消失了。
　　2) Then came the chairman.　然后主席就来了
　　3) Here is your letter.　这是你的信。
　2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：
　　1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.　轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。
　　2) Ahead sat an old woman.
　注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：
　　1) Here he comes. 他来了。　　
2) Away they went.　他们走了。
二　部分倒装
　 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
　1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如：
　　1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。
　　2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.　你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。
　　3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.　妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
　注意：当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
　注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如：
　　1) I have never seen such a performance.我从来没看过这样的表演。
　　2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
　2.带有否定意义的词放在句首，语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …等。例如：
　 1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.　他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
　 2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。
　 3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.　她刚要走时一个学生来看她。
　注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例如：
　 Not only you but also I am fond of music.　我和你都喜欢音乐。
3.表示"也"、"也不" 的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。例如：
　 1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack.　Tom能说法语，我也能。
2) If you won't go, neither will I.　如果你不去，我也不去。
　 注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如：
　 1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。
　 2) ---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is.　---雨下得很大。　---的确很大。
　4.　only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。例如：
　 Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。
　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.　他被请了三次才来开会。
　注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
　 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。
三　as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词；2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.　尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。
　注意:　让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
四　其他部分倒装
　1. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
　　 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.　他害怕得动都不敢动。
　2.　在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：
　　May you all be happy.　望大家开心愉快。
　3.　在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例如：
　 Were I you, I would try it again.　如果我是你，我就再试一次。


第五章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配
　　"It" 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：
一、It用作实词
　　表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……
二、It用作形式主语
　　替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式主语的常见句型：
1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为
(1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth.
此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…
例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.
(2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth.
此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.
例 It's kind of you to help me with the problem.
(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型
It's no good/use doing…
It's (well)worth doing…
It's (well)worth one's while doing/to do…
It's (well)worth while doing/ to do
例 It's no use crying over spilt milk.
2. It替代作主语的从句常见句型
(1) It is + noun +从句
例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.
(2) It is adj. +clause
It's surprising that… (should)………竟然……
It's a pity/shame that…(should)………竟然……
例 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)
(3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause
It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze
/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that…
例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)
(4) It verb (to sb.) that…= sb/sth verb to do
(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)
例 It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)
(5) It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do
(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）
例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)
(6) It is v-ed that … (should)…
(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend
例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.
三、It作主语的句型
1. It takes sb. … to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事
例 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)
2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格
例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us.
3. It's (about/high) time that… should /v-ed…是该做某事的时候了
例 It's(about/high) time that we should take action.
4. It's the x-th time (that) … have v-ed…第几次做某事了
例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.
5. It is/has been… since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了
例 It's 10 years that he lived here
6. It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了
例 It was not long before they arrived.
四、It 作形式宾语
用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。
It 作形式宾语的常见句型：
1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.
2. verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.
3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that … (should)…
verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…
(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)
例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.
4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)
例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.
5. v. +it + prep. + that…
owe it to sb. that…把…归功于…
leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做
take it for granted that …想当然
keep it in mind that…
例 Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out.
6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后
例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.
7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）
例 I'm for it that you will follow their advice.
五、强调句型
It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：
1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？
2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句
例 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.
3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上
例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.
4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别
例 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型)
It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)
六、It 常用的固定搭配
1. make it
(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达
例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business.
(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”
例 —Shall we meet next week?
—OK. We just make it next Saturday.
2. as it is
(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”
例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.
(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”
例 Leave the table as it is.
3. as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”
例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.
4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……”
例 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.
5. that's it
(1). 相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”
例 You can have one more sweet, and that's it.
(2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”
例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”
—That's it.
6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”
例 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.
7. have it
(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”
例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.
(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”
例 I had it from John that she was going abroad.
8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”
例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.
9. so it seems / appears.
10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”
例 My teacher asked me to keep at it.
11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞
12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.)
13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.)
14. As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”
例 As it happened, they were out.
15. As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”
例 As it turned out, his statement was false.
16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”
例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.
17. Take it/things easy. 相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”
例 Take it easy! He will do it well.
18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”
例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time.
19. For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”
例 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.
20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”
例 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it.
21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.
22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃
例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.
23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”
例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday?
—It/That all depends.
24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……”
例 —Shall we go out for dinner?
—It's up to you.


第六章 主谓一致
主谓一致，指人称和数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football.　可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.

(一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项:
1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.
如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质.
No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。
2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如:
The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)
用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:
Serving the people is my great happiness.
为人民服务是我最大的幸福.
When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。
4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。
5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:
Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。
6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。 但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.
More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。
7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如:
None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。
None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。
8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如:
His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。
9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点。
(二) 内容一致原则:
1.主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行车， 今天出售。
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的。
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。
2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到。
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。
3. 加减乘除用单数.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15减去5等于10。
4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离。
5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作单数也可作复数的集体名词. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委员会决定解雇他。
6. the +形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
(三) 就近原则
1. 由here, there, where 等引导的倒装句中, (有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:
Here comes the bus 公共汽车来了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 给你一支钢笔和几张纸。
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在这儿的时候, 你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？
2. 用连词or, either.... or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。 如：
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 学生和老师都不知道这事.
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的钢笔。
注意: one of +复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中, 定语从句的动词为复数。如：
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。
The only one of +复数名词+ who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。


第七章 高中英语语法中的省略现象
　　在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：
一、并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman. 这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework. 汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主从复合句中的省略
1．状语从句中的省略
　　一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：
1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1) 连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词; (2) 连词（ though, whether , when）+形容词；(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语；(4) 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词；(5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词；(6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。如：
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .庞龙曾经是个工　人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。
注意：
1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2) 当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时 ，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：
Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定语从句中的省略
1） 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）
　　而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。
2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：
a) This is the first time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。
b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？
3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 how 来引导 ，应该用that 或 in which ，或将它们全部省略。如：
I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
3．宾语从句中的省略
1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：
a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。
5．主句省略多用于句首。如：
(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. —上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。
三、简单句中的省略
1．省略主语
1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如：
(You) Open the door,　please. 请开一下门。
2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：
a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。
b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。
2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如：
a) (There is) No smoking.　禁止抽烟
b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ？
c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ？
3．省略宾语 如：
—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗？— I don’t know (him.) 我不认识他
4．省略表语 如：
—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？　Yes , I am (thirsty).　是的，我是。
5．同时省略几个成分 如：
a) —Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ？—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。
四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合
1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：
a)— You should have thanked her before you left . —I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）
b) You can do it this way if you like to .如果你想做，你可以这么做。
2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)
b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come).　她想来，可是她父母不让。
3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：
　— I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ? 　 — Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat).　—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。
4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：
　He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。
五、动词不定式to 的省略
1．主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：
　The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to. 如：
　He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。
3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：
　All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。
4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：
　It is easier to say than to do . 说起来容易，做起来难。
5．在would rather…than… 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略. 如：
　I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why (not) do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如：
　a) I saw her enter the room. 我看见她进入了房间
　b) Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？
六．其他一些省略结构
1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：
　We spent the weekend at the Mary's.　我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2．What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom ! 这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child. 被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。


第八章 情态动词
一. 概念:
情态动词是表示能力,义务,必须,猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.
二. 相关知识点:
☆1．can
1)表能力
can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁，但已认得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。
因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用will be able to
You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.
你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。
2)表可能性
多用于否定与疑问结构中，但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗？
It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思？
can 用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性（一时的可能）。
A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.
Attending the ball can be very exciting.
The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。
may 在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。
The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。
3)表示允许（和may意思相近）常见于口语。
Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗？
Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗？
2.could的用法
1)表过去的可能和许可，（多用于间接引语中）
At that time we thought the story could not be true.
那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
2)表过去的能力
I could swim when I was only six.
我刚六岁就能游泳。
Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时，常表抽象的一般的能力。
He could be very naughty when he was a child.
他小时候会是很顽皮的。
3)表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法
Could I use your bike?
Yes, you can.
他会记得那时吗?
I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.
恐怕我今天不能回答你。
The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.
老师说你可以去商店买糖。
3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。 could 加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。
Can they have won the basketball match？
他们赢了那场篮球赛吗？
What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.
你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。
You could have completed the task a little earlier.
你本来能早点完成任务的。（但事实上并没有提前完成任务）
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.
我本可以轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。
如表具体做某一件事的能力时，则须用 be able to .
He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.
他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。
Can表示一贯的能力 ，be able to表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力
I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.
The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out
When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank
3.may 的用法
1)表示请求、可以、允许。
You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。
2)当回答由may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用must not,表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行”。
May I come in?
Yes, you may.
No,you can’t
No, you may not .
No ,you mustn’t
No ,you’d better not.
3) may /might 推测性用法 可能
He may be right.
He may not come today (可能不)
He may /might come tomorrow.
, 注意: 1只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。
2 might 比may可能性更小
He might get a job.
He may get a job.
3 may no 可能不 can not不可能
He may not come
He can’t come
3)表建议（可和as well 连用）
You may（might）as well stay where you are.
你还是原地待着好。（may as well 有“还是……的好”的含义）
4)表祝愿
May you be happy!
might
1)表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。
She said that he might take her dictionary.
她说他可以拿她的词典去用。
除在间接引语中外，might一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”。表过去的“可能”可用could，表过去的“许可”可用were (was) allowed to。
2)表现在的“可能”，其可能性要比may小。
Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.
电熨斗会有危险，它可能电着人。
3)may (might) + have +done 表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。
It may have been true. 这事也许是真的。
He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解决那个问题。
☆4.must 的主要用法。
1)表示必须、必要
We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。
Why must you always bother me? 为什么你偏要打扰我呢。
2)must be + 表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）
He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩。
This must be your room. 这一定是你的房间。
3)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must not。
Must I go tomorrow?明天我必须去吗？
Yes, please.是的，请吧！
No , you needn’t. 不，你不必去。
4)must +have +过去分词的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。
She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。
△5.have to的含义与must是很接近的,只是have to 比较强调客观需要，must着重说明主观看法。
I must clean the room.（主观想法）
I have to clean the room.（客观需要）
另外，have to 能用于更多时态：
We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。
We will have to reconsider the whole thing.
这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。
have to 的否定式：don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
6.ought to 的用法
Ought to 后接动词原形，表义务，但不及must 那样具有信心，如：
You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.
你气色不好，应该去看病。
Ought to 用于否定句，其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t ，如：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。
也可以用于疑问句，如：
Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗？
Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变，如：
He said you ought to tell the police.
他说你应该去报告警察。
7.shall的用法
1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见，如：
What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢？
Shall we dance? 我们跳舞好吗？
2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺，警告，命令，威胁（现已少见），如：
She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。
You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。
情态动词should一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式，主要用法有：
1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，如：
What should we do now? 我们现在该怎么办？
2)表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。例如：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
我们应当至少掌握一门外语。
3)“should+be+表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。例如：
They should be back by now. 他们现在应该回来了吧。
I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。
4)“should+have+过去分词”的结构，表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为；其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意，语气较强。例如：
I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。（但没想到）
They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。（但已走了）
5) 在“It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”句型中，主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思。在lest（以免）、for fear (that) (以防)、in case（以备万一）等之后也要用should+动词原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的从句中should+do”例如：
It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.
　有必要马上派他到那里去。
It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是奇怪。
Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.
　我们马上走吧，以免赶不上火车。
8..will和would的用法
1）表示意志，决心或愿望。例如：
　Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
　我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。
　He would not let me try it . 　他不肯让我去试。
2）will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。
　He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。
　He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
他在北京时，常来看望我。
3）用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委碗
Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 请问到火车站怎么走？
4）表可能性
This will be the book you are looking for.
这可能就是你要找的书。
She eould be about 60 when she died.
他死时大概60岁。
9. need和dare的用法
情态动词need 实义动词 need
现 You need (not) do You (don’t) need to do
在
时 He need (not) do He needs (doesn’t need) to do
 
过 You needed (didn’t need) to do
去
时 He needed (didn’t need) to do
 
将 You need (not) do You will (not) need to do
来
时 He need (not) do He will (not) need to do

句型 时态 动词
情态动词dare 实义动词 dare
肯定句 现在时 dare to 少用 dare/dares to do
过去时 dare to 少用 dared to do
否定句 现在时 daren’t/dare not do do/does not dare (to) do
过去时 dared not do did not dare (to) do
疑问句 现在时 Dare he do? Do you/Does he dear (to) do?
过去时 Dared he do? Did he dare (to) do
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要…”。例如：
You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today
10.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句
He must/may be in the room, isn’t he?
He can’t be in the room, is he？
He must have finished the work, hasn’t he?
He may have done the work last night, didn’t he?
△情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：
1）He must be playing basketball in the room.
2）She may be staying at home.
11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：
1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.
12.used to +v, be used to +v-ing和be used to +v
（1）used to +v意为“过去常常”，“过去一直”；be used to +v-ing / n（名词）意为“习惯于”；be used to +v意为“被用来（做某事）”。
（2）used to只表示过去，而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。例如：
1）He used to smoke. Now he doesn’t.
2）He’s quite used to hard work / working hard.
3）The knife is used to cut bread.
13．用作情态动词的其他短语
would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如：
1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.
2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.
3）I’d rather walk than take a bus.
4）If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.
注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：
1）I would rather you came on Sunday.
2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday.


第九章 非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能
（一）概述：
　　在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词.非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）.
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如：
　　 They built a garden.
　　They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
　　The suit fits him very well.
　　The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化.例如：
　　He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
　　He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
　　We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
　　Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
　　They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
　　The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
　　We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
　　We being League member, the work was well done.
（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词）,在句中做主语、宾语、表语.
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词）,在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语.
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词）,在句中作状语.
（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：
二、非谓语动词用法：
（一）动词不定式：（to）+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.
1．不定式的形式：（以动词write为例）
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,
　　 例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
　　 To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
　　 To lose your heart means failure.
　　 动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式：
　　 It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
　　 It means failure to lose your heart.
（2）作表语：
　　 Her job is to clean the hall.
　　 He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作宾语：
　　常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语（不
定式）后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
　　 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如：
　　 I have no choice but to stay here.
　　 He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
　　 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如：
　　 He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 
（4）作宾语补足语：
　　 在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
　　 此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如：
　　 With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
　　有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如：
　　 I saw him cross the road.
　　 He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后.与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
　I have a meeting to attend.
　注意：不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如：
　He found a good house to live in.
　The child has nothing to worry about.
　What did you open it with?
　如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词：
　He has no place to live.
　This is the best way to work out this problem.
　如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
　Have you got anything to send?
　Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
　We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
　He is the first to get here.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
　He worked day and night to get the money.
　She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
　注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
　wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
　right：To save money, he has tried every means.
　wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
　right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果：
　He arrived late to find the train gone.
　常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
　I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
　They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
　It's too dark for us to see anything.
　The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
　　 To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词.
　　 If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to.
　　 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能.
1．动名词的形式：
否定式：not + 动名词
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实.
（2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会.
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影.
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过.
（5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告.
（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次.
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦.
2．动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的.
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣.
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语.
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的.
（2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 
在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵.
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝.
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染.
　　注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句.此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好.
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
　　enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认）,deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路.
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密.
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变.
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能.
1、现在分词的形式：
否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成
　　 式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语.例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去.
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球.
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动
　　 词之前的被动的动作.
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要.
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误.
2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语
　　 放在名词后.
In the following years he worked even harder. 
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了.
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲.
　　现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. 
（2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒.
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心.
　　be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构.
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
　　see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等.例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着.
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
　(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 
　在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人.
②作原因状语：
　Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人.
③作方式状语,表示伴随：
　He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗.
④作条件状语：
　(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 
　要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间.
⑤作结果状语：
　He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎.
⑥作目的状语：
　He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了.
⑦作让步状语：
　Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 
　虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了.
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
　I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
　我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上.
　All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 
　所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了.
　Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 
如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习.
　有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
　With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了.
⑨作独立成分：
　udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 
　从外表看,他一定是个演员.
　Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心.
（四）过去分词：
　　过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成.不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住.
过去分词的句法功能：
1．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行.
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会.
　　注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面.过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句.
2．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了.
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕.
注意：be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态.区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成.如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等.
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次.
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了.
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲.（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 
一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了.（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好.（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life

第十章 时态和语态
汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。
1、一般现在时 
主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.
She has a brother who lives in New York.
 The earth goes around the sun.
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
 So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
考点四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
 The harder you study, the better results you will get.
2、现在进行时
 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。
 We are having English class.
The house is being built these days.
 The little boy is always making trouble. 
考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。　Look out when you are crossing the street. 
Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.
考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。
Marry is leaving on Friday.
3、现在完成时
表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：
考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
 They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
I have learned English for ten years.
考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, 
 Has it stopped raining yet ? 
考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等
 考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。
This is my first time that I have visited China. 
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
4．一般过去时
表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：
考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。
be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于
He used to smoke a lot.
He has got used to getting up early.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 
5. 过去进行时
表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
 The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
 He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio was being repaired when you called me.
6. 过去完成时
表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) 
 There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.
 By the end of last term we had finished the book.
 They finished earlier than we had expected.
考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）
考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
　That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
It was 3 years since we had parted。
考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped that I could do the job.
I had intended to see you but I was too busy.
7. 一般将来时
表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.
考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）
考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.
考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。
“am (is, are) about to +动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。
“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。They are to be married in this May.
8、将来进行时
　表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
9、将来完成时
表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。
考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.
By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
☆高考很可能还会涉及过去将来时，现在完成进行时，请注意了解。
10. 动词的语态
一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。
考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组
 come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed
 It took place before liberation. 
考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。
lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；
 Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。
 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。
The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。
The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。
考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：
 It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…,
 这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”，
而 “以前人们认为……” 则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought…
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