高考英语一轮复习——定语从句讲解 教案
展开定语从句
一、定语从句概述
定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语 等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。在句子中起定语作用的从句称为定语 从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。被定 语从句修饰的名词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
二 关系词的用法。
关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词指代先行词，放在先行词与 定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又充当定语从句中的某一种成分（主语、宾 语、状语等）。
引导定语从句的关系代词有"at，who，whom，whose，which;关系副词有 when，where，why等。关系词在句子中的指代作用及成分如下表
功能 | 用于限制性从句或非限制性从句 | 只用于限制性从句 | |
作用 | 代替人 | 代替物 | 代替人或物 |
主语 | who | which | that |
宾语 | whom | which | that |
定语 | whose (of whom) | whose (of which) |
|
1.关系代词的用法
(1) who, whom的用法
二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom在定语从句中 作宾语。在现代英语里，有时who也可代替whom在从句中作宾语。作 宾语的关系代词who，whom可以省略(介词后作宾语的关系代词除外）。 She was the one who did most of the talking。大部分时间都是她在说话。（作主语） The boy who I know studies best in his class.我认识的那个男孩在班上学习最好。（作宾语）
I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party. 我碰巧遇见了那位在一次聚会上认识的教授。（作宾语，whom可用who 代替)
whom在从句中作介词的宾语，且介词提到whom前面时，不能用who 代替。
Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the park.昨天 我碰见了几个朋友，我和他们一起去了公园。（句中的whom不能用who 代替）
(2) whose的用法
whose可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语。
Is she a teacher whose hair is very short?她是位头发很短的老师吗？
He is the man whose car was stolen last night. 他就是昨晚被盗车辆的车主。I like the room whose window looks out to the sea.我喜欢那间窗户面向大海的房间。
(3) which的用法
which —般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。作宾语的关系代词which 可以省略(放在介词后时除外）。The train which has just left is for Shenzhen.刚开走的火车是驶往深圳的。（作主语）The story (which) he told was very popular.他讲的那个故事很有名。（作宾语）
(1) that的用法
that可以指人或物，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。作宾语或表语时可 省略。作介词宾语时，介词不可以提到that之前，若介词提前，指物用 which，指人用 whom。
E-mail English is a new kind of written English that/which is being used to save time.电子邮件英语是一种可以节约时间的新型书面英语。（作主 语"指物)
Jack is no longer the person (ha//who/whom) I met five years ago.
杰克不再是五年前我见到的杰克了。（作宾语，指人）
There's the book (that/which) you are looking for. 这正是你在找的书。（作宾语，指物）
2. 关系副词的用法
关系副词在定语从句中充当状语，一般不可省略。
(1) when的用法
when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常为time, day， morning，night，week ,year 等表M时间的名词。
I’ll never forget the day when I won the prize.我永远不会忘记我获奖的那天。Do you remember the year when she went abroad?你记得她出国的那一年吗？I still remember the time when I travelled by plane.我仍然记得坐飞机旅行的那个时候。
(2) "where的用法
指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有village，room，building，town，country 等表地点的名词。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.这就是我去年待过的山村。Keep the books in a place where you can find them easily.把书放在你容易找到的地方。The building where we are working was built five years ago.我们的办公大楼是五年前修的。
(3) "why的用法
why指原因或理由，在定语从句中作原因状语，它的先行词通常为reason。
Tell me the reason why she was late.请告诉我她迟到的原因。
I don’t want to listen to any reason why you were absent.我不想听任何你缺席的理由。三 定语从句的注意事项。
1. 用that不用which的情况
that和which都可指物，在定语从句中又都可作主语或宾语。通常情况 下，二者可互换使用，但有时that和which却不宜互换。
(1) 当先行词是不定代词 all，little，few，much，something，anything，everything, nothing，none，some 等时
He did everything that he could to help us. 他做了一切能做的事来帮助我们。In this factory I found little that was different from ours.在这家工厂，我们发现很少和我们工厂不同的地方。
(2). 先行词被alll，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last, just 等词修饰时All the things that we can do are to give you some advice.我们能做的就是给你提供一些建议！This is the very book that I want.这正是我想要的那本书。
Music is the only thing that interests me.音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。
(3) 先行词前有席数词或形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身就是席数词或形容词最高级时 The first thing that we should do now is to find a local guide.我们现在要做的第一件事就是找一个当地的向导。
When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes into mind is the West Lake.人们谈及杭州时，首先跃入脑海的就是西湖。
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时:He was watching the children and parcels that filled with the car.他望着满车的孩子和包裹。
She described in her composition the people and places that interested her most她在作文中描述了最让她感兴趣的一些人和地方。
(5)当主句是以或"which开头的特殊疑问句时
Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门 口 的那个人是谁？
Which of us that knows something about physics cannot join electric wires?我们中间懂物理的有谁不会接电线？
2. 用which不用that的情况
(1) 关系代词前有介词且指事物时 The house in which I used to live has become a clothes shop. 我过去住的房子现在变成了一家服装店。The pen with which you are writing is Jeff’s. 你正用来写字的那支笔是杰夫的。
(2) 先行词本身就是that时 "What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才天空中一闪而过的是什么东西？
I don’t like that which he did.我不喜欢他做的那件事。
3. 用who不用that的情况
(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时:先行词如果是指人的不定代词或指示代词，如one，anyone，everyone，no one, all，nobody，anybody，none, those等不宜用 that。
Congratulations to ourwinners andthanks toeveryonewho entered the
competition向我们的获胜者祝贺，也感谢参与比赛的每个人。Those who have good manners will be respected.有良好礼节的人会受到人们的尊重。
(2)当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时
The professor is comingsoon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.给我们作关于如何学英语讲座的教授快要来了。The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.找妈妈时迷了路的那个小男孩正哭得厉害。
3. 定语从句中的主谓一致
一般来讲,定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致.定语从句前是“one of+可数名词复数”，从句的谓语动词用复数形式; 是“the only one of+可数名词复数”, 定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
I am not one who is afraid of difficulty.我是个不怕困难的人。
Anyone who has questions to ask，please come to my office this afternoon. 有问题要问的人，请今天下午到我办公室来。
That is one of the most expensive dictionaries that have come out in recent years.那本词典是近几年来所出版的最贵的词典之一。
He is the only one of those workers who o able to do this job.他是那些工人中唯一能做此项工作的人。
4. 定语从句中的时态:定语从句中的时态一般不受主句影响，主要根据具体的语境和意义而定。
The professor who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. 昨天参观我们学校的教授来自加拿大。The professor who is visiting our school now is from Canada. 现在正在参观我们学校的教授来自加拿大。The professor who will visit our school tomorrow is from Canada. 明天要来参观我们学校的教授来自加拿大。
5. 先行词是way的定语从句
当先行词是表示“方式，方法”意义的way时，定语从句用that或in which 引导，that和in which可以省略。I don’t like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother.我不喜欢他跟他母亲讲话的方式。
