最新高考英语考点一遍过（讲义） 考点43 阅读理解词义猜测题

这是一份最新高考英语考点一遍过（讲义） 考点43 阅读理解词义猜测题，共33页。试卷主要包含了抓基础，抓课堂，抓自习，抓阅读等内容，欢迎下载使用。

要求学生重视并充分利用每单元学案、课本上的重点词汇、短语和句型，以及每单元的综合训练，认真对其辨析、总结和归纳，查漏补缺，坚持积累，最重要的是能够在合适的语境中正确、灵活地运用。保证课堂高效。
2、抓课堂、重效率、要求学生紧跟老师的节奏
一轮复习是将重点知识提炼，容量大，速度快。所以，学生的思路必须时时刻刻跟随着老师的思路，要快速地用脑思，用心听、用嘴说，用手写，才能达到高效。
3、抓自习、重过程、增强得分的意识
学案都是在规定的时间内完成，重视规范的做题步骤，重视思考过程。更重要的是，做完题后要对做过的题目进行反思、整理。大量的、甚至可能是枯燥的训练是做题速度和准确度的保证。希望老师要保证所有同学从每套题中都获得最大收获。
4、抓阅读、重反思、全面提高成绩
得阅读者得天下。阅读是强化英语思维的最佳途径之一。一轮复习中，重视基础知识的同时，要坚持阅读训练，促进英语成绩的整体提高。
5、抓时间，重效果，扎实做好每个复习环节
一轮复习时间紧，任务重，需要同学们充分抢抓时间，利用时间，紧跟复习进度。同时，重视复习效果，做到做一件事，有一点收获。英语成绩的进步并非一蹴而就，需要每天坚持把每件事情做扎实。只要做到这一点，成功只是早晚的事！
考点43 阅读理解词义猜测题
高考频度：★★★★★
历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《教学大纲》要求学生“读懂生词率不超过3%的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”，这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类：1．旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义；如：Nearby is the Indianaplis race curse, where the natin’s mst famus car race is held each year n May 30th.我们学过 curse的意思是“过程，课程”等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 curse是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 curse在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2．合成词、转化词与派生词，如shplifting，heartbrken，cmputer-literate，decisin-thinking，imperfect等；3．“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4．“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5．超纲生词。
有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”，一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读理解时遇到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中才可以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多义是英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。
该类题常见的考查形式有：
1. The phrase “…”in the sentence culd be replaced by ____.
2. The wrd “…” in the paragraph refers t ____.
3. What is the meaning f the underlined wrd in the paragraph? / What des the unlined wrd mean?
4. Which f the fllwing is the clsest in meaning t the phrase “…”?
5. The wrd “…” mst nearly means ____.
对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍几种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。
1．构词法猜词
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unfreseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fre, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fre是“先，前，预”的含义，un是否定，able是“能……的，可……的”，因此unfreseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。
…Baker cncludes that peple d nt have the ability t sense when they’re being stared at. If peple dubt the utcme f his tw experiments, said Baker, “I suggest they repeat the experiments and see fr themselves.” …
70. The underlined wrd “utcme” in the last paragraph mst prbably means .
A. value B. result
C. perfrmance D. cnnectin
【答案】B
2．利用同义近义词猜词
在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或r，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或r连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。
…Fermat’s Last Therem（定理）, first put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French wman scientists wh made a majr advance in wrking ut the prblem, and wh had t dress like a man in rder t be able t study at the Ecle Plytechnique. …
65. Which f the fllwing best explains the meaning f the wrd “baffle” as it is used in the text?
A. T encurage peple t raise questins.
B. T cause difficulty in understanding.
C. T prvide a persn with an explanatin.
D. T limit peple’s imaginatin.
【答案】B
3．利用反义词猜词
对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词ht and cld, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。
…A child’s birthday party desn’t have t be a hassle ; it can be a basket f fun, accrding t Beth Anacleri, an Evastn mther f tw, ages 4 and 18 mnths. …
74.What des the underlined wrd “hassle” prbably mean?
A. A party designed by specialists.
B. A plan requiring careful thught.
C. A situatin causing difficulty r truble.
D. A demand made by guests.
【答案】C
【解析】根据前句的否定desn’t与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, truble相近。答案为C。
4．利用上下文语境猜词
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。
（2018·新课标卷III）
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre is mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
I fund the pre-hlidays a gd time t encurage yung children t dnate less-used things, and it wrked. Because f ur effrts, ur daughter Gergia did decide t dnate a large bag f tys t a little girl whse mther was unable t pay fr her hliday due t illness. She chse t sell a few larger bjects that were less ften used when we prmised t put the mney int her schl fund(基金）(ur kindergarten daughter is serius abut becming a dctr).
……
【文章大意】这是一片夹叙夹议文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。
【答案】A
5．利用定义和解释猜词
有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。
“Organic prduce is always better, ” Gld said. “The fd is free f pesticides (农药), and yu are generally supprting family farms instead f large farms. And mre ften than nt it is lcally (本地)grwn and seasnal, s it is mre tasty.” Gld is ne f a grwing number f shppers buying int the rganic trend, and supermarkets acrss Britain are cunting n mre like him as they grw their rganic fd business.
62. What is the meaning f “the rganic trend” as the wrds are used in the text?
A. Grwing interest in rganic fd.
B. Better quality f rganic fd.
C. Rising market fr rganic fd.
D. Higher prices f rganic fd.
【答案】A
【解析】由Gld is ne f a grwing number f shppers buying smething可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gld一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。
6．根据语义转折猜词
有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：thugh, althugh, still, but, yet, instead, instead f, hwever, while, n the cntrary, n the ther hand, unlike, rather than, fr ne thing, fr anther等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。
…Hwever bvius these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually nt s bvius as they seem except when we take special pains t think abut the subject.
…
71. In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” prbably means “_____”.
A. try very hard B. take ur time
C. are very unhappy D. feel especially painful
【答案析】A
7．利用经验和常识猜词
…“I was n the way t a persnal-injury accident in West Nashville. As I gt nt Highway 40, blue lights and sirens(警笛) ging, I fell in behind a gld Pntiac Firebird that suddenly seemed t take ff quickly dwn the highway. The driver smehw panicked at the sight f me. He was ging mre than a hundred miles an hur and began passing cars n the shulder.”
63. The meaning f “panicked” in Paragraph 2 is related t ___________ .
A. shame B. hate C. anger D. fear
【答案】D
【解析】根据本段内容描述，可以知道panicked 意思是“惊慌”，相当于fear。
题组一（2018年高考真题）
Passage1(2018·新课标卷I，C)
Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging. When the wrld was still ppulated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系)grups develped their wn patterns f speech independent f each ther.Sme language experts believe that 10,000 years ag, when the wrld had just five t ten millin peple, they spke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Sn afterwards, many f thse peple started settling dwn t becme farmers, and their languages t became mre settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrializatin, the develpment f the natin-state and the spread f universal cmpulsry educatin, especially glbalisatin and better cmmunicatins in the past few decades, all have caused many languages t disappear, and dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.
At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages. The distributin f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild znes have relatively few languages, ften spken by many peple, while ht, wet znes have lts, ften spken by small numbers. Eurpe has nly arund 200 languages; the Americas abut 1,000; Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, f which Papua New Guinea alne accunts fr well ver 800. The median number (中位数)f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that.
Already well ver 400 f the ttal f, 6,800 languages are clse t extinctin(消亡), with nly a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at randm, Busuu in Camern (eight remaining speakers),Chiapanec in Mexic(150), Lipan Apache in the United States(tw r three)r Wadjigu in Australia (ne, with a questin-mark): nne f these seems t have much chance f survival.
28. What can we infer abut languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They develped very fast. B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns. D. They were clsely cnnected.
29. Which f the fllwing best explains "dminant " underlined in paragraph 2？
A. Cmplex. B. Advanced.
C. Pwerful. D. Mdern.
30. Hw many languages are spken by less than 6, 000 peple at present?
A. Abut 6,800 B. Abut 3,400
C. Abut 2,400 D. Abut 1,200
31. What is the main idea f the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. Peple’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human develpment results in fewer languages.
D. Gegraphy determines language evlutin.
Passage2(2018·新课标卷II，)
Steven Stein likes t fllw garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when yu cnsider that he’s an envirnmental scientist wh studies hw t reduce litter, including things that fall ff garbage trucks as they drive dwn the rad. What is even mre interesting is that ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.
Americans use mre than 100 billin thin film plastic bags every year. S many end up in tree branches r alng highways that a grwing number f cities d nt allw them at checkuts(收银台) . The bags are prhibited in sme 90 cities in Califrnia, including Ls Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.
Amng the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allw shppers t purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require mre energy t prduce and transprt. And while plastic bags may be ugly t lk at, they represent a small percentage f all garbage n the grund tday.
The industry has als taken aim at the prduct that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shpping bags. The strnger a reusable bag is, the lnger its life and the mre plastic-bag use it cancels ut. Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make. One study fund that a cttn bag must be used at least 131 times t be better fr the planet than plastic.
Envirnmentalists dn't dispute（质疑） these pints. They hpe paper bags will be banned smeday t and want shppers t use the same reusable bags fr years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired t d?
A. Help increase grcery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stp things falling ff trucks.D. Argue fr the use f plastic bags.
25. What des the wrd “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Bans n plastic bags.B. Effects f city develpment.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage f reusable bags accrding t plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strng than plastic bags.D. Prducing them requires mre energy.
27. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Plastic, Paper r NeitherB. Industry, Pllutin and Envirnment
C. Recycle r Thrw AwayD. Garbage Cllectin and Waste Cntrl
Passage3(2018·浙江卷，B)
Steven Stein likes t fllw garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when yu cnsider that he’s an envirnmental scientist wh studies hw t reduce litter, including things that fall ff garbage trucks as they drive dwn the rad. What is even mre interesting is that ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.
Americans use mre than 100 billin thin film plastic bags every year. S many end up in tree branches r alng highways that a grwing number f cities d nt allw them at checkuts(收银台) . The bags are prhibited in sme 90 cities in Califrnia, including Ls Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.
Amng the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allw shppers t purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require mre energy t prduce and transprt. And while plastic bags may be ugly t lk at, they represent a small percentage f all garbage n the grund tday.
The industry has als taken aim at the prduct that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shpping bags. The strnger a reusable bag is, the lnger its life and the mre plastic-bag use it cancels ut. Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make. One study fund that a cttn bag must be used at least 131 times t be better fr the planet than plastic.
Envirnmentalists dn't dispute（质疑） these pints. They hpe paper bags will be banned smeday t and want shppers t use the same reusable bags fr years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired t d?
A. Help increase grcery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stp things falling ff trucks.D. Argue fr the use f plastic bags.
25. What des the wrd “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Bans n plastic bags.B. Effects f city develpment.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage f reusable bags accrding t plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strng than plastic bags.D. Prducing them requires mre energy.
27. What is the best title fr the text?
A. Plastic, Paper r NeitherB. Industry, Pllutin and Envirnment
C. Recycle r Thrw AwayD. Garbage Cllectin and Waste Cntrl
Passage4(2018·北京卷，D)
Preparing Cities fr Rbt Cars
The pssibility f self-driving rbt cars has ften seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away frm materializing in the real wrld. Well, the future is apparently nw. The Califrnia Department f Mtr Vehicles began giving permits in April fr cmpanies t test truly self-driving cars n public rads. The state als cleared the way fr cmpanies t sell r rent ut self-driving cars, and fr cmpanies t perate driverless taxi services. Califrnia, it shuld be nted, isn’t leading the way here. Cmpanies have been testing their vehicles in cities acrss the cuntry. It’s hard t predict when driverless cars will be everywhere n ur rads. But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated.
While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. The arrival f driverless vehicles is a chance t make sure that thse vehicles are envirnmentally friendly and mre shared.
D we want t cpy — r even wrsen — the traffic f tday with driverless cars? Imagine a future where mst adults wn individual self-driving vehicles. They tlerate lng, slw jurneys t and frm wrk n packed highways because they can wrk, entertain themselves r sleep n the ride, which encurages urban spread. They take their driverless car t an appintment and set the empty vehicle t circle the building t avid paying fr parking. Instead f walking a few blcks t pick up a child r the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The cnvenience even leads fewer peple t take public transprt — an unwelcme side effect researchers have already fund in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study frm the University f Califrnia at Davis suggested that replacing petrl-pwered private cars wrldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems culd reduce carbn emissins frm transprtatin 80% and cut the cst f transprtatin infrastructure(基础设施) and peratins 40% by 2050. Fewer emissins and cheaper travel sund pretty appealing. The first cmmercially available driverless cars will almst certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, cnsidering the cst f self-driving technlgy as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car wnership culd increase as the prices drp and mre peple becme cmfrtable with the technlgy.
Plicymakers shuld start thinking nw abut hw t make sure the appearance f driverless vehicles desn’t extend the wrst aspects f the car-cntrlled transprtatin system we have tday. The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it.
47. Accrding t the authr, attentin shuld be paid t hw driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transprtatin-related prblems
B. prvide better services t custmers
C. cause damage t ur envirnment
D. make sme peple lse jbs
48. As fr driverless cars, what is the authr’s majr cncern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affrdability. D. Management.
49. What des the underlined wrd ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Emplyed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the authr’s attitude t the future f self-driving cars?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Sympathetic.
题组二（2017年高考真题）
Passage1(2017·新课标卷II，D)
When a leafy plant is under attack, it desn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, tw scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm. What the plants pump thrugh the air is a mixture f chemicals knwn as vlatile rganic cmpunds, VOCs fr shrt.
Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way f crying ut. But is anyne listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighburs react.
Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away. But thers d duble duty. They pump ut perfumes designed t attract different insects wh are natural enemies t the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker wh was lunching nw becmes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical cnversatins help the neighbrs .The damage is usually mre serius n the first plant, but the neighbrs, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what t d.
Des this mean that plants talk t each ther? Scientists dn’t knw. Maybe the first plant just made a cry f pain r was sending a message t its wn branches, and s, in effect, was talking t itself. Perhaps the neighbrs just happened t “verhear” the cry. S infrmatin was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentinal back and frth.
Charles Darwin, ver 150 years ag, imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的)
than the wrld we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n.
32. What des a plant d when it is under attack?
A. It makes nises. B. It gets help frm ther plants.
C. It stands quietly D. It sends ut certain chemicals.
33. What des the authr mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready t fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34.Scientists find frm their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disasters
B. prtect themselves against insects
C. talk t ne anther intentinally
D. help their neighbrs when necessary
35.what can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. The wrld is changing faster than ever.
B. Peple have strnger senses than befre
C. The wrld is mre cmplex than it seems
D. Peple in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
Passage2(2017·新课标III卷，C)
After years f heated debate, gray wlves were reintrduced t Yellwstne Natinal Park. Furteen wlves were caught in Canada and transprted t the park. By last year, the Yellwstne wlf ppulatin had grwn t mre than 170 wlves.
Gray wlves nce were seen here and there in the Yellwstne area and much f the cntinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human develpment. By the 1920s, wlves had practically disappeared frm the Yellwstne area. They went farther nrth int the deep frests f Canada, where there were fewer humans arund.
The disappearance f the wlves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk ppulatins — majr fd surces (来源) fr the wlf — grew rapidly. These animals cnsumed large amunts f vegetatin (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence f wlves, cyte ppulatins als grew quickly. The cytes killed a large percentage f the park’s red fxes, and cmpletely drve away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, bilgists asked the gvernment t cnsider reintrducing wlves t Yellwstne Park. They hped that wlves wuld be able t cntrl the elk and cyte prblems. Many farmers ppsed the plan because they feared that wlves wuld kill their farm animals r pets.
The gvernment spent nearly 30 years cming up with a plan t reintrduce the wlvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully mnitrs and manages the wlf packs in Yellwstne. Tday, the debate cntinues ver hw well the gray wlf is fitting in at Yellwstne. Elk, deer, and cyte ppulatins are dwn, while beavers and red fxes have made a cmeback. The Yellwstne wlf prject has been a valuable experiment t help bilgists decide whether t reintrduce wlves t ther parts f the cuntry as well.
28. What is the text mainly abut?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellwstne area.
C. The cnflict between farmers and gray wlves.
D. The reintrductin f wlves t Yellwstne Park.
29. What des the underlined wrd ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested.B. Separated.
C. Frced ut.D. Tracked dwn.
30. What did the disappearance f gray wlves bring abut?
A. Damage t lcal eclgy.
B. A decline in the park’s incme.
C. Preservatin f vegetatin.
D. An increase in the variety f animals.
31. What is the authr’s attitude twards the Yellwstne wlf prject?
A. Dubtful. B. Psitive.
C. Disapprving. D. Uncaring.
Passage3(2017·天津卷)
This mnth, Germany’s transprt minister, Alexander Dbrindt, prpsed the first set f rules fr autnmus vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They wuld define the driver’s rle in such cars and gvern hw such cars perfrm in crashes where lives might be lst.
The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles: the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future.
Dbrindt wants three things: that a car always chses prperty(财产) damage ver persnal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based n age r race; and that if a human remves his r her hands frm the driving wheel — t check email, say — the car’s maker is respnsible if there is a crash.
“The change t the rad traffic law will permit fully autmatic driving,” says Dbrindt. It will put fully driverless cars n an equal legal fting t human drivers, he says.
Wh is respnsible fr the peratin f such vehicles is nt clear amng car makers, cnsumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest ne f them all,” says Natasha Merat at the University f Leeds, UK.
An assumptin behind UK insurance fr driverless cars, intrduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and mnitring the rad” at every mment.
But that is nt what many peple have in mind when thinking f driverless cars. “When yu say ‘driverless cars’, peple expect driverless cars.” Merat says. “Yu knw — n driver.”
Because f the cnfusin, Merat thinks sme car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully autmated withut peratin.
Driverless cars may end up being a frm f public transprt rather than vehicles yu wn, says Ryan Cal at Stanfrd University, Califrnia. That is happening in the UK and Singapre, where gvernment-prvided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.
46. What des the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. A place where cars ften break dwn.
B. A case where passing a law is impssible.
C. An area where n driving is permitted.
D. A situatin where drivers’ rle is nt clear.
47. The prpsal put frward by Dbrindt aims t __________.
A. stp peple frm breaking traffic rules
B. help prmte fully autmatic driving
C. prtect drivers f all ages and races
D. prevent serius prperty damage
48. What d cnsumers think f the peratin f driverless cars?
A. It shuld get the attentin f insurance cmpanies.
B. It shuld be the main cncern f law makers.
C. It shuld nt cause deadly traffic accidents.
D. It shuld invlve n human respnsibility.
49. Driverless vehicles in public transprt see n bright future in _________.
A. SingapreB. the UK
C. the USD. Germany
50. What culd be the best title fr the passage?
A. Autnmus Driving: Whse Liability?
B. Fully Autmatic Cars: A New Breakthrugh
C. Autnmus Vehicles: Driver Remved!
D. Driverless Cars: Rt f Rad Accidents
Passage4(2017·江苏卷)
Befre birth, babies can tell the difference between lud sunds and vices. They can even distinguish their mther’s vice frm that f a female stranger. But when it cmes t embrynic learning (胎教), birds culd rule the rst. As recently reprted in The Auk: Ornithlgical Advances, sme mther birds may teach their yung t sing even befre they hatch (孵化). New-brn chicks can then imitate their mm’s call within a few days f entering the wrld.
This educatinal methd was first bserved in 2012 by Snia Kleindrfer, a bilgist at Flinders University in Suth Australia, and her clleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were fund t repeat ne sund ver and ver again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp t their mthers—a sund that served as their regular ＂feed me!＂ call.
T find ut if the special quality was mre widespread in birds, the researchers sught the red-backed fairy wren, anther species f Australian sngbird. First they cllected sund data frm 67 nests in fur sites in Queensland befre and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the rder and number f ntes. A cmputer analysis blindly cmpared calls prduced by mthers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns ut that baby red-backed fairy wrens als emerge chirping like their mms. And the mre frequently mthers had called t their eggs, the mre similar were the babies’ begging calls. In additin, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that mst clsely imitated their mm’s vice were rewarded with the mst fd.
This bservatin hints that effective embrynic learning culd signal neurlgical (神经系统的) strengths f children t parents. An evlutinary inference can then be drawn. ＂As a parent, d yu invest in quality children, r d yu invest in children that are in need?＂ Kleindrfer asks. ＂Our results suggest that they might be ging fr quality.＂
58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means＂____________＂.
A. be the wrst B. be the best
C. be the as bad D. be just as gd
59. What are Kleindrfer’s findings based n?
A. Similarities between the calls f mms and chicks.
B. The bservatin f fairy wrens acrss Australia.
C. The data cllected frm Queensland’s lcals.
D. Cntrlled experiments n wrens and ther birds.
60. Embrynic learning helps mther birds t identify the baby birds which ____________.
A. can receive quality signals
B. are in need f training
C. fit the envirnment better
D. make the ludest call
题组三（2016年高考真题）
Passage1(2016·新课标全国卷I)
I am Peter Hdes , a vlunteer stem cell curier. Since March 2012, I’ve dne 89 trips—f thse , 51 have been abrad. I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little bx because I’ve gt tw ice packs and that’s hw lng they last. In all, frm the time the stem cells are harvested frm a dnr(捐献者) t the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve gt 72 hurs at mst. S I am always cnscius f time.
I had ne trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Prvidence, Rhde Island, and was meant t fly t Washingtn then back t Lndn. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Prvidence, the lady n the desk said:“Well, I’m really srry, I’ve gt sme bad news fr yu—there are n flights frm Washingtn.” S I tk my bx and put it n the desk and I said:“In this bx are sme stem cells that are urgently needed fr a patient-please, please, yu’ve gt t get me back t the United Kingdm.” She just drpped everything. She arranged fr a flight n a small plane t be held fr me，re-ruted(改道)me thrugh Newark and gt me back t the UK even earlier than riginally scheduled.
Fr this curier jb, yu’re cnsciusly aware that in that bx yu’re gt smething that is ptentially ging t save smebdy’s life.
29. Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd “curier” in Paragraph1?
A. prviderB. delivery man
C. cllectr D. medical dctr
30.Why des Peter have t cmplete his trip within 42hurs?
A. He cannt stay away frm his jb t lng.
B. The dnr can nly wait fr that lng.
C. The peratin needs that much time.
D. The ice wn’t last any lnger.
31. Which flight did the wman put Peter n first?
A. T Lndn.B. T Newark.
C. T Prvidence. D. T Washingtn.
Passage2(2016·新课标全国卷 = 3 \* ROMAN II)
Five years ag, when I taught art at a schl in Seattle, I used Tinkertys as a test at the beginning f a term t find ut smething abut my students. I put a small set f Tinkertys in frnt f each student, and said: “Make smething ut f the Tinkertys. Yu have 45 minutes tday—and 45minutes each day fr the rest f the week.”
A few students hesitated t start. They waited t see what the rest f the class wuld d. Several thers checked the instructins and made smething accrding t ne f the mdel plans prvided. Anther grup built smething ut f their wn imaginatins.
Once I had a by wh wrked experimentally with Tinkertys in his free time. His cnstructins filled a shelf in the art classrm and a gd part f his bedrm at hme. I was delighted at the presence f such a student. Here was an exceptinally creative mind at wrk. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whse creativity wuld infect(感染) ther students.
Encuraging this kind f thinking has a dwnside. I ran the risk f lsing thse students wh had a different style f thinking. Withut fail ne wuld declare, “But I’m just nt creative.”
“D yu dream at night when yu’re asleep?”
“Oh, sure.”
“S tell me ne f yur mst interesting dreams.” The student wuld tell smething wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky r in a time machine r grwing three heads. “That’s pretty creative. Wh des that fr yu?”
“Nbdy. I d it.”
“Really—at night, when yu’re asleep?”
“Sure.”
“Try ding it in the daytime, in class, kay?”
25. The teacher used Tinkertys in class in rder t ________.
A. knw mre abut the students
B. make the lessns mre exciting
C. raise the students’ interest in art
D. teach the students abut ty design
26. What d we knw abut the by mentined in Paragraph 3?
A. He liked t help his teacher.B. He preferred t study alne.
C. He was active in class.D. He was imaginative.
27. What des the underlined wrd “dwnside” in Paragraph 4 prbably mean?
A. Mistake.B. Drawback.
C. Difficulty.D. Burden.
28. Why did the teacher ask the students t talk abut their dreams?
A. T help them t see their creativity.
B. T find ut abut their sleeping habits.
C. T help them t imprve their memry.
D. T find ut abut their ways f thinking.
Passage3(2016·新课标卷III)
On ne f her trips t New Yrk several years ag, Eudra Welty decided t take a cuple f New Yrk friends ut t dinner. They settled in at a cmfrtable East Slide cafe and within minutes, anther custmer was appraching their table.
＂Hey, aren’t yu frm Mississippi?＂ the elegant, white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. ＂I’m frm Mississippi t.＂
Withut a secnd thught, the wman jined the Welty party. When her dinner partner shwed up, she als pulled up a chair.
＂They began telling me all the news f Mississippi,＂ Welty said. ＂I didn’t knw what my New Yrk friends were thinking.＂
Taxis n a rainy New Yrk night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the grup gt up t leave, it was puring utside. Welty’s new friends immediately sent a waiter t find a cab. Heading back dwntwn tward her htel, her big-city friends were amazed at the turn f events that had changed their Big Apple dinner int a Mississippi state reunin(团聚).
＂My friends said: ‘Nw we believe yur stries,’＂ Welty added. ＂And I said: ‘Nw yu knw. These are the peple that make me write them.’＂
Sitting n a sfa in her rm, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, lked pleased with this explanatin.
＂I dn’t make them up,＂ she said f the characters in her fictin these last 50 r s years. ＂I dn’t have t.＂
Beauticians, bartenders, pian players and peple with purple hats, Welty’s peple cme frm afternns spent visiting with ld friends, frm walks thrugh the streets f her native Jacksn, Miss., frm cnversatins verheard n a bus. It annys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has nw given ut. Smetimes, sitting n a bus r a train, she hears nly a fragment(片段) f a particularly interesting stry.
25. What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?
A. Tw strangers jined her．
B. Her childhd friends came in
C. A heavy rain ruined the dinner．
D. Sme peple held a party there.
26. The underlined wrd ＂them＂ in Paragraph 6 refers t Welty’s _______.
A. readers B. parties
C. friends D. stries
27. What can we learn abut the characters in Welty’s fictin?
A. They live in big cities.
B. They are mstly wmen.
C. They cme frm real life.
D. They are pleasure seekers.
Passage4(2016·四川卷)
If yu culd have ne superpwer, what wuld it be?
Dreaming abut whether yu wuld want t read minds, see thrugh walls, r have superhuman strength may sund silly, but it actually gets t the heart f what really matters in yur life.
Every day in ur wrk, we are inspired by the peple we meet ding extrardinary things t imprve the wrld.
They have a different kind f superpwer that all f us pssess: the pwer t make a difference in the lives f thers.
We’re nt saying that everyne needs t cntribute their lives t the pr. Yur lives are busy enugh ding hmewrk, playing sprts, making friends, seeking after yur dreams. But we d think that yu can live a mre pwerful life when yu devte sme f yur time and energy t smething much larger than yurself. Find an issue yu are interested in and learn mre. Vlunteer r, if yu can, cntribute a little mney t a cause. Whatever yu d, dn’t be a bystander. Get invlved. Yu may have the pprtunity t make yur biggest difference when yu’re lder. But why nt start nw?
Our wn experience wrking tgether n health, develpment, and energy the last twenty years has been ne f the mst rewarding parts f ur lives. It has changed wh we are and cntinues t fuel ur ptimism abut hw much the lives f the prest peple will imprve in the years ahead.
24. What des the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer t?
A. Yur life style.B. Yur life value.
C. Yur truble in life.D. Yur life experience.
25. Why des the authr say they are inspired every day?
A. They pssess different kinds f superpwers.
B. They have gt the pwer t change the wrld.
C. Sme peple arund them are making the wrld better.
D. There are many pwerful peple in their life and wrk.
26. What des the authr stress in Paragraph 5?
A. Learning mre and cntributing mre t a cause.
B. Rising abve self and acting t help thers.
C. Wrking hard t get a bigger pprtunity.
D. Trying yur best t help the pr.
27. What can be inferred frm the last paragraph?
A. The authr believes the lives f the prest will get better.
B. Much mre prgress will be made in the near future.
C. The wrk n health is the mst valuable experience.
D. Peple’s effrts have been materially rewarded.
题组四（名校模拟题）
Passage 1(2018届福建省百所重点校高三年联合考试)
The stry f Sir Nichlas Wintn is the ne that yu wuld imagine culd nly happen n the silver screen. Sir Nichlas Wintn was a British man wh went t heric effrts, ptentially putting himself at risk, during Wrld War II. Sir Wintn was respnsible fr ensuring the safety f six hundred and sixty-nine Jewish children by aiding their escape frm cuntries ccupied by Nazis. Finally, the Jewish children were brught t England where he wrked t make sure families in his native cuntry wuld help the kids by taking them int their hmes.
Recently, this unbelievable stry has again been making the runds n the Internet, particularly after a rerun f the BBC shw called “That’s Life”, which featured Sir Wintn. Peple arund the wrld were mved at the details f the stry, with saying it t be the best stry they’ve ever seen.
Sir Wintn kept his entire plan cmpletely secret, even his wife had n idea abut his planning until fifty years later. After the war, years passed and many peple remained in the dark abut Sir Wintn’s extrardinary achievement. Sme fifty years later, his wife Greta was searching in their huse and discvered a Wintn’s ntebk which dcumented the names f all the children. She wrked with BBC and they prduced a TV episde (插曲) f their prgram “That’s Life” that served as an hnr fr Sir Wintn’s wrk.
In 2003, Sir Wintn was knighted by the Queen f England fr his wrk. He als was even nminated fr a Nbel Peace Prize. He als had a small planet named after him by Czech astrnmers. Sir Wintn died peacefully in his sleep at the ld age f ne hundred and six, in 2015. Leaders arund the wrld paid tribute (悼念). Israel’s ambassadr t the United Kingdm, Daniel Taub, said, “He was a her f ur time, having saved 669 Jewish children frm Nazis. His stry, as a pint f light in a perid f darkness, will frever be remembered.”
1.What happened t the 669 Jewish children?
A. They were killed by Nazis.
B. They returned t their wn hmes.
C. They fled t their native cuntries.
D. They were raised by English families.
2.What made Wintn’s stry spread widely?
A. Peple’s chatting nline.B. The prgram “That’s Life”.
C. His wife’s prmtin.D. Praises frm sme leaders.
3.Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined expressin “remained in the dark’, in Paragraph 3?
A. felt dubtfulB. remained mved
C. knew nthingD. criticized smething
4.What d we knw abut Wintn?
A. He was brn in 1909.B. Nazis tried t arrest him.
C. He named a small planet.D. Many children paid tribute t him.
Passage 2((2018届河南省中原名校高三质量考评)
A ROBOT cmpanin fr lder peple aims t prmte activity and deal with lneliness by urging them t take part in digital and physical activities.
The ElliQ rbt, made by Israel-based start-up Intuitin Rbtics, will be published at the Design Museum in Lndn this week. ElliQ is a small desktp device that cnsists f a dmed (拱形的) “bdy” and a separate detachable (可拆卸的) screen.
Created in cllabratin with Swiss designer Yves Behar, the rbt is able t encurage a degree f scial engagement. Similar t hme assistants like the Amazn Ech, peple can simply talk t it, and there are visual clues that culd be particularly helpful fr thse with hearing difficulties.
A key purpse f ElliQ is t act as an easy platfrm t access existing services such as scial media, and messaging prgrams. Fr example, the device culd alert the users that their grandchild has psted a new pht n Facebk, shw it t them n the screen.
ElliQ can recmmend activities vluntarily. It might ask if yu’re interested in watching a vide, fr instance, r suggest a walk. It can als act as reminder t take medicatin.
Having a rbt cnstantly ffer suggestins culd bviusly get annying, s the device uses machine learning t tailr these suggestins t individual preferences. If a suggestin is met with a psitive respnse nce, ElliQ might try it again. If nt, it might change fr a different tack.
1.Which f the fllwing statements is NOT true?
A.A rbt cmpanin fr lder peple will strngly advise them t participate in digital and physical activities t be healthy.
B. The ElliQ rbt is published at the Design Museum in Lndn.
C. The screen f the ElliQ rbt can be remved if necessary.
D. The ElliQ rbt is created by Swiss designer Yves Behar and Israel-based start-up Intuitin Rbtics.
2.The underlined wrd “alert” is clsest m meaning t ________ .
A. declareB. annunceC. remindD. say
3.ElliQ can serve the fllwing purpses EXCEPT________.
A. when the user’s friend updates his mments (朋友圈), it can shw it t the user n the screen.
B.it can recmmend sme activities even the user desn’t ask.
C.it will cnstantly give suggestins regardless f the user’s individual preference.
D.it can help thse with hearing difficulties by ffering visual clues.
4.In which clumn we are mst likely t find the passage?
A. News & TechnlgyB. Peple
C. Health D. Internatinal Affairs
Passage 3(2017届黑龙江大庆一中高三第三段测)
One f the main challenges facing many cuntries is hw t maintain their identity in the face f glbalizatin and the grwing multi-language trend. ＂One f the main reasns fr ecnmic failure in many African cuntries is the fact that, with a few imprtant exceptins, mther-tngue educatin is nt practiced in any f the independent African states.＂ said Neville Alexander, Directr f the Prject fr the Study f Alternative Educatin in Suth Africa at the University f Cape Twn.
In respnse t the spread f English and the increased multi-language trends arising frm immigratin, many cuntries have intrduced language laws in the last decade. In sme, the use f languages ther than the natinal language is banned in public spaces such as advertising psters. One f the first such legal prvisins(规定) was the 1994 ＂Tubn law＂ in France, and the idea has been cpied in many cuntries since then. Such effrts t gvern language use are ften cnsidered as futile by language experts, wh are well aware f the difficulty in cntrlling fashins in speech and knw frm research that language switching amng bilinguals is a natural prcess.
It is especially difficult fr native speakers f English t understand the desire t maintain the ＂purity＂ f a language by law. Since the time f Shakespeare, English has cntinually absrbed freign wrds int its wn language. English is ne f the mst mixed and rapidly changing languages in the wrld, but that has nt been a barrier t acquiring superirity and pwer. Anther reasn fr the failure f many native English speakers t understand the rle f the state regulatin is that it has never been the Angl-Saxn way f ding things. English has never had a state-cntrlled authrity fr the language, similar, fr example, t the Academic Francaise in France.
The need t prtect natinal languages is, fr mst western Eurpeans, a recent phenmenn- especially the need t ensure that English des nt unnecessarily take ver t many fields. Public cmmunicatin, educatin and new ways f cmmunicatin prmted by technlgy, may be key fields t defend.
1.Neville Alexander believes that __________.
A. mther-tngue educatin is nt practiced in all African cuntries
B. glbalizatin has resulted in the ecnmic failure f Africa
C. glbalizatin has led t the rise f multi-language trend
D. lack f mther-tngue educatin can lead t ecnmic failure
2.The underlined wrd ＂futile＂ (in paragraph 2) mst prbably means ＂ ___________＂.
A. wrkable B. practical
C. useless D. unnecessary
3.What can we infer frm the last paragraph?
A. English has taken ver fields like public cmmunicatin and educatin.
B. Many aspects f natinal culture are threatened by the spread f English.
C. Mst language experts believe it is imprtant t prmte a natinal language.
D. Eurpeans have lng realized the need t prtect a natinal language.
4.The best title fr the passage is __________.
A. Fighting against the rule f English
B. Prtecting lcal languages and identities
C. Glbalizatin and multi-language trend
D. T maintain the purity f language by law
Passage 4(2017届河南省新乡市第一中学高三模考)
Scientists in Britain have managed t teach bumblebees(大黄蜂) t pull strings t get t fd and then pass n what they have learned t thers in their clny(群体)—shwing a high level f intelligence despite their tiny brains.
Researchers at Queen Mary University f Lndn said the experiments, ften used t test the intelligence f apes (猿) and birds, shwed fr the first time that sme insects are up t the task, and can als pass skills n thrugh several generatins.
The findings add t the evidence suggesting the ability fr ＂culture spread＂ — the ability t learn and pass n knwledge and skills — may nt be exclusive t humans.
In the research, published in the jurnal PLOS Bilgy n Tuesday, the scientists were able t train 23 ut f a grup f 40 bees t pull strings with their legs and feet.
The strings were attached t discs — r artificial ＂flwers＂ — cntaining fd at their center but placed under a transparent screen. The bees, sptting the fd beneath the screen, learned t pull the ＂flwers＂ ut by pulling the string with their legs and feet t be able t get t it.
Frm anther grup f bees given the chance t slve the task withut any training, nly tw f 110 were successful.
Anther grup f bees was then allwed t bserve the trained bees pulling the strings, and 60 percent f them successfully learned the skill. Finally, trained bees were put in clnies, and the scientists fund the technique spread successfully t a majrity f the clny’s wrker bees.
Lars Chittka, a Queen Mary University prfessr wh guided the prject, said the team is interested in figuring ut the brain prcesses behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills.
1.What des the underlined wrd ＂exclusive＂ in Paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. Ordinary. B. Unique.
C. Beneficial. D. Widespread.
2.What did the researchers find abut bees?
A. Bees learn best in insects.
B. Bees are as clever as birds.
C. Bees are brn gd learners.
D. Bees can be trained t learn skills.
3.What may the research team fcus n next?
A. What else bees can d.
B. Where bees learn skills.
C. Hw bees teach thers.
D. Hw bees’ brain wrk.
4.What may be the best title fr the text?
A. Small bees, great abilities
B. Bees can learn and teach
C. Bees are smarter
D. Let bees learn
题组一
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
29.C 【解析】猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dminant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking ver.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dminant languages意为：强有力的语言。故选C。
30.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的At present, the wrld has abut 6,800 languages.和The median number (中位数) f speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the wrld’s languages are spken by fewer peple than that. 可知，目前世界上大约有6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400.故选B。
31.C 【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been cming and ging fr thusands f years, but in recent times there has been less cming and a lt mre ging.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
Passage2
【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。
24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。
25.A 【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans n plastic bags，故选A。
26.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。
Passage3
【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。
24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段ne f Stein's jbs is defending an industry behind the plastic shpping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein t make the case that their prducts are nt as bad fr the planet as mst peple assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故选D。
25.A 【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans n plastic bags，故选A。
26.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段Hwever, lnger-lasting reusable bags ften require mre energy t make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。
27.A 【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper r Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段While much f the debate s far has been fcused n the safety f driverless cars(and rightfully s), plicymakers als shuld be talking abut hw self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissins(排放) and ffer mre cnvenient, affrdable mbility ptins. 可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。
48.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段But hwever lng it takes, the technlgy has the ptential t change ur transprtatin systems and ur cities, fr better r fr wrse, depending n hw the transfrmatin is regulated. 可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。
50.B 【解析】观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The cming technlgical advancement presents a chance fr cities and states t develp transprtatin systems designed t mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. The car f the future is cming. We just have t plan fr it. 中的 advancement，mve mre peple, and mre affrdably. 以及plan fr it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。
题组二
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。研究发现，当植物受到攻击时，会发出VOCs，以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。
32.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据“reprted that yung maple trees getting bitten by insects send ut a particular
smell that neighbring plants can get. These chemicals cme frm the injured parts f the plant and seem t be an alarm”可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。
33.A 【解析】词义推测题。根据“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker wh was lunching nw
becmes lunch”，一旦它们到达这里，这些攻击者就会受到植物的攻击，故选A。
34.B 【解析】细节理解题，根据“Scientists have fund that all kinds f plants give ut VOCs when being
attacked” 及“Sme plants pump ut smelly chemicals t keep insects away... ”可知答案选B。
35.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据“imagined a wrld far busier, nisier and mre intimate(亲密的) than the wrld
we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whle lt ging n”可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选C。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的事情。人类活动的影响使灰狼的数量逐渐减少，鹿群数量逐渐增加，从而导致植被被大量破坏。
28.D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园对灰狼的引进。
29.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。
31.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。
Passage3
【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章记叙了德国交通部长的对于自主驾驶车辆的规章制度的一个提议，引出说明了位于科技前沿的无人驾驶的自动化车辆在英国、新加坡和美国的不同前景。
46.D 【解析】考查词义猜测。根据第二段的句子the grey area between semi-autnmus and fully driverless cars that culd delay the driverless future可知选D。
47.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段内容The prpsal attempts t deal with what sme call the “death valley” f autnmus vehicles…可知选B。
48.D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第六、七、八段内容可知选D。
49.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段That wuld g dwn prly in the US, hwever. “The idea that the gvernment wuld take ver driverless cars and treat them as a public gd wuld get abslutely nwhere here,” says Cal.可知选C。
50.A 【解析】通读全文可以知道，本文主要讲述了谁来对无人驾驶的机动车辆负责。故选A。
Passage4
【文章大意】文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。
58.B【解析】根据第二段＂when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp t their mthers＂可知，鸟儿在孵化小鸟的时候，鸣叫对未出生的小鸟有很大影响，它们被孵化后也能发出类似的声音，说明鸟儿很擅长胎教。
60.C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂the baby birds that mst clsely imitated their mm’s vice were rewarded with the mst fd＂和最后一段＂Our results suggest that they might be ging fr quality.＂可知，模仿母鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知，胎教帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。
题组三
Passage1
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。
29.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段内容 I’ve dne 89 trips和I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells in my little bx以及第二段内容可知作者是运送干细胞的人，也就是delivery man。故选B 。
30.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第二句I have 42 hurs t carry stem cells in my little bx because I’ve gt tw ice packs and that’s hw lng they last.可知冰盒只能保持42小时适宜的温度。故选D 。
31.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段末句 She arranged fr a flight n a small plane t be held fr me, re-ruted me thrugh Newark 可知，这位好心的女士首先安排作者去Newark的航班。故选 B。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文属于记叙文，作者通过让学生拼装玩具发现并鼓励学生的创造性和想象力。
25.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“t find ut smething abut my students.”可知，作者使用Tinkertys是为了弄清楚学生的一些事情。故A正确。
26.D 【解析】推理判断题。文章第三段第一句中提到的这个男孩在空闲时间拼装这些玩具，而且他的作品堆满了艺术教室的架子，家里的卧室里也有很多。第三段倒数第二句“Here was an exceptinally creative mind at wrk”说明他是一个很有想象力和创造性的人。故D项正确。
27.B 【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线单词后一句“I ran the risk f lsing thse students wh had a different style f thinking.”可知我冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的危险。说明我的这种教育方法也有不足之处。故画线词意为“drawback缺点”。故B正确。
Passage3
【文章大意】文章介绍了一位女作家请纽约的朋友吃饭时发生的故事。Welty是一位年纪比较大的作家，她来自密西西比。Welty的作品都是来自于现实的生活。
25.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的＂anther custmer was appraching their table＂和第三段的＂the wman jined the Welty party. When her dinner partner shwed up, she als pulled up a chair＂可知，先后有两个陌生人（一位女士及其同伴）加入了Welty的聚会，故选A。
26.D 【解析】猜测词义题。画线的them指代前面提到的人或物，根据＂Nw we believe yur stries＂可知，them指代的是Welty写的小说里面的故事，听了Welty和两个陌生人的有关密西西比的谈话之后，Welty的朋友相信了Welty小说里的故事都是来源于生活，故选D。
27.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据＂I dn’t make them up＂和＂Welty’s peple cme frm afternns spent visiting with ld friends, frm walks thrugh the streets f her native Jacksn, Miss., frm cnversatins verheard n a bus.＂可知，Welty小说里的人物并不是虚构的，他们都来源于现实生活，故选C。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文以虚拟语气的问句形式开头，鼓励人们奉献自己的一些时间和精力去帮助别人，最穷人的生活将会变得更好。
24.B 【解析】词义猜测题。此处是说，梦想着能读懂别人心思，看穿墙，或者拥有超能力，这些可能听起来很荒唐，但是实际上它是你生活的价值的核心。故选B。
25.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Every day in ur wrk, we are inspired by the peple we meet ding extrardinary things t imprve the wrld.可知每天在我们的工作中，我们会受到一些人的鼓舞，他们在做一些特别的事情来改善世界。故选C。
26.B 【解析】推理判断题。综合第五段内容可知，作者想要告诉我们，提升自己，行动起来帮助别人。故选B。
27.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，它已经改变了我们是谁，并将在以后的这些年里继续点燃我们对改善穷人生活的乐观情绪。故选A。
题组四
Passage1
【文章大意】文章主要讲述Sir Nichlas Wintn在纳粹期间帮助669个犹太孩子逃到英国的故事。如今而且BBC把这一故事搬上荧幕，让大众知道在黑暗时期还有这样一个英雄给人们带来光明。
2.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段的第一句“Recently, this unbelievable stry has again been making the runds n the Internet, particularly after a rerun f the BBC shw called “That’s Life””可知，这个故事被BBC做成电视节目，重新出现在人们的视野中，使这个故事被人们所熟知。故选Ｂ。
3.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据前面的句意可知，Sir Nichlas Wintn一直对自己的英雄事迹保密，甚至是他的妻子。所以，此处应为不为人们所知道。故选C。
4.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Sir Wintn died peacefully in his sleep at the ld age f ne hundred and six, in 2015.”可知，Sir Wintn 生于1909年。故选A。
Passage2
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款能够帮助老年人处理孤独的机器人伴侣。
1.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The ElliQ rbt, made by Israel-based start-up Intuitin Rbtics, will be published at the Design Museum in Lndn this week.”可知，ElliQ在伦敦的设计博物馆发布，故B项正确。
2.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“the users that their grandchild has psted a new pht n Facebk, shw it t them n the screen.”可知，这个设备能提醒老年人他们的孙子或孙女在Facebk发布新照片并展示给他们看，故C项正确。
3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三、四段对ElliQ功能的介绍可知，ElliQ会提醒老年人朋友圈有新动态，为他们推荐一些活动以及通过提供视觉线索帮助听力有困难的老年人，但并没有说不管个人喜好如何它都会不断地提出建议，故C项正确。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍的是一款能够帮助老年人处理孤独的机器人伴侣，属于科技范畴，最有可能出现在科技新闻中，故A 项正确。
Passage3
【语篇解读】现在世界全球化导致很多国家的独特的文化收到了冲击和影响，本文讲述的正是这方面的话题。很多国家都采取了很多的措施来保护本国的文化。
2.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本句Such effrts t gvern language use are ften dismissed as futile by language experts, wh are well aware f the difficulty in cntrlling fashins in speech and knw frm research that language switching amng bilinguals is a natural prcess.可知，很多语言专家都认为管理语言使用的努力是无用的，因为这样的控制是没有什么效果的。故C正确。
3.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句One f the main challenges facing many cuntries is hw t maintain their identity in the face f glbalizatin and the grwing multi-language trend.可知，很多国家都因为英语的广泛推广而导致本国的语言和文化受到了冲击和影响。故B正确。
4.B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段One f the main challenges facing many cuntries is hw t maintain their identity in the face f glbalizatin and the grwing multi-language trend.可知，现在世界全球化导致很多国家的独特的文化受到了冲击和影响，本文讲述的正是这方面的话题。故B正确。
Passage4
【文章大意】本文为说明文，属于科普类文章。介绍了大黄蜂有学习能力，还会传播自己学到的知识。
1.B 【解析】猜测词义题。依据第二段可知，大黄蜂也具有学习并传播所学知识的能力，结合第三段本句话可知，这种能力并非人类独有的，故选B项。
2.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三、四、五、六、七段可知，蜜蜂可以被训练学习技能。D项正确。
3.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一句 team is interested in figuring ut the brain prcesses behind the bees’ learning and teaching skills.可知，该小组感兴趣的是找出蜜蜂学习和教学技能背后的大脑活动过程。故D项正确。
4.B 【解析】主旨大意题。综合全文尤其第一段可知，文章主要介绍一项科学发现，大黄蜂也可以学习并传播所学技能，故选B项。