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2023届北京市中国人民大学附属中学高三三模英语试题（含解析）
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这是一份2023届北京市中国人民大学附属中学高三三模英语试题（含解析），共22页。试卷主要包含了完形填空，用单词的适当形式完成短文，阅读理解，七选五，阅读表达，建议信等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2023届北京市中国人民大学附属中学高三三模英语试题
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、完形填空
Your first day anywhere can be tough. As a supply teacher, I had one such experience when I was required to work at a special education school.
When I received the call asking if I was available that day, a wave of 1 rushed over me. I’d never taught in a special school before, but I 2 pulled myself together and drove to the school. On the way there, I had 3 about everything I couldn’t do.
As I 4 , I was greeted by the head who assured me there was “nothing to worry about”, but I was feeling anything but! I was told I would teach key stage 1.
5 by their parents, the children began to show up. I tried to hide my anxious feelings, although a few drops of 6 were noticeable.
The whole class, a total of 8 with various special needs, arrived by 9:30. Contrary to my 7 , as the day went on, my stress levels went down. The children were expressive, unique and passionate, though there were times that left me slightly 8 by their screams.
As the day ended, I can 9 say it was one of the best experiences of my teaching career. I hope anyone will admit working at a special school and allow the passion of the children there to 10 their love of teaching.
1．A．panic B．sadness C．anger D．sympathy
2．A．hesitantly B．regularly C．eventually D．desperately
3．A．plans B．thoughts C．doubts D．opinions
4．A．broke up B．sped up C．picked up D．pulled up
5．A．Abandoned B．Suspected C．Accompanied D．Raised
6．A．ink B．rain C．sweat D．blood
7．A．decisions B．conclusions C．suggestions D．predictions
8．A．inspired B．refreshed C．shocked D．satisfied
9．A．regretfully B．honestly C．jokingly D．patiently
10．A．celebrate B．earn C．guarantee D．awaken
二、用单词的适当形式完成短文
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Chinese named Bi Sheng invented movable type print around 1,000 years ago. The movable components were cubes made of baked clay. Characters were carved on each piece of clay, 11 looked like the seals widely used in China. The movable components could be arranged freely to form different vocabularies and sentences. They were fixed 12 an iron plate with frames in a certain sequence. Then ink was painted and a piece of paper was laid down. A printed sheet 13 (create) this way. This technique improved the efficiency of printing and transformed traditional transcription into modern printings and paintings spread widely in the world with the help of yin shua.
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Cash is king, or so they say. In one form or another, human beings have been carrying around money for hundreds of years. Metal was first coined into cash between 700 and 600 BC by the Lydians, and banknotes have been in circulation since 14 (they) first use in China around 1000 AD．These days, though, habits 15 (change). Modern technology means 16 while money is still widely used, it’s more likely to be a digital transaction than a wad of notes and a handful of shrapnel. If cash is king, then it may eventually be dethroned.
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Physical books have advantages 17 seeing words with one’s own eyes can help to hold attention more tightly. It is also 18 (easy) to find specific parts of the book again if the mind wanders while reading. However, audiobooks offer a different kind of experience, 19 (allow) the listener to become fully immersed in the story and engage different parts of the brain. Listening to an audiobook has been shown to develop greater empathy, as listeners hear the emotion 20 (convey) by the narrator. Inflection and intonation are more easily understood through hearing rather than reading. The intensity and imagery of the story can be heightened by listening to an audiobook, making the experience even more enjoyable.
三、阅读理解
The value-packed, all-inclusive sight-seeing package that combines the best of Sydney’s harbor, city, bay and beach highlights.
A SydneyPass gives you unlimited and flexible travel on the Explorer Buses: the ‘red’ Sydney Explorer shows you around our exciting city sights while the ‘blue’ Bondi Explorer visits Sydney Harbour bays and famous beaches. Take to the water on one of three magnificent daily harbor cruises (游船). You can also travel free on regular Sydney Buses, Sydney Ferries or CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city.
Imagine browsing at Darling Harbour, tasting the famous seafood at Watsons Bay or enjoying the city lights on an evening ferry cruise. The possibilities and plans are endless with a SydneyPass. Wherever you decide to go, remember that bookings are not required on any of our services so tickets are treated on a first in, first seated basis.
SydneyPasses are available for 3, 5 or 7 days for use over a 7-calendar-day period. With a 3 or 5-day pass you choose on which days out of the 7 you want to use it. All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip before starting your 3, 5 or 7 days, and the return trip is valid for 2 months from the first day your ticket was used.
SydneyPass Fares
Adult
Child*
Family**
3-day ticket
$90
$45
$225
5-day ticket
$120
$60
$300
7-day ticket
$140
$70
$350
*A child is defined as anyone from the ages of 4 years to under 16 years. Children under 4 years travel free.
**A family is defined as 2 adults and any number of children from 4 to under 16 years of age from the same family.
21．A SydneyPass doesn’t offer unlimited rides on ________.
A．the Explorer Buses B．the harbor cruises
C．regular Sydney Buses D．CityRail services
22．With a SydneyPass, a traveller can ________.
A．save fares from and to the airport
B．take the Sydney Explorer to beaches
C．enjoy the famous seafood for free
D．reserve seats easily in a restaurant
23．If 5-day tickets were to be recommended to a mother who travelled with her colleague and her children, aged 3, 6 and 10, what would the lowest cost be?
A．$225. B．$300. C．$360. D．$420.
All the Light We Cannot See is about a blind girl named Marie-Laure, who lives in Paris, France, in the 1930s. When the Nazis invade in 1940, she and her father are forced to leave the city. They escape to a countryside town to hide with Marie-Laure’s great uncle, Etierine. After several months, Marie-Laure’s father gets arrested. She continues to live with Etienne, and they start passing on secret signals to aid the French Resistance movement.
Werner Pfennig is a German orphan with a hobby of listening to science and music programs on an old radio. Developing a talent for fixing radios, he is later hired by the Nazis to help them track enemy radio signals during the war. One day, he picks up a signal that is coming from Etienne’s home in France.
Anyway, Maric-Laure and Werner meet and develop a strong relationship. Can these poor souls find a way to escape this horrible war together?
Anthony Doerr is an American author from Cleveland, Ohio. Critics have praised Doerr’s writing for his short, sharp sentences and attention to detail. All the Light We Cannot See is his second novel, which was published in 2014. It quickly became a New York Times best-seller and won a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
The amazing novel gives readers a look at the ugly face of war. Throughout the book, we see how war can destroy people’s lives in the blink (眨眼) of an eye. Characters such as Etienne and Marie-Laure’s father disappear in an instant and are never heard from again. However, war is also shown to bring out the best in people. The characters who survive must show great courage and strength when they face challenges.
Another important idea is the importance of science and technology. Doerr suggests that technologies, such as the radio, are helpful to society if they are used with good intentions. However, if technologies fall into the hands of evil (邪恶), they can cause great destruction.
24．How does Marie-Laure and Etienne help fight against Nazis?
A．By providing information. B．By joining French army.
C．By tracking radio signals. D．By making their life public.
25．Anthony Doerr’s writings are highly thought of because .
A．they are short in length B．they are full of interesting details
C．he is a prize winner D．he is economical with words
26．What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．Science and technology should be valued. B．War destroys everything on its way.
C．Technology is a double-edge sword. D．Technology plays a key role in war.
27．In which section of a magazine is the passage most likely to be seen?
A．Great Writers. B．Book Club.
C．Everyday Hero. D．Hit Movies.
Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren’t as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques.
A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff.
“This would be a nano-particle nasal spray, and the delivery system could allow medicine to reach the brain within 30 minutes to one hour,” said Ramesh Raliya, research scientist at the School of Engineering & Applied Science.
“The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain,” Raliya said. “ But when we need to deliver something there, getting through that barrier is difficult and invasive. Our non-invasive technique can deliver drugs via nano-particles, so there’s less risk and better response times.”
The novel approach is based on aerosol science and engineering principles that allow the generation of mono-disperse nano-particles, which can deposit on upper regions of the nasal cavity via spread. The nano-particles were tagged with markers, allowing the researchers to track their movement.
Next, researchers exposed locusts’ antenna to the aerosol, and observed the nano-particles travel from the antennas up through the olfactory nerve, which is used to sense the smell. Due to their tiny size, the nano-particles passed through the brain-blood barrier, reaching the brain and spreading all over it in a matter of minutes.
The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities. “The shortest and possibly the easiest path to the brain is through your nose,” said Barani Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering. “Your nose, the olfactory bulb and then olfactory cortex: two steps and you’ve reached the cortex.”
To determine whether or not the foreign nano-particles disrupted normal brain function, Saha examined the physiology response of olfactory neurons in the locusts before and after the nano-particle delivery and found no noticeable change in the electro-physiological responses was detected.
This is only a beginning of a set of studies that can be performed to make nano-particle-based drug delivery approaches more principled, Raman said. The next phase of research involves fusing the gold nano-particles with various medicines, and using ultrasound to target a more precise dose to specific areas of the brain, which would be especially beneficial in brain-tumor cases.
28．What is the passage mainly about?
A．A novel method of drug delivery. B．A challenge facing medical staff.
C．A new medicine treating brain disease. D．A technique to improve doctor’s ability.
29．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Doctors prefer using methods like an injection to treat diseases.
B．Locusts were tagged with markers to track their movement.
C．The blood-brain barrier lowers the effectiveness of a pill.
D．The medicine could reach the brain within half an hour.
30．The researchers focused their study on locusts because .
A．human and locusts have similar structures that protect brain from foreign substances
B．the delivery process consists of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex
C．locusts have changeable electrophysiological responses to nanoparticles
D．the shortest and possibly the safest path to the brain is through human’s noses
Several years ago, Jeremy Clarkson, presenter of the famous BBC television programme “Top Gear” discovered that one of his guests was half German and half Irish. Immediately, he said: “That's quite a strange combination. It's like, this must be done absolutely perfectly... tomorrow”.
This joke played on stereotypes (刻板印象) of the Germans as efficient and the Irish as lazy. Many people could understandably be offended by these kinds of assertions (断言).We do not know every Irish person, so how can we then conclude that every Irish person is lazy?
I recently read on a website that Irish business people were described as being 'generally rather casual' and more outwardly friendly than many European counties'. German business people, on the other hand, are considered to be very direct and according to the website, they do not need a personal relationship in order to do business. Once you hear advice like this,it becomes easier to understand where jokes like the one in the first paragraph come from.
So why do some people disapprove of the kind of stereotypes as seen in Clarkson's joke, but not baring an eyelid (眨眼) when it comes to generalizations. What is the difference between the two?
By definition, a stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. A cultural characteristic, on the other hand, is a pattern of behaviour that is typical of a certain group.
So what does this really mean? Stereotype are simply overstated assumptions about groups of people. Imagine if a tourist visited a small town in Switzerland and saw a number of locals playing the alphorn instrument, and then claimed that Swiss people can play the alphorn. This would be a stereotype! This is an overstated image of the Swiss which is based on one tourist's experience.
If however, this tourist were to say that the Swiss are very punctual, this could be seen as a cultural characteristic. This is because it is a pattern of behaviour which is very typical in Switzerland: from their transport system to their business meetings in this way, some people argue that generalizing another culture is not just useful. but important. Politicians always have to be mindful of the cultural characteristics of different countries. By becoming aware of different cultural characteristics,they can avoid causing offence (冒犯) in those cultures.
However, others argue that generalizing cultures will always lead to offensive stereotypes. They argue that the best thing we can do is to stop generalizing cultures and start treating people as individuals.
All this raises important questions: can making generalizations about groups of people be a positive thing? Or should we always avoid making broad assumptions about different groups?
31．When he said, “it's like, this must be done absolutely perfectly... tomorrow”，Jeremy Clarkson really meant________.
A．the stereotypes of the Germans and the Irish are not so good
B．the combination of half German and half Irish is interesting
C．the characteristics of the Germans and the Irish are opposite
D．the Germans will do it perfectly tomorrow while the Irish won't
32．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．It's typical of the Swiss to be punctual.
B．The Swiss can play the alphorn quite well.
C．The Irish people are considered as lazy, direct and casual.
D．The Germans are thought to be efficient, friendly and direct.
33．Politicians think it important to generalize another culture because________.
A．they don't want to offend other people
B．generalizing will lead to offensive stereotypes
C．cultural characteristics are better than stereotypes
D．they think different cultural characteristics are useful
34．The main purpose of this passage is to________.
A．illustrate the importance of making generalizations
B．show it is wrong to play jokes on stereotypes of different people
C．tell us the differences between stereotypes and cultural characteristics
D．discuss whether it is good to make generalizations about groups of people
四、七选五
In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other. 35 For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries. Many present day speakers find Shakespear’s sixteenth-century plays difficult and Chaucer’s fourteenth-century The Canterbury Tales nearly impossible to read.
Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration. 36 Frequently, the needs of speakers drive language change. New technologies industries, products and experiences simply require new words. By using new and emerging terms, we all drive language change. But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way. 37 Through our day-to-day interactions, we pick up words and savings from other people and integrate them into our speech. Teens and young adults, for example, often use different words and phrases from their parents. Some of them spread through the population and slowly change the language.
38 Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened. Some words are even created through misinterpretation of form. As noted in the Linguistic Society of America’s publication Is English Changing?, the word pea is one such example. Up until about four hundred years ago, pease could refer to either a single pea or many peas. At some point, people assumed that pease was the plural form of a new word, pea, based on the way pease sounded. While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly. 39 For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English.
A．Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting.
B．Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though.
C．As long as people are using a language, that language will undergo some change.
D．All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas of language use.
E．The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation.
F．Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking.
G．The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors.
五、阅读表达
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
“I can’t” might actually mean “I don’t want to,” “I’m afraid,” “I’m confused,” or even “I don’t know how.” And after parsing out hidden meanings for the hundredth time, I can understand why my childhood gymnastics coach had put a gym-wide ban on the phrase.
Anyone who used it, even the other coaches, had to do 50 push-ups before trying conversation again. It wasn’t that he wanted people to do things beyond their skill or safety level. The policy was against the words themselves. He felt they were a shield to hide behind instead of admitting more useful and actionable hesitations. “I’m afraid.” “I’ve never done it by myself.” “I need to rest a few minutes before I try.” “I’m embarrassed to try in front of other people.” “I don’t want to, because...”.
Academic experiences can follow the same pattern. Answering unexpected questions or trying a new protocol in front of an audience can be crippling, Homework problems can compound and seem to get worse with each try instead of better. We end up uttering “I can’t,” because sometimes it’s easier than “I am so frustrated and exhausted that I want to cry,” “This makes me feel so dumb,” or even “I need help.”
As an asthmatic, my most vivid memories come from the annual hazing ritual known as the gym-class mile run. For me, “I can’t” actually meant “I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.” My heart still starts to race just thinking of the number of times my self-preserving. “I can’t” was met with a dismissive “Of course, you can.”
But letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t” can do more damage than just hiding our deeper feelings. Eventually we, and the people around us, start to believe it. I know there are things I have stopped trying because, well, I just can’t. So why try? The number of laps I have avoided with well-timed bathroom breaks is staggering. I can’t go back and tell my childhood self that the mile run wasn’t worth the anticipatory anxiety. But I can remember how badly I wished even one classmate had acknowledged that I had barely missed the school record in sit-and- reach instead of teasing me about laps the next day. I can remember that “I can’t” can so often mean something else. And I can take the time to try to ask the right questions, so that I can say something more useful in response than “Of course you can.”
40．What were people supposed to do if they said “I can’t” in my childhood gymnastics?
__________________________________________________________________
41．What does “I can’t” actually mean when I said that in the gym-class mile run?
__________________________________________________________________
42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that.
__________________________________________________________________
43．Describe one of your experiences of dealing with “I can’t”. (In about 40 words)
__________________________________________________________________
六、建议信
44．假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国好友Jim来信说他收到理想大学的面试通知，他有些紧张。请你给他回复一封邮件，内容包括：
1. 表示祝贺并给予安慰；
2. 提供建议并说明理由。
注意： 1.词数100左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．C 7．D 8．C 9．B 10．D
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一次去特殊学校上课的经历，一开始作者很焦虑，最后发现孩子们很有表现力，很独特，也很有激情，作者认为这是自己教学生涯中最好的经历之一，并且希望任何人都能考虑到一所特殊的学校工作，让那里的孩子们的热情唤醒对教学的热爱。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当我接到电话问我那天是否有空时，一阵恐慌席卷了我。A. panic恐慌；B. sadness悲伤；C. anger愤怒；D. sympathy同情。根据后文“I’d never taught in a special school before(我以前从未在特殊学校教书)”可知，作者以前从没在特殊学校教过书，所以感觉恐慌。故选A项。
2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我以前从未在一所特殊的学校教过书，但我最终还是振作起来，开车去了学校。A. hesitantly犹豫地；B. regularly定期地；C. eventually终于；D. desperately绝望地。根据后文“pulled myself together and drove to the school(振作起来，开车去学校)”可知，作者最终还是去了学校。故选C项。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在去那里的路上，我想了想所有我不能做的事。A. plans计划；B. thoughts想法；C. doubts怀疑；D. opinions观点。根据后文“about everything I couldn’t do”指作者思考自己不能在学校做的事情。故选B项。
4．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：当我把车停下的时候，我的领导来迎接我，向我保证“没有什么可担心的”，但我感觉不是！A. broke up打破；B. sped up加速；C. picked up捡起；D. pulled up停下来。结合上文“and drove to the school”可知，此处指停车。故选D项。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在父母的陪同下，孩子们开始出现了。A. Abandoned抛弃；B. Suspected怀疑；C. Accompanied陪伴；D. Raised提高。根据后文“by their parents, the children began to show up”可知，孩子们在父母的陪同下出现。故选C项。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我试图掩饰我的焦虑情绪，然而很明显我流下了几滴汗。A. ink墨水；B. rain雨；C. sweat汗水；D. blood血液。根据上文“my anxious feelings, although a few drops of”可知，此处指作者因为焦虑而出汗。故选C项。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与我的预测相反，随着时间的推移，我的压力水平下降了。A. decisions决定；B. conclusions结论；C. suggestions建议；D. predictions预测。根据后文“my stress levels went down”可知，作者的压力水平下降了，即与之前预期的自己会感到焦虑相反。故选D项。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子们很有表现力，很独特，也很有激情，尽管有时他们的尖叫声让我有些震惊。A. inspired受鼓舞的；B. refreshed清爽的；C. shocked震惊的；D. satisfied满足的。根据后文“by their screams”可知，作者对孩子们尖叫感到震惊。故选C项。
9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：那天结束时，我可以诚实地说，这是我教学生涯中最好的经历之一。A. regretfully懊悔地；B. honestly诚实地；C. jokingly开玩笑地；D. patiently耐心地。根据后文“say it was one of the best experiences of my teaching career”可知，作者可以诚实地说，这是自己教学生涯中最好的经历之一。故选B项。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我希望任何人都能考虑到一所特殊的学校工作，让那里的孩子们的热情唤醒他们对教学的热爱。A. celebrate庆祝；B. earn赚得；C. guarantee保证；D. awaken唤醒。根据上文“allow the passion of the children there to”可知，作者希望人们去特殊学校工作，因为特殊学校孩子的热情可以唤醒人们对教学的热爱。故选D项。
11．which 12．on 13．was created
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了毕昇发明的活字印刷术。
11．考查定语从句。句意：每块黏土上都刻有文字，看起来像中国广泛使用的印章。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词clay，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。
12．考查介词。句意：它们按一定的顺序被固定在一块铁板上。结合句意可知，此处表示“它们被固定在一块铁板上”，且强调被固定在铁板的表面的状态，可用固定短语fix sth. on sth.，空处需用介词on。故填on。
13．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：一张印刷品通过这种方法被制作出来。分析句子可知，空处作谓语，文章描绘的是过去发生的事情，句子时态宜用一般过去时，create和主语A printed sheet之间是被动关系，需用一般过去时的被动语态，且主语是单数，be动词需用was。故填was created。
14．their 15．have changed 16．that
【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章介绍了货币的演变。
14．考查代词。句意：公元前700年至600年间，吕底亚人首次将金属铸造成现金，而中国在公元1000年左右首次使用金属钞票，此后就开始流通。提示词作定语修饰名词use，用形容词性物主代词their，意为“它们的”。故填their。
15．考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：然而，如今，习惯已经改变了。分析句子可知，change(改变)是句中谓语动词，与主语habits之间是主动关系，句中有时间状语These days，应使用现在完成时态，又因主语是复数名词，所以谓语动词也应使用复数形式。综上，谓语应用现在完成时的主动语态，复数形式。故填have changed。
16．考查宾语从句。句意：现代科技意味着，虽然货币仍然被广泛使用，但它更有可能是一种数字交易，而不是一叠钞票和一把弹片。分析句子可知，“while money is still widely used, it’s more likely to be a digital transaction than a wad of notes and a handful of shrapnel.”是动词means后宾语从句，从句句意完整，不缺成分，应用连接词that引导该从句。故填that。
17．because 18．easier 19．allowing 20．conveyed
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了实体书和有声书各自的优势。
17．考查原因状语从句。句意：实体书有其优势，因为用自己的眼睛看到文字可以帮助更牢牢地集中注意力。分析句子意思可知，空后的“用自己的眼睛看到文字可以帮助更牢牢地集中注意力”是空前的“实体书有其优势”的原因，且此处强调直接原因，空处应用从属连词because引导原因状语从句。故填because。
18．考查形容词比较级。句意：如果在阅读时走神，也更容易找到书中的具体部分。根据上下文可知，此处在讨论实体书的优势，隐含比较的意思，应该是表示“更容易找到书中的具体部分”，空处应用easy的比较级形式easier。故填easier。
19．考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，有声书提供了一种不同的体验，让听者完全沉浸在故事中，并调动大脑的不同部分。分析句子可知，空处作句子的伴随状语，是非谓语动词，allow和audiobooks逻辑上是主动关系，空处应用allow的现在分词形式allowing。故填allowing。
20．考查非谓语动词。句意：听有声书可以培养更强的同理心，因为听者听到了叙述者所传达的情感。分析句子可知，空处是修饰the emotion的后置定语，是非谓语动词，convey和the emotion逻辑上是被动关系，空处应用convey的过去分词形式conveyed。故填conveyed。
21．D 22．A 23．C
【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了如何使用悉尼公交的一种乘车证。SydneyPass提供3，5，7天不等的悉尼的海港城市，海湾和海滩等地旅游路线。
21．细节推理题。根据第二段最后一句CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city可判断，故选D.
22．细节推理题。根据All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip可知有乘车卡可以节省来往机场的费用，故选A.
23．推理判断题。根据图表和下面的说明可知：Children under 4 years travel free，说明三岁的孩子免费，所以两个成年人是240元加上两个小孩120元，共360元。故选C.
【名师点睛】做好细节理解题的几点建议：
细节理解题属直接解答性问题，是阅读理解题中最简单的一种，多数属中低难度的题。但高考所占的比例大，应特别引起注意。事实和细节题的命题特点是：对文章或某一段落中的一些特定细节或文章重要事实的理解，一般包括直接理解题和语义转化题。直接理解题能在原文直接找到答案，而语义转化题则需要将题目信息与原文信息加工或整理后才能得出结论。
做细节理解题具体方法与步骤如下：
①略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨；
②按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如for example, first, second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实；
③将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读，全文扫视，找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。如第21小题根据第二段最后一句CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city可判断，故选D. 第22小题根据All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip可知有乘车卡可以节省来往机场的费用，故选A.
24．A 25．D 26．C 27．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了小说All the Light We Cannot See和它的作者Anthony Doerr。
24．细节理解题。根据第一段中“She continues to live with Etienne, and they start passing on secret signals to aid the French Resistance movement.”（她继续和Etienne住在一起，他们开始传递秘密信号，以帮助法国抵抗运动。）可知，Marie-Laure和Etienne通过提供信息来帮助反纳粹斗争。故选A项。
25．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Critics have praised Doerr’s writing for his short, sharp sentences and attention to detail.”（评论家们称赞Doerr的作品，因为他的句子短小精悍，而且注重细节。）可知，Anthony Doerr的作品被高度评价是因为他用词非常简练。故选D项。
26．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Doerr suggests that technologies, such as the radio, are helpful to society if they are used with good intentions. However, if technologies fall into the hands of evil (邪恶), they can cause great destruction.”（Doerr认为，如果人们怀着好的意图使用诸如收音机之类的技术，它们对社会是有益的。然而，如果技术落入邪恶之手，它们可能会造成巨大的破坏。）可知，技术可以对社会有益，也可以带来破坏。由此可知，技术是一把双刃剑。故选C项。
27．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了小说All the Light We Cannot See以及它的作者Anthony Doerr，主要描绘了小说的情节和主题，并分享了作家的写作风格。由此推知，文章主要围绕图书展开，可能出自杂志的“读书俱乐部”栏目。故选B项。
28．A 29．C 30．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员研发了一种新的风险低、反应快的纳米粒子生成输送方法，通过纳米颗粒向大脑输送药物，改善药物的疗效。
28．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员研发了一种新的风险低、反应快的纳米粒子生成输送方法，通过纳米颗粒向大脑输送药物，改善药物的疗效。因此，A项“一种新的药物输送方法”符合文章大意。故选A项。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren’t as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques.（一个关键原因是血脑屏障，它保护大脑不受组织特异性药物输送的影响。注射或服用药片等方法并不像医生所希望的那样精确或即时，确保将药物正确输送到大脑往往需要侵入性的、有风险的技术。）”可知，血脑屏障保护大脑不受组织特异性药物输送的影响，会影响药片的精确性和及时性，降低其有效性。故选C项。
30．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities.（该团队在蝗虫身上测试了这一概念，因为这种昆虫和人类的血脑屏障有相似之处。）”可知，研究人员将研究重点放在蝗虫身上是因为人类和蝗虫的血脑屏障相似，即有相似的结构来保护大脑免受外来物质的侵害。故选A项。
31．C 32．A 33．A 34．D
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了是否需要对民族特性作概括。由于文化、习俗习惯的不同，不同的民族总是有其独有的特点，社会应予以保护。
31．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Immediately, he said: “That's quite a strange combination. It's like, this must be done absolutely perfectly... tomorrow”. (他马上说：“这是一个相当奇怪的组合。这就像，这必须做得绝对完美……明天”)”和第二段“This joke played on stereotypes (刻板印象) of the Germans as efficient and the Irish as lazy. (这个笑话是针对德国人效率高、爱尔兰人懒惰的刻板印象)”可知，人们认为德国人效率高、爱尔兰人懒惰，是很奇怪的组合，可得出作者说这句话是为了表明人们对德国人和爱尔兰人的印象是相反的。故选C。
32．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“If however, this tourist were to say that the Swiss are very punctual, this could be seen as a cultural characteristic. (然而，如果这位游客说瑞士人非常守时，这可以看作是一种文化特征)”可知，守时是瑞士人的典型文化特征。故选A。
33．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“Politicians always have to be mindful of the cultural characteristics of different countries. By becoming aware of different cultural characteristics, they can avoid causing offence (冒犯) in those cultures. (政治家们必须时刻注意不同国家的文化特征。通过了解不同的文化特征，他们可以避免在这些文化中造成冒犯)”可知，通过对不同的民族特征做了解和掌握，就不会冒犯别人了。故选A。
34．推理判断题。根据文章尤其是最后三段内容，特别是最后一段“All this raises important questions: can making generalizations about groups of people be a positive thing? Or should we always avoid making broad assumptions about different groups? (所有这些都提出了重要的问题：对人群进行概括是否是一件积极的事情？还是我们应该总是避免对不同的群体做出广泛的假设？)”可知，文章主要讨论了是否需要对民族特性作概括，讨论对人群进行概括是否有益。故选D。
35．B 36．F 37．G 38．E 39．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了语言会随着时间而变化，其原因很多样，变化主要体现在词汇、句子结构和发音三个方面。
35．前文“In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other.（在某些方面，语言的变化是令人惊讶的。毕竟，它们代代相传，足以让父母和孩子相互交流。）”引入文章的话题语言的变化，后文“For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries.（例如，在一千多年的时间里，日语的变化相对较小，而英语在短短几个世纪内就迅速演化。）”用日语和英语的变化情况作为例子，B项“Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though.（然而，语言学家发现，所有现存的语言都会随着时间的推移而变化——尽管变化的速度不同。）”符合语境，和前文对语言变化的惊讶构成转折，是后文的例证支持的观点，后文的“changed relatively little over a thousand years”“evolved rapidly in just a few centuries”解释了其中的“at different rates”。故选B。
36．前文“Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration.（语言的变化有很多原因。由于社会、经济和政治压力的影响，语言往往会发生大规模变化，因为有很多入侵、殖民和移民推动语言变化的例子。）”点明了本段的主旨语言变化的原因，介绍了外部宏观环境的原因，F项“Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking.（即使没有这些影响，如果有足够多的使用者采用一种新的说话方式，一门语言也会发生巨大的变化。）”符合语境，承接前文，其中的“these kinds of influences”指前文的“social, economic, and political pressures”，介绍了使用者方面的原因作为补充。故选F。
37．前文“But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way.（但是个体说话的独特方式也会促进语言的变化，因为没有两个人使用一种语言的方式完全相同。）”提到了个体使用的语言存在差异，G项“The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors.（人们使用的词汇和短语取决于他们居住的地方、年龄、教育程度、社会地位和其他因素。）”符合语境，具体解释了个体语言差异的原因。故选G。
38．空处位于段首，是段落的主旨句，需概括段落内容。后文“Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened.（词汇变化很快，比如从其他语言中借用新词，或者新词被创造、组合或缩略。）”、“While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly.（虽然词汇变化很快，但句子结构——句子中单词的顺序变化得比较慢。）”和“For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化。）”涉及语言变化中的词汇、句子结构和发音，E项“The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation.（语言随着时间的推移发生变化的三个主要方面是词汇、句子结构和发音。）”符合语境，概括了这三个方面的内容。故选E。
39．后文“For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化。这种转变体现了中世纪英语和现代英语发音的最大区别。）”介绍的是语言变化的发音方面，A项“Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting.（声音的变化很难记录，但同样有趣。）”符合语境，引起后文内容。故选A。
40．50 push-ups 41．“I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.” 42．There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that.
According to the passage, there are things I have stopped trying because I started to believe I can’t after letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t”. 43．I remember struggling with a difficult math problem and feeling overwhelmed. I wanted to give up, but instead of saying “I can’t,” I told my teacher that I was feeling frustrated and needed help. She was understanding and walked me through the problem, helping me to understand it better.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。有时候，当人们说“我不能”时，他们并不是说他们没有能力做某事，而是他们害怕、困惑或不知道如何做。作者提醒人们，说“我不能”比承认自己需要帮助、害怕或沮丧要容易得多。说“我不能”的时候，其实我们想说的是别的，所以我们应该试着使用更有帮助的词语，这样我们才能得到我们需要的帮助。
40．考查细节理解。根据第段二中“Anyone who used it, even the other coaches, had to do 50 push-ups before trying conversation again.(任何使用它的人，即使是其他教练，在尝试再次交谈之前都必须做50个俯卧撑)”可知，在我小时候的体操训练中，如果有人说“我不能”，他会被罚做50个俯卧撑。故答案为50 push-ups。
41．考查细节理解。根据第四段中“For me, “I can’t” actually meant “I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.”(对我来说，“我不能”实际上意味着“我害怕在全班同学面前哮喘病发作”和“跑步时落后同学几圈真是太尴尬了；我宁愿故意走完全程来保护我的自尊心，所以请不要打扰我。”)”可知，我在体育课上说“我不能”的意思是：“我害怕在全班同学面前哮喘病发作”和“跑步时落后同学几圈真是太尴尬了；我宁愿故意走完全程来保护我的自尊心，所以请不要打扰我。”故答案为“I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.”
42．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中“But letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t” can do more damage than just hiding our deeper feelings. Eventually we, and the people around us, start to believe it. I know there are things I have stopped trying because, well, I just can’t.(但是，让我们求助于“我不能”比隐藏我们更深层次的感受会造成更大的伤害。最终，我们和我们周围的人开始相信这一点。我知道有些事情我已经不再尝试了，因为，嗯，我就是不能。)”可知，作者停止尝试是因为自己相信“我不能”，而不是真正“没有能力去做”。所以句中“the fact that I am not able to do that.”表述错误。故答案为There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that. According to the passage, there are things I have stopped trying because I started to believe I can’t after letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t”.
43．开放性问题。言之有理，注意词数限制即可。故答案为I remember struggling with a difficult math problem and feeling overwhelmed. I wanted to give up, but instead of saying “I can’t,” I told my teacher that I was feeling frustrated and needed help. She was understanding and walked me through the problem, helping me to understand it better.
44．Dear Jim,
It was great to hear from you. Congratulations on being selected for the university interview! I know it can be a nerve-wracking experience, but I have every faith you’ll do brilliantly.
In terms of advice, remember to be yourself. You have a unique set of skills and experiences, so don’t be afraid to showcase them. Also, research the university thoroughly and prepare some questions that show your interest in the course. This will demonstrate your level of commitment and passion for the subject area. Additionally, do some practice interviews with friends or family members. This will help you feel more comfortable and confident on the day of the actual interview.
Good luck! I am rooting for you!
Yours,
Li Hua
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。英国好友Jim来信说他收到理想大学的面试通知，他有些紧张。要求考生给他回复一封邮件，表示祝贺并给予安慰，同时提供建议并说明理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
选择：select → choose
建议：advice → suggestions
害怕的：afraid → frightened
此外：Additionally → In addition
2.句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：Additionally, do some practice interviews with friends or family members. This will help you feel more comfortable and confident on the day of the actual interview.
拓展句：Additionally, do some practice interviews with friends or family members, which will help you feel more comfortable and confident on the day of the actual interview.
【点睛】[高分句型1]I know it can be a nerve-wracking experience, but I have every faith you’ll do brilliantly. (运用了省略连词that的宾语从句)
[高分句型2]Also, research the university thoroughly and prepare some questions that show your interest in the course. (运用了that引导的限制性定语从句)
2023届北京市中国人民大学附属中学高三三模英语试题
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、完形填空
Your first day anywhere can be tough. As a supply teacher, I had one such experience when I was required to work at a special education school.
When I received the call asking if I was available that day, a wave of 1 rushed over me. I’d never taught in a special school before, but I 2 pulled myself together and drove to the school. On the way there, I had 3 about everything I couldn’t do.
As I 4 , I was greeted by the head who assured me there was “nothing to worry about”, but I was feeling anything but! I was told I would teach key stage 1.
5 by their parents, the children began to show up. I tried to hide my anxious feelings, although a few drops of 6 were noticeable.
The whole class, a total of 8 with various special needs, arrived by 9:30. Contrary to my 7 , as the day went on, my stress levels went down. The children were expressive, unique and passionate, though there were times that left me slightly 8 by their screams.
As the day ended, I can 9 say it was one of the best experiences of my teaching career. I hope anyone will admit working at a special school and allow the passion of the children there to 10 their love of teaching.
1．A．panic B．sadness C．anger D．sympathy
2．A．hesitantly B．regularly C．eventually D．desperately
3．A．plans B．thoughts C．doubts D．opinions
4．A．broke up B．sped up C．picked up D．pulled up
5．A．Abandoned B．Suspected C．Accompanied D．Raised
6．A．ink B．rain C．sweat D．blood
7．A．decisions B．conclusions C．suggestions D．predictions
8．A．inspired B．refreshed C．shocked D．satisfied
9．A．regretfully B．honestly C．jokingly D．patiently
10．A．celebrate B．earn C．guarantee D．awaken
二、用单词的适当形式完成短文
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Chinese named Bi Sheng invented movable type print around 1,000 years ago. The movable components were cubes made of baked clay. Characters were carved on each piece of clay, 11 looked like the seals widely used in China. The movable components could be arranged freely to form different vocabularies and sentences. They were fixed 12 an iron plate with frames in a certain sequence. Then ink was painted and a piece of paper was laid down. A printed sheet 13 (create) this way. This technique improved the efficiency of printing and transformed traditional transcription into modern printings and paintings spread widely in the world with the help of yin shua.
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Cash is king, or so they say. In one form or another, human beings have been carrying around money for hundreds of years. Metal was first coined into cash between 700 and 600 BC by the Lydians, and banknotes have been in circulation since 14 (they) first use in China around 1000 AD．These days, though, habits 15 (change). Modern technology means 16 while money is still widely used, it’s more likely to be a digital transaction than a wad of notes and a handful of shrapnel. If cash is king, then it may eventually be dethroned.
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Physical books have advantages 17 seeing words with one’s own eyes can help to hold attention more tightly. It is also 18 (easy) to find specific parts of the book again if the mind wanders while reading. However, audiobooks offer a different kind of experience, 19 (allow) the listener to become fully immersed in the story and engage different parts of the brain. Listening to an audiobook has been shown to develop greater empathy, as listeners hear the emotion 20 (convey) by the narrator. Inflection and intonation are more easily understood through hearing rather than reading. The intensity and imagery of the story can be heightened by listening to an audiobook, making the experience even more enjoyable.
三、阅读理解
The value-packed, all-inclusive sight-seeing package that combines the best of Sydney’s harbor, city, bay and beach highlights.
A SydneyPass gives you unlimited and flexible travel on the Explorer Buses: the ‘red’ Sydney Explorer shows you around our exciting city sights while the ‘blue’ Bondi Explorer visits Sydney Harbour bays and famous beaches. Take to the water on one of three magnificent daily harbor cruises (游船). You can also travel free on regular Sydney Buses, Sydney Ferries or CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city.
Imagine browsing at Darling Harbour, tasting the famous seafood at Watsons Bay or enjoying the city lights on an evening ferry cruise. The possibilities and plans are endless with a SydneyPass. Wherever you decide to go, remember that bookings are not required on any of our services so tickets are treated on a first in, first seated basis.
SydneyPasses are available for 3, 5 or 7 days for use over a 7-calendar-day period. With a 3 or 5-day pass you choose on which days out of the 7 you want to use it. All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip before starting your 3, 5 or 7 days, and the return trip is valid for 2 months from the first day your ticket was used.
SydneyPass Fares
Adult
Child*
Family**
3-day ticket
$90
$45
$225
5-day ticket
$120
$60
$300
7-day ticket
$140
$70
$350
*A child is defined as anyone from the ages of 4 years to under 16 years. Children under 4 years travel free.
**A family is defined as 2 adults and any number of children from 4 to under 16 years of age from the same family.
21．A SydneyPass doesn’t offer unlimited rides on ________.
A．the Explorer Buses B．the harbor cruises
C．regular Sydney Buses D．CityRail services
22．With a SydneyPass, a traveller can ________.
A．save fares from and to the airport
B．take the Sydney Explorer to beaches
C．enjoy the famous seafood for free
D．reserve seats easily in a restaurant
23．If 5-day tickets were to be recommended to a mother who travelled with her colleague and her children, aged 3, 6 and 10, what would the lowest cost be?
A．$225. B．$300. C．$360. D．$420.
All the Light We Cannot See is about a blind girl named Marie-Laure, who lives in Paris, France, in the 1930s. When the Nazis invade in 1940, she and her father are forced to leave the city. They escape to a countryside town to hide with Marie-Laure’s great uncle, Etierine. After several months, Marie-Laure’s father gets arrested. She continues to live with Etienne, and they start passing on secret signals to aid the French Resistance movement.
Werner Pfennig is a German orphan with a hobby of listening to science and music programs on an old radio. Developing a talent for fixing radios, he is later hired by the Nazis to help them track enemy radio signals during the war. One day, he picks up a signal that is coming from Etienne’s home in France.
Anyway, Maric-Laure and Werner meet and develop a strong relationship. Can these poor souls find a way to escape this horrible war together?
Anthony Doerr is an American author from Cleveland, Ohio. Critics have praised Doerr’s writing for his short, sharp sentences and attention to detail. All the Light We Cannot See is his second novel, which was published in 2014. It quickly became a New York Times best-seller and won a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
The amazing novel gives readers a look at the ugly face of war. Throughout the book, we see how war can destroy people’s lives in the blink (眨眼) of an eye. Characters such as Etienne and Marie-Laure’s father disappear in an instant and are never heard from again. However, war is also shown to bring out the best in people. The characters who survive must show great courage and strength when they face challenges.
Another important idea is the importance of science and technology. Doerr suggests that technologies, such as the radio, are helpful to society if they are used with good intentions. However, if technologies fall into the hands of evil (邪恶), they can cause great destruction.
24．How does Marie-Laure and Etienne help fight against Nazis?
A．By providing information. B．By joining French army.
C．By tracking radio signals. D．By making their life public.
25．Anthony Doerr’s writings are highly thought of because .
A．they are short in length B．they are full of interesting details
C．he is a prize winner D．he is economical with words
26．What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A．Science and technology should be valued. B．War destroys everything on its way.
C．Technology is a double-edge sword. D．Technology plays a key role in war.
27．In which section of a magazine is the passage most likely to be seen?
A．Great Writers. B．Book Club.
C．Everyday Hero. D．Hit Movies.
Delivering life-saving drugs directly to the brain in a safe and effective way is a challenge for medical providers. One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren’t as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques.
A team of engineers from Washington University in St. Louis has developed a new nano-particle generation-delivery method that could someday vastly improve drug delivery to the brain, making it as simple as a sniff.
“This would be a nano-particle nasal spray, and the delivery system could allow medicine to reach the brain within 30 minutes to one hour,” said Ramesh Raliya, research scientist at the School of Engineering & Applied Science.
“The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from foreign substances in the blood that may injure the brain,” Raliya said. “ But when we need to deliver something there, getting through that barrier is difficult and invasive. Our non-invasive technique can deliver drugs via nano-particles, so there’s less risk and better response times.”
The novel approach is based on aerosol science and engineering principles that allow the generation of mono-disperse nano-particles, which can deposit on upper regions of the nasal cavity via spread. The nano-particles were tagged with markers, allowing the researchers to track their movement.
Next, researchers exposed locusts’ antenna to the aerosol, and observed the nano-particles travel from the antennas up through the olfactory nerve, which is used to sense the smell. Due to their tiny size, the nano-particles passed through the brain-blood barrier, reaching the brain and spreading all over it in a matter of minutes.
The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities. “The shortest and possibly the easiest path to the brain is through your nose,” said Barani Raman, associate professor of biomedical engineering. “Your nose, the olfactory bulb and then olfactory cortex: two steps and you’ve reached the cortex.”
To determine whether or not the foreign nano-particles disrupted normal brain function, Saha examined the physiology response of olfactory neurons in the locusts before and after the nano-particle delivery and found no noticeable change in the electro-physiological responses was detected.
This is only a beginning of a set of studies that can be performed to make nano-particle-based drug delivery approaches more principled, Raman said. The next phase of research involves fusing the gold nano-particles with various medicines, and using ultrasound to target a more precise dose to specific areas of the brain, which would be especially beneficial in brain-tumor cases.
28．What is the passage mainly about?
A．A novel method of drug delivery. B．A challenge facing medical staff.
C．A new medicine treating brain disease. D．A technique to improve doctor’s ability.
29．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Doctors prefer using methods like an injection to treat diseases.
B．Locusts were tagged with markers to track their movement.
C．The blood-brain barrier lowers the effectiveness of a pill.
D．The medicine could reach the brain within half an hour.
30．The researchers focused their study on locusts because .
A．human and locusts have similar structures that protect brain from foreign substances
B．the delivery process consists of the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex
C．locusts have changeable electrophysiological responses to nanoparticles
D．the shortest and possibly the safest path to the brain is through human’s noses
Several years ago, Jeremy Clarkson, presenter of the famous BBC television programme “Top Gear” discovered that one of his guests was half German and half Irish. Immediately, he said: “That's quite a strange combination. It's like, this must be done absolutely perfectly... tomorrow”.
This joke played on stereotypes (刻板印象) of the Germans as efficient and the Irish as lazy. Many people could understandably be offended by these kinds of assertions (断言).We do not know every Irish person, so how can we then conclude that every Irish person is lazy?
I recently read on a website that Irish business people were described as being 'generally rather casual' and more outwardly friendly than many European counties'. German business people, on the other hand, are considered to be very direct and according to the website, they do not need a personal relationship in order to do business. Once you hear advice like this,it becomes easier to understand where jokes like the one in the first paragraph come from.
So why do some people disapprove of the kind of stereotypes as seen in Clarkson's joke, but not baring an eyelid (眨眼) when it comes to generalizations. What is the difference between the two?
By definition, a stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. A cultural characteristic, on the other hand, is a pattern of behaviour that is typical of a certain group.
So what does this really mean? Stereotype are simply overstated assumptions about groups of people. Imagine if a tourist visited a small town in Switzerland and saw a number of locals playing the alphorn instrument, and then claimed that Swiss people can play the alphorn. This would be a stereotype! This is an overstated image of the Swiss which is based on one tourist's experience.
If however, this tourist were to say that the Swiss are very punctual, this could be seen as a cultural characteristic. This is because it is a pattern of behaviour which is very typical in Switzerland: from their transport system to their business meetings in this way, some people argue that generalizing another culture is not just useful. but important. Politicians always have to be mindful of the cultural characteristics of different countries. By becoming aware of different cultural characteristics,they can avoid causing offence (冒犯) in those cultures.
However, others argue that generalizing cultures will always lead to offensive stereotypes. They argue that the best thing we can do is to stop generalizing cultures and start treating people as individuals.
All this raises important questions: can making generalizations about groups of people be a positive thing? Or should we always avoid making broad assumptions about different groups?
31．When he said, “it's like, this must be done absolutely perfectly... tomorrow”，Jeremy Clarkson really meant________.
A．the stereotypes of the Germans and the Irish are not so good
B．the combination of half German and half Irish is interesting
C．the characteristics of the Germans and the Irish are opposite
D．the Germans will do it perfectly tomorrow while the Irish won't
32．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．It's typical of the Swiss to be punctual.
B．The Swiss can play the alphorn quite well.
C．The Irish people are considered as lazy, direct and casual.
D．The Germans are thought to be efficient, friendly and direct.
33．Politicians think it important to generalize another culture because________.
A．they don't want to offend other people
B．generalizing will lead to offensive stereotypes
C．cultural characteristics are better than stereotypes
D．they think different cultural characteristics are useful
34．The main purpose of this passage is to________.
A．illustrate the importance of making generalizations
B．show it is wrong to play jokes on stereotypes of different people
C．tell us the differences between stereotypes and cultural characteristics
D．discuss whether it is good to make generalizations about groups of people
四、七选五
In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other. 35 For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries. Many present day speakers find Shakespear’s sixteenth-century plays difficult and Chaucer’s fourteenth-century The Canterbury Tales nearly impossible to read.
Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration. 36 Frequently, the needs of speakers drive language change. New technologies industries, products and experiences simply require new words. By using new and emerging terms, we all drive language change. But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way. 37 Through our day-to-day interactions, we pick up words and savings from other people and integrate them into our speech. Teens and young adults, for example, often use different words and phrases from their parents. Some of them spread through the population and slowly change the language.
38 Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened. Some words are even created through misinterpretation of form. As noted in the Linguistic Society of America’s publication Is English Changing?, the word pea is one such example. Up until about four hundred years ago, pease could refer to either a single pea or many peas. At some point, people assumed that pease was the plural form of a new word, pea, based on the way pease sounded. While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly. 39 For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English.
A．Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting.
B．Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though.
C．As long as people are using a language, that language will undergo some change.
D．All natural languages change, and language change affects all areas of language use.
E．The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation.
F．Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking.
G．The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors.
五、阅读表达
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求回答问题。
“I can’t” might actually mean “I don’t want to,” “I’m afraid,” “I’m confused,” or even “I don’t know how.” And after parsing out hidden meanings for the hundredth time, I can understand why my childhood gymnastics coach had put a gym-wide ban on the phrase.
Anyone who used it, even the other coaches, had to do 50 push-ups before trying conversation again. It wasn’t that he wanted people to do things beyond their skill or safety level. The policy was against the words themselves. He felt they were a shield to hide behind instead of admitting more useful and actionable hesitations. “I’m afraid.” “I’ve never done it by myself.” “I need to rest a few minutes before I try.” “I’m embarrassed to try in front of other people.” “I don’t want to, because...”.
Academic experiences can follow the same pattern. Answering unexpected questions or trying a new protocol in front of an audience can be crippling, Homework problems can compound and seem to get worse with each try instead of better. We end up uttering “I can’t,” because sometimes it’s easier than “I am so frustrated and exhausted that I want to cry,” “This makes me feel so dumb,” or even “I need help.”
As an asthmatic, my most vivid memories come from the annual hazing ritual known as the gym-class mile run. For me, “I can’t” actually meant “I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.” My heart still starts to race just thinking of the number of times my self-preserving. “I can’t” was met with a dismissive “Of course, you can.”
But letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t” can do more damage than just hiding our deeper feelings. Eventually we, and the people around us, start to believe it. I know there are things I have stopped trying because, well, I just can’t. So why try? The number of laps I have avoided with well-timed bathroom breaks is staggering. I can’t go back and tell my childhood self that the mile run wasn’t worth the anticipatory anxiety. But I can remember how badly I wished even one classmate had acknowledged that I had barely missed the school record in sit-and- reach instead of teasing me about laps the next day. I can remember that “I can’t” can so often mean something else. And I can take the time to try to ask the right questions, so that I can say something more useful in response than “Of course you can.”
40．What were people supposed to do if they said “I can’t” in my childhood gymnastics?
__________________________________________________________________
41．What does “I can’t” actually mean when I said that in the gym-class mile run?
__________________________________________________________________
42．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that.
__________________________________________________________________
43．Describe one of your experiences of dealing with “I can’t”. (In about 40 words)
__________________________________________________________________
六、建议信
44．假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国好友Jim来信说他收到理想大学的面试通知，他有些紧张。请你给他回复一封邮件，内容包括：
1. 表示祝贺并给予安慰；
2. 提供建议并说明理由。
注意： 1.词数100左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考答案：
1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．C 7．D 8．C 9．B 10．D
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者一次去特殊学校上课的经历，一开始作者很焦虑，最后发现孩子们很有表现力，很独特，也很有激情，作者认为这是自己教学生涯中最好的经历之一，并且希望任何人都能考虑到一所特殊的学校工作，让那里的孩子们的热情唤醒对教学的热爱。
1．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当我接到电话问我那天是否有空时，一阵恐慌席卷了我。A. panic恐慌；B. sadness悲伤；C. anger愤怒；D. sympathy同情。根据后文“I’d never taught in a special school before(我以前从未在特殊学校教书)”可知，作者以前从没在特殊学校教过书，所以感觉恐慌。故选A项。
2．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我以前从未在一所特殊的学校教过书，但我最终还是振作起来，开车去了学校。A. hesitantly犹豫地；B. regularly定期地；C. eventually终于；D. desperately绝望地。根据后文“pulled myself together and drove to the school(振作起来，开车去学校)”可知，作者最终还是去了学校。故选C项。
3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：在去那里的路上，我想了想所有我不能做的事。A. plans计划；B. thoughts想法；C. doubts怀疑；D. opinions观点。根据后文“about everything I couldn’t do”指作者思考自己不能在学校做的事情。故选B项。
4．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：当我把车停下的时候，我的领导来迎接我，向我保证“没有什么可担心的”，但我感觉不是！A. broke up打破；B. sped up加速；C. picked up捡起；D. pulled up停下来。结合上文“and drove to the school”可知，此处指停车。故选D项。
5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在父母的陪同下，孩子们开始出现了。A. Abandoned抛弃；B. Suspected怀疑；C. Accompanied陪伴；D. Raised提高。根据后文“by their parents, the children began to show up”可知，孩子们在父母的陪同下出现。故选C项。
6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我试图掩饰我的焦虑情绪，然而很明显我流下了几滴汗。A. ink墨水；B. rain雨；C. sweat汗水；D. blood血液。根据上文“my anxious feelings, although a few drops of”可知，此处指作者因为焦虑而出汗。故选C项。
7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：与我的预测相反，随着时间的推移，我的压力水平下降了。A. decisions决定；B. conclusions结论；C. suggestions建议；D. predictions预测。根据后文“my stress levels went down”可知，作者的压力水平下降了，即与之前预期的自己会感到焦虑相反。故选D项。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子们很有表现力，很独特，也很有激情，尽管有时他们的尖叫声让我有些震惊。A. inspired受鼓舞的；B. refreshed清爽的；C. shocked震惊的；D. satisfied满足的。根据后文“by their screams”可知，作者对孩子们尖叫感到震惊。故选C项。
9．考查副词词义辨析。句意：那天结束时，我可以诚实地说，这是我教学生涯中最好的经历之一。A. regretfully懊悔地；B. honestly诚实地；C. jokingly开玩笑地；D. patiently耐心地。根据后文“say it was one of the best experiences of my teaching career”可知，作者可以诚实地说，这是自己教学生涯中最好的经历之一。故选B项。
10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我希望任何人都能考虑到一所特殊的学校工作，让那里的孩子们的热情唤醒他们对教学的热爱。A. celebrate庆祝；B. earn赚得；C. guarantee保证；D. awaken唤醒。根据上文“allow the passion of the children there to”可知，作者希望人们去特殊学校工作，因为特殊学校孩子的热情可以唤醒人们对教学的热爱。故选D项。
11．which 12．on 13．was created
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了毕昇发明的活字印刷术。
11．考查定语从句。句意：每块黏土上都刻有文字，看起来像中国广泛使用的印章。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词clay，先行词指物，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。
12．考查介词。句意：它们按一定的顺序被固定在一块铁板上。结合句意可知，此处表示“它们被固定在一块铁板上”，且强调被固定在铁板的表面的状态，可用固定短语fix sth. on sth.，空处需用介词on。故填on。
13．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：一张印刷品通过这种方法被制作出来。分析句子可知，空处作谓语，文章描绘的是过去发生的事情，句子时态宜用一般过去时，create和主语A printed sheet之间是被动关系，需用一般过去时的被动语态，且主语是单数，be动词需用was。故填was created。
14．their 15．have changed 16．that
【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章介绍了货币的演变。
14．考查代词。句意：公元前700年至600年间，吕底亚人首次将金属铸造成现金，而中国在公元1000年左右首次使用金属钞票，此后就开始流通。提示词作定语修饰名词use，用形容词性物主代词their，意为“它们的”。故填their。
15．考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：然而，如今，习惯已经改变了。分析句子可知，change(改变)是句中谓语动词，与主语habits之间是主动关系，句中有时间状语These days，应使用现在完成时态，又因主语是复数名词，所以谓语动词也应使用复数形式。综上，谓语应用现在完成时的主动语态，复数形式。故填have changed。
16．考查宾语从句。句意：现代科技意味着，虽然货币仍然被广泛使用，但它更有可能是一种数字交易，而不是一叠钞票和一把弹片。分析句子可知，“while money is still widely used, it’s more likely to be a digital transaction than a wad of notes and a handful of shrapnel.”是动词means后宾语从句，从句句意完整，不缺成分，应用连接词that引导该从句。故填that。
17．because 18．easier 19．allowing 20．conveyed
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了实体书和有声书各自的优势。
17．考查原因状语从句。句意：实体书有其优势，因为用自己的眼睛看到文字可以帮助更牢牢地集中注意力。分析句子意思可知，空后的“用自己的眼睛看到文字可以帮助更牢牢地集中注意力”是空前的“实体书有其优势”的原因，且此处强调直接原因，空处应用从属连词because引导原因状语从句。故填because。
18．考查形容词比较级。句意：如果在阅读时走神，也更容易找到书中的具体部分。根据上下文可知，此处在讨论实体书的优势，隐含比较的意思，应该是表示“更容易找到书中的具体部分”，空处应用easy的比较级形式easier。故填easier。
19．考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，有声书提供了一种不同的体验，让听者完全沉浸在故事中，并调动大脑的不同部分。分析句子可知，空处作句子的伴随状语，是非谓语动词，allow和audiobooks逻辑上是主动关系，空处应用allow的现在分词形式allowing。故填allowing。
20．考查非谓语动词。句意：听有声书可以培养更强的同理心，因为听者听到了叙述者所传达的情感。分析句子可知，空处是修饰the emotion的后置定语，是非谓语动词，convey和the emotion逻辑上是被动关系，空处应用convey的过去分词形式conveyed。故填conveyed。
21．D 22．A 23．C
【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了如何使用悉尼公交的一种乘车证。SydneyPass提供3，5，7天不等的悉尼的海港城市，海湾和海滩等地旅游路线。
21．细节推理题。根据第二段最后一句CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city可判断，故选D.
22．细节推理题。根据All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip可知有乘车卡可以节省来往机场的费用，故选A.
23．推理判断题。根据图表和下面的说明可知：Children under 4 years travel free，说明三岁的孩子免费，所以两个成年人是240元加上两个小孩120元，共360元。故选C.
【名师点睛】做好细节理解题的几点建议：
细节理解题属直接解答性问题，是阅读理解题中最简单的一种，多数属中低难度的题。但高考所占的比例大，应特别引起注意。事实和细节题的命题特点是：对文章或某一段落中的一些特定细节或文章重要事实的理解，一般包括直接理解题和语义转化题。直接理解题能在原文直接找到答案，而语义转化题则需要将题目信息与原文信息加工或整理后才能得出结论。
做细节理解题具体方法与步骤如下：
①略读材料，大概了解原文，掌握中心或主旨；
②按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关的信息词。如for example, first, second…等预测应该到何处寻找自己所需要的事实；
③将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读，全文扫视，找到细节出处，待找到含细节句子时，放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。如第21小题根据第二段最后一句CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city可判断，故选D. 第22小题根据All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip可知有乘车卡可以节省来往机场的费用，故选A.
24．A 25．D 26．C 27．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了小说All the Light We Cannot See和它的作者Anthony Doerr。
24．细节理解题。根据第一段中“She continues to live with Etienne, and they start passing on secret signals to aid the French Resistance movement.”（她继续和Etienne住在一起，他们开始传递秘密信号，以帮助法国抵抗运动。）可知，Marie-Laure和Etienne通过提供信息来帮助反纳粹斗争。故选A项。
25．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Critics have praised Doerr’s writing for his short, sharp sentences and attention to detail.”（评论家们称赞Doerr的作品，因为他的句子短小精悍，而且注重细节。）可知，Anthony Doerr的作品被高度评价是因为他用词非常简练。故选D项。
26．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Doerr suggests that technologies, such as the radio, are helpful to society if they are used with good intentions. However, if technologies fall into the hands of evil (邪恶), they can cause great destruction.”（Doerr认为，如果人们怀着好的意图使用诸如收音机之类的技术，它们对社会是有益的。然而，如果技术落入邪恶之手，它们可能会造成巨大的破坏。）可知，技术可以对社会有益，也可以带来破坏。由此可知，技术是一把双刃剑。故选C项。
27．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了小说All the Light We Cannot See以及它的作者Anthony Doerr，主要描绘了小说的情节和主题，并分享了作家的写作风格。由此推知，文章主要围绕图书展开，可能出自杂志的“读书俱乐部”栏目。故选B项。
28．A 29．C 30．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员研发了一种新的风险低、反应快的纳米粒子生成输送方法，通过纳米颗粒向大脑输送药物，改善药物的疗效。
28．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员研发了一种新的风险低、反应快的纳米粒子生成输送方法，通过纳米颗粒向大脑输送药物，改善药物的疗效。因此，A项“一种新的药物输送方法”符合文章大意。故选A项。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段中“One key reason: the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from tissue-specific drug delivery. Methods such as an injection or a pill aren’t as precise or immediate as doctors might prefer, and ensuring delivery right to the brain often requires invasive, risky techniques.（一个关键原因是血脑屏障，它保护大脑不受组织特异性药物输送的影响。注射或服用药片等方法并不像医生所希望的那样精确或即时，确保将药物正确输送到大脑往往需要侵入性的、有风险的技术。）”可知，血脑屏障保护大脑不受组织特异性药物输送的影响，会影响药片的精确性和及时性，降低其有效性。故选C项。
30．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“The team tested the concept in locusts because the blood-brain barriers in the insects and humans have similarities.（该团队在蝗虫身上测试了这一概念，因为这种昆虫和人类的血脑屏障有相似之处。）”可知，研究人员将研究重点放在蝗虫身上是因为人类和蝗虫的血脑屏障相似，即有相似的结构来保护大脑免受外来物质的侵害。故选A项。
31．C 32．A 33．A 34．D
【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了是否需要对民族特性作概括。由于文化、习俗习惯的不同，不同的民族总是有其独有的特点，社会应予以保护。
31．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Immediately, he said: “That's quite a strange combination. It's like, this must be done absolutely perfectly... tomorrow”. (他马上说：“这是一个相当奇怪的组合。这就像，这必须做得绝对完美……明天”)”和第二段“This joke played on stereotypes (刻板印象) of the Germans as efficient and the Irish as lazy. (这个笑话是针对德国人效率高、爱尔兰人懒惰的刻板印象)”可知，人们认为德国人效率高、爱尔兰人懒惰，是很奇怪的组合，可得出作者说这句话是为了表明人们对德国人和爱尔兰人的印象是相反的。故选C。
32．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“If however, this tourist were to say that the Swiss are very punctual, this could be seen as a cultural characteristic. (然而，如果这位游客说瑞士人非常守时，这可以看作是一种文化特征)”可知，守时是瑞士人的典型文化特征。故选A。
33．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段“Politicians always have to be mindful of the cultural characteristics of different countries. By becoming aware of different cultural characteristics, they can avoid causing offence (冒犯) in those cultures. (政治家们必须时刻注意不同国家的文化特征。通过了解不同的文化特征，他们可以避免在这些文化中造成冒犯)”可知，通过对不同的民族特征做了解和掌握，就不会冒犯别人了。故选A。
34．推理判断题。根据文章尤其是最后三段内容，特别是最后一段“All this raises important questions: can making generalizations about groups of people be a positive thing? Or should we always avoid making broad assumptions about different groups? (所有这些都提出了重要的问题：对人群进行概括是否是一件积极的事情？还是我们应该总是避免对不同的群体做出广泛的假设？)”可知，文章主要讨论了是否需要对民族特性作概括，讨论对人群进行概括是否有益。故选D。
35．B 36．F 37．G 38．E 39．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了语言会随着时间而变化，其原因很多样，变化主要体现在词汇、句子结构和发音三个方面。
35．前文“In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other.（在某些方面，语言的变化是令人惊讶的。毕竟，它们代代相传，足以让父母和孩子相互交流。）”引入文章的话题语言的变化，后文“For example, while Japanese has changed relatively little over a thousand years, English evolved rapidly in just a few centuries.（例如，在一千多年的时间里，日语的变化相对较小，而英语在短短几个世纪内就迅速演化。）”用日语和英语的变化情况作为例子，B项“Yet linguists find that all living languages change over time — at different rates though.（然而，语言学家发现，所有现存的语言都会随着时间的推移而变化——尽管变化的速度不同。）”符合语境，和前文对语言变化的惊讶构成转折，是后文的例证支持的观点，后文的“changed relatively little over a thousand years”“evolved rapidly in just a few centuries”解释了其中的“at different rates”。故选B。
36．前文“Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic, and political pressures, as there are many examples of language change fueled by invasions, colonization, and migration.（语言的变化有很多原因。由于社会、经济和政治压力的影响，语言往往会发生大规模变化，因为有很多入侵、殖民和移民推动语言变化的例子。）”点明了本段的主旨语言变化的原因，介绍了外部宏观环境的原因，F项“Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users adopt a new way of speaking.（即使没有这些影响，如果有足够多的使用者采用一种新的说话方式，一门语言也会发生巨大的变化。）”符合语境，承接前文，其中的“these kinds of influences”指前文的“social, economic, and political pressures”，介绍了使用者方面的原因作为补充。故选F。
37．前文“But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way.（但是个体说话的独特方式也会促进语言的变化，因为没有两个人使用一种语言的方式完全相同。）”提到了个体使用的语言存在差异，G项“The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors.（人们使用的词汇和短语取决于他们居住的地方、年龄、教育程度、社会地位和其他因素。）”符合语境，具体解释了个体语言差异的原因。故选G。
38．空处位于段首，是段落的主旨句，需概括段落内容。后文“Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other languages, or as words get coined, combined, or shortened.（词汇变化很快，比如从其他语言中借用新词，或者新词被创造、组合或缩略。）”、“While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structure — the order of words in a sentence changes more slowly.（虽然词汇变化很快，但句子结构——句子中单词的顺序变化得比较慢。）”和“For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化。）”涉及语言变化中的词汇、句子结构和发音，E项“The three main areas of language that change over time are vocabulary, sentence structure, and pronunciation.（语言随着时间的推移发生变化的三个主要方面是词汇、句子结构和发音。）”符合语境，概括了这三个方面的内容。故选E。
39．后文“For example, during the Great Vowel Shift five hundred years ago, the pronunciation of vowels in English changed dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English.（例如，在500年前的元音大推移期间，英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化。这种转变体现了中世纪英语和现代英语发音的最大区别。）”介绍的是语言变化的发音方面，A项“Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document but just as interesting.（声音的变化很难记录，但同样有趣。）”符合语境，引起后文内容。故选A。
40．50 push-ups 41．“I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.” 42．There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that.
According to the passage, there are things I have stopped trying because I started to believe I can’t after letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t”. 43．I remember struggling with a difficult math problem and feeling overwhelmed. I wanted to give up, but instead of saying “I can’t,” I told my teacher that I was feeling frustrated and needed help. She was understanding and walked me through the problem, helping me to understand it better.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。有时候，当人们说“我不能”时，他们并不是说他们没有能力做某事，而是他们害怕、困惑或不知道如何做。作者提醒人们，说“我不能”比承认自己需要帮助、害怕或沮丧要容易得多。说“我不能”的时候，其实我们想说的是别的，所以我们应该试着使用更有帮助的词语，这样我们才能得到我们需要的帮助。
40．考查细节理解。根据第段二中“Anyone who used it, even the other coaches, had to do 50 push-ups before trying conversation again.(任何使用它的人，即使是其他教练，在尝试再次交谈之前都必须做50个俯卧撑)”可知，在我小时候的体操训练中，如果有人说“我不能”，他会被罚做50个俯卧撑。故答案为50 push-ups。
41．考查细节理解。根据第四段中“For me, “I can’t” actually meant “I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.”(对我来说，“我不能”实际上意味着“我害怕在全班同学面前哮喘病发作”和“跑步时落后同学几圈真是太尴尬了；我宁愿故意走完全程来保护我的自尊心，所以请不要打扰我。”)”可知，我在体育课上说“我不能”的意思是：“我害怕在全班同学面前哮喘病发作”和“跑步时落后同学几圈真是太尴尬了；我宁愿故意走完全程来保护我的自尊心，所以请不要打扰我。”故答案为“I’m afraid of having an asthma attack in front of all of my classmates,” and “It’s so embarrassing to run and be laps behind my peers; I would rather shield my ego from the hit by intentionally walking the whole thing, so please leave me alone.”
42．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中“But letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t” can do more damage than just hiding our deeper feelings. Eventually we, and the people around us, start to believe it. I know there are things I have stopped trying because, well, I just can’t.(但是，让我们求助于“我不能”比隐藏我们更深层次的感受会造成更大的伤害。最终，我们和我们周围的人开始相信这一点。我知道有些事情我已经不再尝试了，因为，嗯，我就是不能。)”可知，作者停止尝试是因为自己相信“我不能”，而不是真正“没有能力去做”。所以句中“the fact that I am not able to do that.”表述错误。故答案为There are things I have stopped trying because of the fact that I am not able to do that. According to the passage, there are things I have stopped trying because I started to believe I can’t after letting ourselves fall back on the “I can’t”.
43．开放性问题。言之有理，注意词数限制即可。故答案为I remember struggling with a difficult math problem and feeling overwhelmed. I wanted to give up, but instead of saying “I can’t,” I told my teacher that I was feeling frustrated and needed help. She was understanding and walked me through the problem, helping me to understand it better.
44．Dear Jim,
It was great to hear from you. Congratulations on being selected for the university interview! I know it can be a nerve-wracking experience, but I have every faith you’ll do brilliantly.
In terms of advice, remember to be yourself. You have a unique set of skills and experiences, so don’t be afraid to showcase them. Also, research the university thoroughly and prepare some questions that show your interest in the course. This will demonstrate your level of commitment and passion for the subject area. Additionally, do some practice interviews with friends or family members. This will help you feel more comfortable and confident on the day of the actual interview.
Good luck! I am rooting for you!
Yours,
Li Hua
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。英国好友Jim来信说他收到理想大学的面试通知，他有些紧张。要求考生给他回复一封邮件，表示祝贺并给予安慰，同时提供建议并说明理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
选择：select → choose
建议：advice → suggestions
害怕的：afraid → frightened
此外：Additionally → In addition
2.句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：Additionally, do some practice interviews with friends or family members. This will help you feel more comfortable and confident on the day of the actual interview.
拓展句：Additionally, do some practice interviews with friends or family members, which will help you feel more comfortable and confident on the day of the actual interview.
【点睛】[高分句型1]I know it can be a nerve-wracking experience, but I have every faith you’ll do brilliantly. (运用了省略连词that的宾语从句)
[高分句型2]Also, research the university thoroughly and prepare some questions that show your interest in the course. (运用了that引导的限制性定语从句)
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