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高考英语阅读精品套装（一讲双练） 考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构（实战练）
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这是一份高考英语阅读精品套装（一讲双练） 考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构（实战练），文件包含考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构教师版docx、考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构学生版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共36页， 欢迎下载使用。
一、在复习语言点的时候，要依据语言的横向组合和纵向聚合，按照“点—线—面”顺序，构建知识网络环境。
二、多做高考题，少扣模拟题
1、时间的把控。 2、总结一下各部分的得分情况，了解自己的强弱项。
3、留意出题点，揣摩不同内容出题人的着眼点在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻词汇表，少记课外词
词汇背诵是高考备考非常重要的一环，同学们要及早动手。在第一轮复习的时候，至少要过词意关。
四、写作。研究高考写作命题话题范围，根据测试的频度和交际场景的生活化程度进行分类。
考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构--练高考--心中有数
1.【2012·北京卷】
Wilderness
“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservatin f the wrld.” This is a famus saying frm a writer regarded as ne f the fathers f envirnmentalism. The frequency with which it is brrwed mirrrs a heated debate n envirnmental prtectin: whether t place wilderness at the heart f what is t be preserved.
As Jhn Sauven f Greenpeace UK pints ut, there is a strng appeal in images f the wild, the untuched; mre than anything else, they speak f the nature that many peple value mst dearly. The urge t leave the subject f such images untuched is strng, and the danger explitatin(开发) brings t such landscapes(景观) is real. Sme f these wildernesses als perfrm functins that humans need—the rainfrests, fr example, stre carbn in vast quantities. T Mr.Sauven, these ”ecsystem services” far utweigh the gains frm explitatin.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellw at the Hudsn Institute, takes the ppsing view. He acknwledges that wildernesses d prvide useful services, such as water cnservatin. But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin. There are ever mre peple n the Earth, and they reasnably and rightfully want t have better lives, rather than merely struggle fr survival. While the ways f using resurces have imprved, there is still a grwing need fr raw materials, and sme wildernesses cntain them in abundance. If they can be tapped withut reducing the services thse wildernesses prvide, the argument ges, there is n further reasn nt t d s. Being untuched is nt, in itself, a characteristic wrth valuing abve all thers.
I lk frwards t seeing these views taken further, and t their being challenged by the ther participants. One challenge that suggests itself t me is that bth cases need t take n the questin f spiritual value a little mre directly. And there is a practical questin as t whether wildernesses can be explited withut harm.
This is a tpic that calls fr nt nly free expressin f feelings, but als the guidance f reasn. What psitin wilderness shuld enjy in the preservatin f the wrld bviusly deserves much mre serius thinking.
1．Jhn Sauven hlds that_____.
A．many peple value nature t much
B．explitatin f wildernesses is harmful
C．wildernesses prvide humans with necessities
D．the urge t develp the ecsystem services is strng2．What is the main idea f Para. 3?
A．The explitatin is necessary fr the pr peple.
B．Wildernesses cannt guarantee better use f raw materials.
C．Useful services f wildernesses are nt the reasn fr n explitatin.
D．All the characteristics cncerning the explitatin shuld be treated equally.
3．What is the authr’s attitude twards this debate?
A．Objective.B．Disapprving.C．Sceptical.D．Optimistic.
4．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
CP: Central Pint P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint(次要点) : Cnclusin
A．B．C．D．
【答案】1．B2．C3．A4．D
【解析】本文为说明文，本文客观阐述了不同的人对于怎么利用荒原持有的不同的观点。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段these "ecsystem services" far utweigh the gains frm explitatin.。得知Jhn Sauven认为“生态系统服务”远比开发的利益重要得多，由此可推断他的观点是开发荒野有害。故选B 。
2．主旨大意题。根据本段第二句和第三句He acknwledges that wildernesses d prvide useful services, such as water cnservatin. But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin.可知，荒野的有益服务不能作为不开发的理由，故选C。3．作者态度题。根据第四段I lk frward t seeing these views taken further, and t their being challenged by the ther participants.就可以看出，作者并没有偏向任何一个观点。只是比较客观的进行阐述。选A。
4．文章结构题。通读文章可知，作者就荒野保护的问题客观中立地阐述了对立双方的观点，文章第一段提出中心论点；第二、三两段分别阐述了两种不同的观点；第四段是作者自己的观点；最后一点是文章的结论。推出选D。
2.【2022届四川省成都石室中学下学期三诊模拟】
Every day we are the targets f advertisers,fundraisers and pliticians trying t persuade us t buy smething, d smething r think a certain way. And they’re gd at it. Over the years, they’ve learned a lt abut what features t build int a cmmunicatin. But by cncentrating s much n the message itself, they’ve missed a crucial cmpnent f the prcess.
Research dne in the last 15 years shws that the best persuasin is achieved thrugh the best pre-suasin—the practice f arranging fr peple t agree with a message befre they even knw what’s in it. Pre-suasin wrks by fcusing peple’s attentin n a selected cncept, which in turn encurages them t value it mre than related nes.
Lng befre scientists started studying the prcess f pre-suasin, a few ntable cmmunicatrs already had an intuitive understanding f it.
Fr example, in 1588, thusands f British trps, wh were gathered against a sea invasin by Spain at Tilbury in the UK, were deeply cncerned that their leader Queen Elizabeth I wuld nt be up t the rigrs(严酷)f battle. In addressing the men, she remved her fears pre-suasively first acknwledging their cncern by admitting a weakness, which established her hnesty, and then fllwing it with a strength that remved this perceived weakness “I knw,” she stated firmly, “I have the bdy f a weak wman. But I have the heart f a king, and a king f England, t,” It’s reprted that this statement was welcmed with lng and lud cheers.
The same pre-suasive, hnesty-establishing tactic was emplyed in the late 1950s by the advertising firm Dyle Dane Bernbach t intrduce the ddly shaped Vlkswagen Beetle t a US market dminated by big, pwerful, bat-like vehicles. The “We’re ugly but...” campaign tactically admitted t limitatins in appearance befre trumpeting the aut’s strengths such as ecnmy, reliability and simplicity. Credited with cracking pen the US market fr small cars, the ad campaign has been rated amng the greatest f all time.
With cnsiderable success, practitiners(从业者)f scial influence have always featured persuasive prds—enthusiastic appreciatin, emtinal feelings, last-chance pprtunities—in their appeals. Perhaps because f that success, they’ve mstly missed an accmpanying truth. Fr maximum impact, it’s nt nly what yu d; it’s als what yu d just befre yu d what yu d.
1．What is true abut pre-suasin?
A．The imprtance f pre-suasin has nt been widely recgnized.
B．All advertisers, fundraisers and pliticians are gd at pre-suasin.
C．Pre-suasin wrks by cncentrating s much n the message itself.
D．Pre-suasin arrange fr peple t agree with an idea after knwing it
2．Why des the authr mentin Queen Elizabeth I?
A．T acknwledge her great pwer as a female emperr.
B．T analyze the scientific principles behind pre-suasin.
C．T give an example f applying pre-suasin successfully.
D．T recmmend the mst imprtant techniques in pre-suasin.
3．What des the underlined wrd “trumpeting” mean?
A．Blwing a trumpet.B．Stating r annuncing prudly.
C．Making a lud nise.D．Resembling a trumpet in shape.
4．Which f the fllwing structure can best summarize the passage?
A．①—②—③④—⑤⑥B．①②—③④—⑤—⑥
C．①—②—③④⑤—⑥D．①②—③—④⑤⑥
【答案】1．A2．C3．B4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了每一天，我们都是广告商、筹款人和政客的目标，他们试图说服我们买东西、做事情或以某种方式思考。过去15年所做的研究表明，最好的说服是通过最好的“先发影响力”来实现的。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句“But by cncentrating s much n the message itself, they've missed a crucial cmpnent f the prcess.（由于他们过于关注信息本身，他们错过了这个过程的一个关键部分。）”和第二段第一句“Research dne in the last 15 years shws that the best persuasin is achieved thrugh the best pre-suasin—the practice f arranging fr peple t agree with a message befre they even knw what's in it.（过去15年所做的研究表明，最好的说服是通过最好的“先发影响力”来实现的——即安排人们在知道信息内容之前就同意信息。）”可知“先发影响力”的重要性是大多数人忽略和不重视的，也就是尚未得到广泛认识。故选A项。2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一句“Lng befre scientists started studying the prcess f pre-suasin, a few ntable cmmunicatrs already had an intuitive understanding f it.（在科学家们开始研究劝说过程之前，一些著名的交流者已经对劝说有了直观的理解。）”和第四段“Fr example, in 1588, thusands f British trps, wh were gathered against a sea invasin by Spain at Tilbury in the UK, were deeply cncerned that their leader Queen Elizabeth I wuld nt be up t the rigrs(严酷)f battle.（例如，1588年，成千上万的英国军队，聚集在英国的蒂尔伯里抗击西班牙的海上入侵，他们非常担心他们的领袖伊丽莎白女王一世无法胜任这场残酷的战争。）”可知，伊丽莎白女王一世的例子是为了举一个成功运用先发影响力的例子。故选C项。
3．词句猜测题。根据画线词下句“Credited with cracking pen the US market fr small cars, the ad campaign has been rated amng the greatest f all time.（由于打开了美国小型车市场，这则广告被评为有史以来最伟大的广告之一。）”可知，画线词该句是对一则广告的评价，再结合画线词前文“We’re ugly but...” campaign tactically admitted t limitatins in appearance befre trumpeting the aut’s strengths such as ecnmy, reliability and simplicity. ”（“我们很丑，但是……”竞选策略承认，在trumpeting汽车的优势之前，如经济性，可靠性和简单性，它的外观是有限的。）可知，此处是对这款车在承认了它外观上的局限性的同时，战略性地的认可了它的经济、可靠性和简单性等优势。可推知，划线词此处是指这个宣传活动在大力宣传（Stating r annuncing prudly.）这个车的优势。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。文章第一段介绍日常生活中的“劝服”现象，为第一部分。第二段引入本文话题“先发影响力”并进行简单介绍，为第二部分。第三、四、五段是在举具体案例来说明“先发影响力”的影响，为第三部分。最后一段是对全文的小结，呼应开头，“先发影响力”往往被人忽略，为第四部分。故选C项。
3.【2022届湖南省长沙市第一中学高三下学期一模】
Many peple drink prtein shakes regularly t lse weight, build muscle r bth. Others, hwever, questin the belief that prtein shakes are better than nrmal, high-prtein fds. S what is the truth?
Prtein shakes are dietary supplements (饮食补充剂) designed t help peple cnsume mre prtein than they therwise wuld. Prtein shakes can be ready-made drinks. Besides, peple can mix their wn shakes using prtein pwder. Prtein pwder can be made frm plants r animals. Plant-based prtein shakes can include sy, pea r rice prtein. Animal-based prtein pwder is usually made frm cws’ milk. Thse wh want t avid milk can als get prtein pwder made frm egg whites.
Studies indicate that cnsuming prtein shakes is helpful if yu want t build muscle. They can als imprve yur perfrmance and help yu recver while exercising. And if yu’re lsing weight, prtein shakes can help t make sure that yu dn’t lse muscle.Cnsuming prtein shakes can als help yu lse weight. Eating a high-prtein diet helps yu feel full, s it’s easier t resist eating t much. High-prtein diets can als make yur bdy burn energy quickly. When yu use mre energy than yu take in thrugh fd, yu lse weight.
Hwever, yu dn’t have t drink prtein shakes t have a high-prtein diet. Many whlefds are rich in prtein. In fact, the peple in many high-prtein diet studies didn’t drink prtein shakes. The studies prved the benefits f eating prtein-rich fds. Mrever, these fds cntain ther natural nutrients besides prtein. In cntrast, many prtein shakes cntain sugar r artificial sweeteners, which are nt healthy.
T sum up, yes, prtein shakes are cnvenient and they wrk. Hwever, they are nt yur nly chice fr eating a high-prtein diet.
5．What’s paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．What prtein shakes are.
B．Hw prtein shakes arc made.
C．Where prtein shakes cme frm.
D．Why peple drink prtein shakes.
6．What can be inferred abut cnsuming prtein shakes?
A．It can burn yur fat directly.
B．It is beneficial t yur muscle.
C．It can take the place f eating ther fd.
D．It is the best chice fr the peple in a high-prtein dict.
7．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the whle text?
A．B．C．D．
8．Which wrd best describes the authr's attitude t prtein shakes?
A．Skeptical.B．Objective.C．Tlerant.D．Cnservative.【答案】5．A6．B7．A8．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蛋白奶昔的优缺点以及是否有必要为了保持健康或者减重而饮用它。
5．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Prtein shakes are dietary supplements (饮食补充剂) designed t help peple cnsume mre prtein than they therwise wuld. (蛋白质奶昔是膳食补充剂，旨在帮助人们摄入比平时更多的蛋白质)”以及“Prtein shakes can be ready-made drinks. Besides, peple can mix their wn shakes using prtein pwder. Prtein pwder can be made frm plants r animals. Plant-based prtein shakes can include sy, pea r rice prtein. Animal-based prtein pwder is usually made frm cws’ milk. Thse wh want t avid milk can als get prtein pwder made frm egg whites. (蛋白质奶昔可以是现成的饮料。此外人们可以用蛋白粉自己搅拌奶昔。蛋白质粉可以由植物或动物制成。植物蛋白粉可以由大豆，豌豆或大米的蛋白质组成。动物蛋白粉通常由牛奶制成。那些不想喝牛奶的人也可以吃由蛋白制成的蛋白粉)”可知，第二段主要是对蛋白奶昔下定义，后几句是对两种蛋白奶昔的具体介绍。由此可知，第二段主要讲的是“什么是蛋白质奶昔”。故选A项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Studies indicate that cnsuming prtein shakes is helpful if yu want t build muscle. (研究表明，如果你想增长肌肉，食用蛋白质奶昔是有帮助的)”可知，蛋白质奶昔有助于增长肌肉。故选B项。
7．推理判断题。第一段“Many peple drink prtein shakes regularly t lse weight, build muscle r bth. Others, hwever, questin the belief that prtein shakes are better than nrmal, high-prtein fds. S what is the truth? (许多人经常喝蛋白质奶昔来减肥，增肌或两者兼顾。然而，也有人质疑蛋白质奶昔比普通的高蛋白食物更好的观点。那么真相是什么呢？)”通过引出分歧意见提出话题。第二段“Prtein shakes are dietary supplements designed t help peple cnsume mre prtein than they therwise wuld. (蛋白质奶昔是膳食补充剂，旨在帮助人们摄入比平时更多的蛋白质)”，对蛋白奶昔下定义。第三“Studies indicate that cnsuming prtein shakes is helpful if yu want t build muscle. (研究表明，如果你想增长肌肉，食用蛋白质奶昔是有帮助的)”以及第四段“Cnsuming prtein shakes can als help yu lse weight. (消耗蛋白质奶昔有助于减肥)”提出蛋白奶昔的优点。第五段“Hwever, yu dn’t have t drink prtein shakes t have a high-prtein diet. (然而，你不必喝蛋白质奶昔就能获得高蛋白饮食)”用Hwever进行转折，指出蛋白奶昔的缺点。第六段“T sum up, yes, prtein shakes are cnvenient and they wrk. Hwever, they are nt yur nly chice fr eating a high-prtein diet. (总而言之，是的。蛋白质奶昔很方便而且它们很有效。然而，它们并不是你吃可以吃的高蛋白饮食的唯一选择)”总结了蛋白质奶昔的优缺点。故选A项。8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“T sum up, yes, prtein shakes are cnvenient and they wrk. Hwever, they are nt yur nly chice fr eating a high-prtein diet. (总而言之，是的。蛋白质奶昔很方便而且它们很有效。然而，它们并不是你可以吃的高蛋白饮食的唯一选择)”以及文章整体内容来看，作者对蛋白奶昔的优缺点以及是否有必要为了保持健康或者减重而饮用它皆有提及。由此推之，作者对蛋白质奶昔的态度是客观的。故选B项。
4.【2022届江西省赣州市高三适应性考试】
Being perfect is smething many f us want and try t achieve. It makes us feel we’re crrect and that ur hard wrk has paid ff. Hwever, as much as perfectin and being perfect is nt all a perfect thing.
Perfectin is all abut being withut mistakes and criticism. Wanting r trying t be perfect can make it hard t admit a mistake. Nevertheless, it is imprtant t wn up t mistakes and wrk t fix them. Nt being able t take criticism and fix mistakes is arrgance, nt perfectin.
Perfectin is a duble-edged swrd. In ur lives, we want perfectin. Perfectin hlds us accuntable; it’s the mistakes and imperfectin that keeps pushing us harder and further at what we d. It’s the perfect mtivatr. But it’s als the perfect killer. Fr example, the mvie “Black Swan” shwcased hw perfectin can kill us. Wrking and training and stress hurt ur bdy, mind, and s much mre that we can’t d it any mre.
But perfectin can als have the ppsite effect. The mvie “High Strung” shwed that perfectin desn’t exist, but practicing and pushing urselves can bring us great rewards. In “Black Swan,” the main character tried t be perfect but he als cmpared himself t smene else wh he thught was better than him. This added mre pressure and self-dubt, which can cause unhealthy ways f achieving perfectin. The main character f “Black Swan” didn’t knw when t stp, whereas the main character f “High Strung” did, r at least didn’t fcus s much n the cmparisn, and instead fcused n the cmpetitin and the nes she cared abut.
Perfectin is smething we can’t live withut and can’t live with. The nly way t keep the swrd frm cutting us is if we knw when t stp. Sme days are ging t be gd days and thers will be bad. We have t take whatever day it is — perfect r imperfect — and hpe that’s enugh.
9．What des the underlined phrase “wn up t” mean in Paragraph 2?
A．Make.B．Avid.C．Crrect.D．Acknwledge.
10．What prevents the character in “Black Swan” frm ging further?
A．Cmparisn.B．Self-dubt.C．Pressure.D．Cmpetitin.
11．What des the authr advise us t d while trying t be perfect?A．Try nt t make mistakes.B．Push urselves harder.
C．Stp befre ging t far.D．Prve ur ability t thers.
12．What culd be the best structure f the passage? (P=Paragraph)
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】9．D10．A11．C12．C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了完美是我们很多人想要并努力实现的，然而，完美和完美并不都是一件完美的事情。指出完美并不是没有错误和批评，完美是一把双刃剑。
9．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Nt being able t take criticism and fix mistakes is arrgance, nt perfectin.(不能接受批评和纠正错误是傲慢，而不是完美)”以及画线词后文“mistakes and wrk t fix them”可知，不能接受批评和纠正错误是傲慢，而不是完美，所以承认错误并努力改正是很重要的。故画线短语意思是“承认”。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In “Black Swan,” the main character tried t be perfect but he als cmpared himself t smene else wh he thught was better than him. This added mre pressure and self-dubt, which can cause unhealthy ways f achieving perfectin.(在《黑天鹅》中，主人公想要变得完美，但他也会把自己和他认为比自己更好的人进行比较。这会增加更多的压力和自我怀疑，这可能会导致以不健康的方式实现完美)”可知，是比较阻止了《黑天鹅》中的角色走得更远。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Perfectin is a duble-edged swrd. In ur lives, we want perfectin. Perfectin hlds us accuntable; it’s the mistakes and imperfectin that keeps pushing us harder and further at what we d. It’s the perfect mtivatr. But it’s als the perfect killer.(完美是一把双刃剑。在我们的生活中，我们想要完美。完美让我们有责任; 正是这些错误和不完美让我们更加努力，走得更远。这是完美的动力。但它也是完美的杀手)”可知，作者建议我们在追求完美的同时，不要走得太远。故选C。
12．推理判断题。通断全文可知，第一段总起全文，引出关于“完美”的话题；第二段中“Perfectin is all abut being withut mistakes and criticism.(完美就是没有错误和批评)”为第一个论点，第三段和第四段指出完美是一把双刃剑，为第二个论点；最后第五段“Perfectin is smething we can’t live withut and can’t live with. The nly way t keep the swrd frm cutting us is if we knw when t stp. Sme days are ging t be gd days and thers will be bad. We have t take whatever day it is — perfect r imperfect — and hpe that’s enugh.(完美是我们生活中不能缺少的东西，也不能有完美。唯一能让这把剑不伤到我们的方法就是知道何时停止。有些日子会是好日子，有些日子会是坏日子。无论今天是完美的还是不完美的，我们都必须接受，希望这样就足够了)”对全文进行总结。可推知，C选项最符合文章结构。故选C。
5.【2022届江苏省苏锡常镇四市高三教学情况调研（一）】
Star Wars fans wuld be familiar with the gd relatinship between humans and drids (机器人) in the mvies. In the mvie Sl: A Star Wars Stry, Land Calrissian risked his life t rescue his c-pilt, a female drid L3-37. In real life, a humanid rbt, Sphia, has recently been granted (给予) citizenship in Saudi Arabia. Increasingly, peple are ready t see rbts as resembling humans. Given this phenmenn, I believ it is necessary t cnsider giving rbts certain rights humans enjy.
Experts have argued that since rbts have nw acquired human-like qualities, it is apprpriate t cnsider if they shuld have rights just as humans. Sphia has a human like face and utilizes artificial intelligence t respnd t speech and express emtins. Fr such a lifelike being that is ptentially capable f expressing emtins, des it nt deserve the right t be lved and respected?
Rbts shuld als be given legal and mral prtectin as harming a rbt may be similar t harming humans. Since peple tend t frm attachments t scial rbts, it becmes pssible fr cmpanies t cntrl the hardware and sftware t explit this emtinal attachment. There is a danger that data that is stred in the rbt culd be upladed t the clud. There wuld then pssibly be situatins in which the gvernment r private sectr retrieves (检索数据) the infrmatin stred in a rbtic ty r scial rbt. With these uncertainties, it is clear why rbts shuld be prtected, just as humans.
An even mre irresistible reasn t grant human rights t the rbts is the prtectin f scietal values. We shuld stp a yung child frm kicking r tearing a ty rbt apart because it resembles a real life. Giving rbts certain rights will ensure that scietal standards are set.
Still, many have rundly argued that n matter hw sphisticated (老练的) they may be, rbts are still machines. It is therefre quite ridiculus t treat them as living beings and grant them rights. Hwever, with the advancement in technlgy, it is a matter f time befre rbts are fully anthrpmrphized (赋予人的特征), and we wuld have t cnsider granting them rights.In cnclusin, deciding whether rbts deserve human rights is by n means an easy task, but nw is the time t start the cnversatin n this and seriusly cnsider the pssibility.
13．Why des the authr mentin the tw examples in the first paragraph?
A．T remind readers f the imprtance f rbts.
B．T discuss the necessity f rescuing rbts.
C．T set readers thinking abut an issue abut rbts.
D．T describe the relatinship between humans and rbts.
14．What’s the main idea f Paragraph 3?
A．Rbts shuld be legally and mrally prtected.
B．There is pssible infrmatin risk.
C．Humans are ding harm t rbts.
D．Rbts shuld be given mre emtinal attachment.
15．What’s the authr’s attitude twards granting rbts human rights?
A．Dubtful.B．Favrable.
C．Negative.D．Uncaring.
16．What’s the structure f the passage?
(①=Para. 1 ②=Para. 2 ③=Para. 3 ④=Para. 4 ⑤=Para. 5 ⑥=Para. 6)
A．①—②③④⑤—⑥B．①②—③④⑤—⑥
C．①—②③—④⑤⑥D．①—②③④—⑤⑥
【答案】13．C14．A15．B16．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。随着机器人越来越类人化，我们很多时候不能再把机器人仅仅看作机器，因此文章论述了应该赋予机器人人权的理由。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Given this phenmenn, I believ it is necessary t cnsider giving rbts certain rights humans enjy.（鉴于这种现象，我认为有必要考虑给予机器人人类享有的某些权利）”结合下文陈述应该给与机器人人权的原因推知，上文提到星球大战中机器人救机器人以及现实生活中的机器人Sphia的例子是为了让读者思考一个关于机器人的问题。故选C。
14．主旨大意题。根据第三段的主要内容，尤其中心句“Rbts shuld als be given legal and mral prtectin as harming a rbt may be similar t harming humans.（机器人也应该得到法律和道德保护，因为伤害机器人可能与伤害人类相似）”可知，本段主要陈述机器人应该受到法律和道德的保护。故选A。15．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Hwever, with the advancement in technlgy, it is a matter f time befre rbts are fully anthrpmrphized (赋予人的特征), and we wuld have t cnsider granting them rights.（然而，随着技术的进步，机器人完全拟人化只是时间问题， 我们必须考虑赋予他们权利）”和最后一段“In cnclusin, deciding whether rbts deserve human rights is by n means an easy task, but nw is the time t start the cnversatin n this and seriusly cnsider the pssibility.（总之，决定机器人是否应该享有人权并不是一件容易的事，但现在是开始对话的时候了，并认真考虑这种可能性）”推知，作者对给与机器人人权持支持态度。故选B。
16．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段提出本文话题——考虑给机器人人权，第二到第五段陈述为什么要给机器人人权，最后一个自然段总结全文。因此文章的结构是①—②③④⑤—⑥。故选A。
6.【2022·江苏省扬州市宝应中学月考】
Ashlee Thmas' struggles are just ne example f Instagram's ptential"txic"effect n teen girls,as highlighted in he cngressinal(国会的) testimny(证词)f Frances Haugen n Friday.
"I believe Facebk's prducts harm children,encurage divisin and weaken ur demcracy, said Haugen, a 37-year-ld frmer Facebk prduct manager wh wrked n civic integrity issues at the cmpany.
Facebk's wn internal research,cited by Haugen,shwed"13.5%f teen girls n Instagram Instagram is wned by Facebk) say the platfrm makes thughts f 'Suicide and Self Injury wrse"and 17% say the platfrm makes" Eating Issues"such as anrexia(厌食症)wrse.
Its research als claimed Facebk's platfrms"make bdy image issues wrse fr l in 3 teen girls."
"The cmpany's leadership knws hw t make Facebk and Instagram safer but wn't make the necessary changes because they have put their prfits befre peple,"Haugen said during her pening remarks."Cngressinal actin is needed. They wnt slve this crisis withut yur help."
Facebk CEO Mark Zuckerberg tk t the platfrm he built t defend the cmpany against Haugen's allegatins(指控),saying in a 1,300-wrd statement that the tech giant's research n its impact n children was being misrepresented.
"We care deeply abut issues like safety, well-being and mental health,"Zuckerberg wrte.
He added, "Many f the claims dn't make any sense.If we wanted t ignre research, why wuld we create an industry-leading research prgram t understand these imprtant issues in the first place?"
In a statement, Facebk dubted the interpretatin(解释) f the research and insisted th percentages are much lwer.The cmpany has als said it welcmes regulatin.Still, thse familiar with the wrkings f the tech wrld say it will take much mre t save teens.
"Their business mdel's putting kids int these kinds f lps f engagement,"said Tristan Harris, c-funder f the Center fr Humane Technlgy."And that's what I’m really wrried there isn't sme quick fix t this thing.It’s the intrinsic((固有的)nature f the prduct."
17．What issue des this article mainly talk abut?
A．Facebk's develpment prblems.
B．Children's pr eating habits.
C．Facebk's pssible harm n its users.
D．Instagram's business mdel.
18．What des the underlined wrd"txic"in the first paragraph mst prbably mean?
A．pisnusB．Immediate
C．beneficialD．dramatic
19．What is the main cnflict between Frances Haugen and Mark Zuckerberg?
A．Whether there is a Facebk internal research.
B．Whether the result f the internal research is true.
C．Whether Facebk accepts regulatin.
D．Whether Facebk cares abut its users.
20．What is the best structure f this passage?
A．
B．
C．
D．
【答案】17．C18．A19．D20．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。主要关于Facebk和Instagram公司是否对其用户造成伤害这一问题进行了讨论。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段“I believe Facebk's prducts harm children, encurage divisin and weaken ur demcracy, said Haugen, a 37-year-ld frmer Facebk prduct manager wh wrked n civic integrity issues at the cmpany.”（37岁的曾在Facebk处理公民诚信问题的前任产品经理Haugen说，我认为Facebk的产品伤害儿童，鼓励分裂，削弱我们的民主。）说明Facebk可能对其用户造成伤害，文章对此问题进行讨论。故选C项。
18．词义猜测题。根据第三段“Facebk's wn internal research, cited by Haugen, shwed "13.5% f teen girls n Instagram (Instagram is wned by Facebk) say the platfrm makes thughts f 'Suicide and Self Injury wrse" and 17% say the platfrm makes "Eating Issues" such as anrexia wrse.”（Haugen引用了Facebk自己的内部研究，结果显示“Instagram（Instagram为Facebk所有）上13.5%的少女表示该平台会让“自杀和自残”的想法变得更糟，17%的人表示该平台会导致厌食症等“饮食问题”更糟糕。）说明Instagram对青少年时期的女孩们是有毒害影响的，推测txic表示“有毒的”。故选A项。
19．细节理解题。根据第五段“"The cmpany's leadership knws hw t make Facebk and Instagram safer but wn't make the necessary changes because they have put their prfits befre peple," Haugen said during her pening remarks.”（Haugen在开场白中说：“公司领导层知道如何让Facebk和Instagram更安全，但不会做出必要的改变，因为他们把利润放在了人们的前面。）说明Haugen认为Facebk只关注利润，没有将用户利益放在首位，以及第六段“Facebk CEO Mark Zuckerberg tk t the platfrm he built t defend the cmpany against Haugen's allegatins, saying in a 1,300-wrd statement that the tech giant's research n its impact n children was being misrepresented.”（Facebk首席执行官Mark Zuckerberg利用他建立的平台，针对Haugen的指控为公司辩护，在一份1300字的声明中说，这家科技巨头关于其对儿童影响的研究被歪曲了。）说明Zuckerberg认为自家公司对于用户的影响被Haugen歪曲了，可知两者间的主要冲突是Facebk是否关心其用户。故选D项。
20．推理判断题。纵观全文，第一段至第五段，Haugen认为Facebk和Instagram公司会让用户受到不良影响，而公司并未做出改变；第六段至第九段，Facebk首席执行官Zuckerberg为自家公司做出辩护，认为公司非常关心安全、幸福和心理健康等问题；第十段和第十一段，人道技术中心联合创始人Tristan Harris对于问题还无法快速解决表示担忧。故选A项。
7.The bimedical wrld is flded in data. We have a lt f genmic infrmatin frm muse t human, precius health measurements frm clinical tests, and a large amunt f s-called real-wrld data frm insurance cmpanies and drugstres. Using pwerful cmputers, scientists have carefully researched it with sme fine results, but it has becme clear that we can learn much mre with an assist frm artificial intelligence. Over the next decade deep-learning neural netwrks will likely transfrm hw we lk fr patterns in data and hw research is cnducted and applied t human health. This special reprt explres the future f this new transfrmatin.
Right nw the biggest assumptins are being placed in the field f drug discvery, and fr gd reasn. The average cst f bringing a new drug t market nearly dubled between 2003 and 2013 t $2.6 billin, and because nine ut f ten fail in the final tw perids f clinical tests, mst f the mney ges t waste. Every large drug cmpany is wrking with at least ne AI-fcused start-up t see if it can raise the return n investment.
Machine-learning algrithms (算法) can get thrugh millins f chemical cmpunds, narrwing the chices fr a particular drug target. Perhaps mre exciting, AI systems—free by leading theries and biases—can identify entirely new targets by sptting tiny differences at the level f cells, genes r prteins between a healthy brain and ne marked by Parkinsn’s—differences that might avid r even puzzle a human scientist.
That same sharp-eyed ability is als being used t explain medical scans. Sme systems can already discver early signs f cancer that might be missed by a radilgist r see things that are simply beynd human capacity—such as evaluating cardivascular (心血管) risk frm a retinal scan. The Fd and Drug Administratin is apprving imaging algrithms at a rapid click. Other AI applicatins lie a bit further dwn the rad.
Will the inefficiencies f tday’s electrnic health recrds (EHRs) be slved by smart systems that prevent prescribing mistakes and prvide early warnings f disease? Sme f the wrld’s biggest tech giants are wrking n it.
Despite fears that machines will replace humans, mst experts believe artificial and human intelligence will wrk cperatively. The bigger cncern is a shrtage f peple with bth bimedical knwledge and algrithm prficiency. If this human prblem can be slved, the key t creating successful AI applicatins may depend n the quality and quantity f what we prvide them with. “We rely n three things,” says the CEO f ne deep-learning start-up. “Data, data and mre data.”
21．Why d large drug cmpanies wrk with AI-fcused start-up?
A．Because it is required by the gvernment t d s.
B．Because it helps t explre new medicine with thers.
C．Because it saves csts fr drug cmpanies t explre AI.
D．Because it’s used t check if the return n investment can be increased.
22．What is the authr’s attitude twards the changes that AI has brught t the field f medicine?
A．Psitive.B．Negative.C．Neutral.D．Unclear.
23．What wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A．Why New Technlgy Will Change Our Life
B．Hw Artificial Intelligence Will Analyze Data
C．Hw Artificial Intelligence Will Replace Humans
D．Hw Artificial Intelligence Will Change Medicine
24．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
CP: Central Pint P:Pint Sp: Sub-pint (次要点) C:Cnclusin
A．B．C．D．
【答案】21．D22．A23．D24．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人工智能给医学带来的改变。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Every large drug cmpany is wrking with at least ne AI-fcused start-up t see if it can raise the return n investment.（每一家大型制药公司都在与至少一家专注于人工智能的初创公司合作，看看它能否提高投资回报。）”可知，大型制药公司要与专注于人工智能的初创公司合作是因为它是用来检查投资回报是否可以增加的。故选D。
22．推理判断题。根据第三段“Perhaps mre exciting, AI systems—free by leading theries and biases—can identify entirely new targets by sptting tiny differences at the level f cells, genes r prteins between a healthy brain and ne marked by Parkinsn’s—differences that might avid r even puzzle a human scientist.（也许更令人兴奋的是，人工智能系统——无需主导理论和偏见——可以通过发现健康大脑和具有帕金森差异的大脑在细胞、基因或蛋白质水平上的微小差异来识别全新的目标，而这些差异可能会让人类科学家感到困惑甚至回避。）”可知，作者对人工智能给医学领域带来的变化持积极态度。故选A。
23．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Over the next decade deep-learning neural netwrks will likely transfrm hw we lk fr patterns in data and hw research is cnducted and applied t human health. This special reprt explres the future f this new transfrmatin.（在未来十年，深度学习神经网络可能会改变我们在数据中寻找模式的方式，以及研究如何进行和应用于人类健康。本期特别报道将探讨这种新转变的未来。）”及全文可知，本文主要讲述的是人工智能将如何改变医学。故选D。
24．推理判断题。通读全文，文章是一个总分总结构，总起提出本文论述对象人工智能在医学上的变化，接下来分成三个部分进行分述，第一点在药物发现领域下又分了两小点，分别从之前推进新药浪费资源和现如今通过人工智能来提高投资回报进行阐述。最后文章重申了人工智能给医学带来的益处。故选B。
8.The cnstant rise f glbal demand fr prtein pses a threat f meat shrtage in the agricultural sectr. T address this, a few scientists use artificial meat as an alternative t traditinal nes, which frm the grwing prcess t its benefits prves it des n harm r even it des gd t us.
Currently, ne f the mst advanced techniques t grw meat in the lab invlves taking cells frm an animal and changing them t muscle cells. The cells are then cultured with nutrients and essential vitamins and can be develped t any quantity and then shaped int hamburgers, steaks r mince, and s it is als called “cultured” meat. “Cultured meat is nt genetically engineered,” Dr. Mark Pst f Maastricht University says. “It is meat grwn frm the same cells that prduce the meat in the cw, but this time utside the cw.” He believes that cultured meat shuldn’t be any better r wrse fr yu than ld-schl animal flesh.
This may sund like science fictin, but it is nt such a strange idea and there are reasns t be excited abut it. “The envirnment impacts f cultured meat culd be lwer than thse f meat prduced in the cnventinal way,” said Hanna Tumist, a researcher at Oxfrd University. The prcess wuld require between 7% and 45% less energy than the same vlume f cnventinally prduced meat such as prk, beef r lamb, and culd be engineered t use nly 1% f the land and 4% f the water assciated with cnventinal meat. Tumist’s research als shws that cultured meat culd be part f the slutin t feeding the wrld’s grwing ppulatin, at the same time cutting emissins and saving bth energy and water.
Aside frm the abve benefits, cultured meat shuld als prvide cheap nutritin. Animal prtein is an increasing part f diets, as millins f peple in rapidly emerging ecnmies are drawn ut f pverty and becme able t affrd mre meat in their diets. The pressure this creates has been an imprtant factr in rapidly rising grain prices, defrestatin in the Amazn basin, increasing water shrtage and rising pressure t find new farmland. Grwing meat artificially culd ptentially take huge pressure ff farmlands arund the wrld.
Anther benefit wuld be t help animal welfare and prtect endangered species. If mst f ur meat was grwn, there wuld be n need fr factry farms. Cnditins fr animals culd be greatly imprved. Elsewhere, it culd als stp illegal endangered species hunts by prviding an alternative way t prduce meat frm these species.
Exactly hw lng it takes befre the meat is sld in supermarkets depends n the investment in research and develpment. One thing seems clear: Unless vegetarianism catches n in a very big way, the wrld’s demand fr meat will sn utpace ur supply f cws, chickens, pigs and ther edible animals. The health and envirnmental impacts f cultured meat aren’t ging t be hypthetical fr much lnger.
25．What des the underlined wrd “cultured” prbably mean?
A．grwn.B．srted.C．cnnected.D．shaped.26．Cmpared with traditinal meat, the artificial meat______.
A．tastes much betterB．cntains mre nutrients
C．saves mre natural resurcesD．changes peple’s habit f eating meat
27．The authr tries t persuade the readers t accept his argument mainly by______.
A．cmparing the results frm different researches
B．explaining the advantages f the artificial meat
C．presenting the prblems caused by meat shrtage
D．shwing the current situatin f fd cnsumptin
28．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
I: intrductin P: pint SP: sub-pint C: cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】25．A26．C27．B28．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。全球对蛋白质需求的持续增长对农业部门的肉类短缺构成了威胁。为了解决这个问题，一些科学家使用人造肉作为传统肉类的替代品，从其生长过程到好处都证明了它对我们没有伤害，甚至对我们有好处。文章主要介绍了人造肉的培育过程以及好处，最后指出除非素食主义大规模流行起来，否则世界对肉类的需求将很快超过我们对牛、鸡、猪和其他可食用动物的供应。
25．词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Currently, ne f the mst advanced techniques t grw meat in the lab invlves taking cells frm an animal and changing them t muscle cells.(目前，在实验室中培养肉的最先进技术之一就是从动物身上提取细胞，然后将其转化为肌肉细胞)”以及后文“with nutrients and essential vitamins and can be develped t any quantity and then shaped int hamburgers, steaks r mince, and s it is als called “cultured” meat.”可知，这些细胞要与营养物质和必需维生素一起培养，发育成任意数量，然后制成汉堡包、牛排或肉末，因此它也被称为“培养”肉。即画线词意思为“培养”。A. grwn.培养，生长；B. srted.分类；C. cnnected.连接；D. shaped.成形。故选A。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段中““The envirnment impacts f cultured meat culd be lwer than thse f meat prduced in the cnventinal way,” said Hanna Tumist, a researcher at Oxfrd University. The prcess wuld require between 7% and 45% less energy than the same vlume f cnventinally prduced meat such as prk, beef r lamb, and culd be engineered t use nly 1% f the land and 4% f the water assciated with cnventinal meat. Tumist’s research als shws that cultured meat culd be part f the slutin t feeding the wrld’s grwing ppulatin, at the same time cutting emissins and saving bth energy and water.( “人工培养肉对环境的影响可能比传统方式生产的肉更低，”牛津大学研究员Hanna Tumist说。与同样体积的传统肉类，如猪肉、牛肉或羊肉相比，这一过程需要的能量要少7%到45%，而且通过工程改造，传统肉类只需要1%的土地和4%的水。Tumist的研究还表明，培养肉可能是解决世界人口增长问题的一部分，同时减少排放，节约能源和水)”可知，与传统肉类相比，人造肉类节省了更多的自然资源。故选C。
27．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Aside frm the abve benefits, cultured meat shuld als prvide cheap nutritin.(除了上述好处，培养肉还应该提供物美价廉的营养)”以及第五段“Anther benefit wuld be t help animal welfare and prtect endangered species.(另一个好处是有利于动物福利和保护濒危物种)”可推知，作者试图通过解释人造肉的优点来说服读者接受他的论点。故选B。
28．推理判断题。根据文章内容，第一段引入文章中心话题：一些科学家使用人造肉作为传统肉类的替代品；第二段为第二个论点，介绍人造肉的培育过程，同时第二段包含第一个分论点“人工培养的肉并不比传统的动物肉更好或更坏”；第三段介绍人造肉节省了更多的自然资源的优点、第四段介绍了培养肉还应该提供物美价廉的营养、第五段指出人造肉有利于动物福利和保护濒危物种；最后一段进行总结。C最符合文章结构，故选C。
一、在复习语言点的时候，要依据语言的横向组合和纵向聚合，按照“点—线—面”顺序，构建知识网络环境。
二、多做高考题，少扣模拟题
1、时间的把控。 2、总结一下各部分的得分情况，了解自己的强弱项。
3、留意出题点，揣摩不同内容出题人的着眼点在哪里，做到知己知彼。
三、多攻词汇表，少记课外词
词汇背诵是高考备考非常重要的一环，同学们要及早动手。在第一轮复习的时候，至少要过词意关。
四、写作。研究高考写作命题话题范围，根据测试的频度和交际场景的生活化程度进行分类。
考点14--推理判断之推断文章结构--练高考--心中有数
1.【2012·北京卷】
Wilderness
“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservatin f the wrld.” This is a famus saying frm a writer regarded as ne f the fathers f envirnmentalism. The frequency with which it is brrwed mirrrs a heated debate n envirnmental prtectin: whether t place wilderness at the heart f what is t be preserved.
As Jhn Sauven f Greenpeace UK pints ut, there is a strng appeal in images f the wild, the untuched; mre than anything else, they speak f the nature that many peple value mst dearly. The urge t leave the subject f such images untuched is strng, and the danger explitatin(开发) brings t such landscapes(景观) is real. Sme f these wildernesses als perfrm functins that humans need—the rainfrests, fr example, stre carbn in vast quantities. T Mr.Sauven, these ”ecsystem services” far utweigh the gains frm explitatin.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellw at the Hudsn Institute, takes the ppsing view. He acknwledges that wildernesses d prvide useful services, such as water cnservatin. But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin. There are ever mre peple n the Earth, and they reasnably and rightfully want t have better lives, rather than merely struggle fr survival. While the ways f using resurces have imprved, there is still a grwing need fr raw materials, and sme wildernesses cntain them in abundance. If they can be tapped withut reducing the services thse wildernesses prvide, the argument ges, there is n further reasn nt t d s. Being untuched is nt, in itself, a characteristic wrth valuing abve all thers.
I lk frwards t seeing these views taken further, and t their being challenged by the ther participants. One challenge that suggests itself t me is that bth cases need t take n the questin f spiritual value a little mre directly. And there is a practical questin as t whether wildernesses can be explited withut harm.
This is a tpic that calls fr nt nly free expressin f feelings, but als the guidance f reasn. What psitin wilderness shuld enjy in the preservatin f the wrld bviusly deserves much mre serius thinking.
1．Jhn Sauven hlds that_____.
A．many peple value nature t much
B．explitatin f wildernesses is harmful
C．wildernesses prvide humans with necessities
D．the urge t develp the ecsystem services is strng2．What is the main idea f Para. 3?
A．The explitatin is necessary fr the pr peple.
B．Wildernesses cannt guarantee better use f raw materials.
C．Useful services f wildernesses are nt the reasn fr n explitatin.
D．All the characteristics cncerning the explitatin shuld be treated equally.
3．What is the authr’s attitude twards this debate?
A．Objective.B．Disapprving.C．Sceptical.D．Optimistic.
4．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
CP: Central Pint P: Pint Sp: Sub-pint(次要点) : Cnclusin
A．B．C．D．
【答案】1．B2．C3．A4．D
【解析】本文为说明文，本文客观阐述了不同的人对于怎么利用荒原持有的不同的观点。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段these "ecsystem services" far utweigh the gains frm explitatin.。得知Jhn Sauven认为“生态系统服务”远比开发的利益重要得多，由此可推断他的观点是开发荒野有害。故选B 。
2．主旨大意题。根据本段第二句和第三句He acknwledges that wildernesses d prvide useful services, such as water cnservatin. But that is nt, he argues, a reasn t avid all human presence, r indeed cmmercial and industrial explitatin.可知，荒野的有益服务不能作为不开发的理由，故选C。3．作者态度题。根据第四段I lk frward t seeing these views taken further, and t their being challenged by the ther participants.就可以看出，作者并没有偏向任何一个观点。只是比较客观的进行阐述。选A。
4．文章结构题。通读文章可知，作者就荒野保护的问题客观中立地阐述了对立双方的观点，文章第一段提出中心论点；第二、三两段分别阐述了两种不同的观点；第四段是作者自己的观点；最后一点是文章的结论。推出选D。
2.【2022届四川省成都石室中学下学期三诊模拟】
Every day we are the targets f advertisers,fundraisers and pliticians trying t persuade us t buy smething, d smething r think a certain way. And they’re gd at it. Over the years, they’ve learned a lt abut what features t build int a cmmunicatin. But by cncentrating s much n the message itself, they’ve missed a crucial cmpnent f the prcess.
Research dne in the last 15 years shws that the best persuasin is achieved thrugh the best pre-suasin—the practice f arranging fr peple t agree with a message befre they even knw what’s in it. Pre-suasin wrks by fcusing peple’s attentin n a selected cncept, which in turn encurages them t value it mre than related nes.
Lng befre scientists started studying the prcess f pre-suasin, a few ntable cmmunicatrs already had an intuitive understanding f it.
Fr example, in 1588, thusands f British trps, wh were gathered against a sea invasin by Spain at Tilbury in the UK, were deeply cncerned that their leader Queen Elizabeth I wuld nt be up t the rigrs(严酷)f battle. In addressing the men, she remved her fears pre-suasively first acknwledging their cncern by admitting a weakness, which established her hnesty, and then fllwing it with a strength that remved this perceived weakness “I knw,” she stated firmly, “I have the bdy f a weak wman. But I have the heart f a king, and a king f England, t,” It’s reprted that this statement was welcmed with lng and lud cheers.
The same pre-suasive, hnesty-establishing tactic was emplyed in the late 1950s by the advertising firm Dyle Dane Bernbach t intrduce the ddly shaped Vlkswagen Beetle t a US market dminated by big, pwerful, bat-like vehicles. The “We’re ugly but...” campaign tactically admitted t limitatins in appearance befre trumpeting the aut’s strengths such as ecnmy, reliability and simplicity. Credited with cracking pen the US market fr small cars, the ad campaign has been rated amng the greatest f all time.
With cnsiderable success, practitiners(从业者)f scial influence have always featured persuasive prds—enthusiastic appreciatin, emtinal feelings, last-chance pprtunities—in their appeals. Perhaps because f that success, they’ve mstly missed an accmpanying truth. Fr maximum impact, it’s nt nly what yu d; it’s als what yu d just befre yu d what yu d.
1．What is true abut pre-suasin?
A．The imprtance f pre-suasin has nt been widely recgnized.
B．All advertisers, fundraisers and pliticians are gd at pre-suasin.
C．Pre-suasin wrks by cncentrating s much n the message itself.
D．Pre-suasin arrange fr peple t agree with an idea after knwing it
2．Why des the authr mentin Queen Elizabeth I?
A．T acknwledge her great pwer as a female emperr.
B．T analyze the scientific principles behind pre-suasin.
C．T give an example f applying pre-suasin successfully.
D．T recmmend the mst imprtant techniques in pre-suasin.
3．What des the underlined wrd “trumpeting” mean?
A．Blwing a trumpet.B．Stating r annuncing prudly.
C．Making a lud nise.D．Resembling a trumpet in shape.
4．Which f the fllwing structure can best summarize the passage?
A．①—②—③④—⑤⑥B．①②—③④—⑤—⑥
C．①—②—③④⑤—⑥D．①②—③—④⑤⑥
【答案】1．A2．C3．B4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了每一天，我们都是广告商、筹款人和政客的目标，他们试图说服我们买东西、做事情或以某种方式思考。过去15年所做的研究表明，最好的说服是通过最好的“先发影响力”来实现的。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句“But by cncentrating s much n the message itself, they've missed a crucial cmpnent f the prcess.（由于他们过于关注信息本身，他们错过了这个过程的一个关键部分。）”和第二段第一句“Research dne in the last 15 years shws that the best persuasin is achieved thrugh the best pre-suasin—the practice f arranging fr peple t agree with a message befre they even knw what's in it.（过去15年所做的研究表明，最好的说服是通过最好的“先发影响力”来实现的——即安排人们在知道信息内容之前就同意信息。）”可知“先发影响力”的重要性是大多数人忽略和不重视的，也就是尚未得到广泛认识。故选A项。2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一句“Lng befre scientists started studying the prcess f pre-suasin, a few ntable cmmunicatrs already had an intuitive understanding f it.（在科学家们开始研究劝说过程之前，一些著名的交流者已经对劝说有了直观的理解。）”和第四段“Fr example, in 1588, thusands f British trps, wh were gathered against a sea invasin by Spain at Tilbury in the UK, were deeply cncerned that their leader Queen Elizabeth I wuld nt be up t the rigrs(严酷)f battle.（例如，1588年，成千上万的英国军队，聚集在英国的蒂尔伯里抗击西班牙的海上入侵，他们非常担心他们的领袖伊丽莎白女王一世无法胜任这场残酷的战争。）”可知，伊丽莎白女王一世的例子是为了举一个成功运用先发影响力的例子。故选C项。
3．词句猜测题。根据画线词下句“Credited with cracking pen the US market fr small cars, the ad campaign has been rated amng the greatest f all time.（由于打开了美国小型车市场，这则广告被评为有史以来最伟大的广告之一。）”可知，画线词该句是对一则广告的评价，再结合画线词前文“We’re ugly but...” campaign tactically admitted t limitatins in appearance befre trumpeting the aut’s strengths such as ecnmy, reliability and simplicity. ”（“我们很丑，但是……”竞选策略承认，在trumpeting汽车的优势之前，如经济性，可靠性和简单性，它的外观是有限的。）可知，此处是对这款车在承认了它外观上的局限性的同时，战略性地的认可了它的经济、可靠性和简单性等优势。可推知，划线词此处是指这个宣传活动在大力宣传（Stating r annuncing prudly.）这个车的优势。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。文章第一段介绍日常生活中的“劝服”现象，为第一部分。第二段引入本文话题“先发影响力”并进行简单介绍，为第二部分。第三、四、五段是在举具体案例来说明“先发影响力”的影响，为第三部分。最后一段是对全文的小结，呼应开头，“先发影响力”往往被人忽略，为第四部分。故选C项。
3.【2022届湖南省长沙市第一中学高三下学期一模】
Many peple drink prtein shakes regularly t lse weight, build muscle r bth. Others, hwever, questin the belief that prtein shakes are better than nrmal, high-prtein fds. S what is the truth?
Prtein shakes are dietary supplements (饮食补充剂) designed t help peple cnsume mre prtein than they therwise wuld. Prtein shakes can be ready-made drinks. Besides, peple can mix their wn shakes using prtein pwder. Prtein pwder can be made frm plants r animals. Plant-based prtein shakes can include sy, pea r rice prtein. Animal-based prtein pwder is usually made frm cws’ milk. Thse wh want t avid milk can als get prtein pwder made frm egg whites.
Studies indicate that cnsuming prtein shakes is helpful if yu want t build muscle. They can als imprve yur perfrmance and help yu recver while exercising. And if yu’re lsing weight, prtein shakes can help t make sure that yu dn’t lse muscle.Cnsuming prtein shakes can als help yu lse weight. Eating a high-prtein diet helps yu feel full, s it’s easier t resist eating t much. High-prtein diets can als make yur bdy burn energy quickly. When yu use mre energy than yu take in thrugh fd, yu lse weight.
Hwever, yu dn’t have t drink prtein shakes t have a high-prtein diet. Many whlefds are rich in prtein. In fact, the peple in many high-prtein diet studies didn’t drink prtein shakes. The studies prved the benefits f eating prtein-rich fds. Mrever, these fds cntain ther natural nutrients besides prtein. In cntrast, many prtein shakes cntain sugar r artificial sweeteners, which are nt healthy.
T sum up, yes, prtein shakes are cnvenient and they wrk. Hwever, they are nt yur nly chice fr eating a high-prtein diet.
5．What’s paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A．What prtein shakes are.
B．Hw prtein shakes arc made.
C．Where prtein shakes cme frm.
D．Why peple drink prtein shakes.
6．What can be inferred abut cnsuming prtein shakes?
A．It can burn yur fat directly.
B．It is beneficial t yur muscle.
C．It can take the place f eating ther fd.
D．It is the best chice fr the peple in a high-prtein dict.
7．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the whle text?
A．B．C．D．
8．Which wrd best describes the authr's attitude t prtein shakes?
A．Skeptical.B．Objective.C．Tlerant.D．Cnservative.【答案】5．A6．B7．A8．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蛋白奶昔的优缺点以及是否有必要为了保持健康或者减重而饮用它。
5．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Prtein shakes are dietary supplements (饮食补充剂) designed t help peple cnsume mre prtein than they therwise wuld. (蛋白质奶昔是膳食补充剂，旨在帮助人们摄入比平时更多的蛋白质)”以及“Prtein shakes can be ready-made drinks. Besides, peple can mix their wn shakes using prtein pwder. Prtein pwder can be made frm plants r animals. Plant-based prtein shakes can include sy, pea r rice prtein. Animal-based prtein pwder is usually made frm cws’ milk. Thse wh want t avid milk can als get prtein pwder made frm egg whites. (蛋白质奶昔可以是现成的饮料。此外人们可以用蛋白粉自己搅拌奶昔。蛋白质粉可以由植物或动物制成。植物蛋白粉可以由大豆，豌豆或大米的蛋白质组成。动物蛋白粉通常由牛奶制成。那些不想喝牛奶的人也可以吃由蛋白制成的蛋白粉)”可知，第二段主要是对蛋白奶昔下定义，后几句是对两种蛋白奶昔的具体介绍。由此可知，第二段主要讲的是“什么是蛋白质奶昔”。故选A项。
6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Studies indicate that cnsuming prtein shakes is helpful if yu want t build muscle. (研究表明，如果你想增长肌肉，食用蛋白质奶昔是有帮助的)”可知，蛋白质奶昔有助于增长肌肉。故选B项。
7．推理判断题。第一段“Many peple drink prtein shakes regularly t lse weight, build muscle r bth. Others, hwever, questin the belief that prtein shakes are better than nrmal, high-prtein fds. S what is the truth? (许多人经常喝蛋白质奶昔来减肥，增肌或两者兼顾。然而，也有人质疑蛋白质奶昔比普通的高蛋白食物更好的观点。那么真相是什么呢？)”通过引出分歧意见提出话题。第二段“Prtein shakes are dietary supplements designed t help peple cnsume mre prtein than they therwise wuld. (蛋白质奶昔是膳食补充剂，旨在帮助人们摄入比平时更多的蛋白质)”，对蛋白奶昔下定义。第三“Studies indicate that cnsuming prtein shakes is helpful if yu want t build muscle. (研究表明，如果你想增长肌肉，食用蛋白质奶昔是有帮助的)”以及第四段“Cnsuming prtein shakes can als help yu lse weight. (消耗蛋白质奶昔有助于减肥)”提出蛋白奶昔的优点。第五段“Hwever, yu dn’t have t drink prtein shakes t have a high-prtein diet. (然而，你不必喝蛋白质奶昔就能获得高蛋白饮食)”用Hwever进行转折，指出蛋白奶昔的缺点。第六段“T sum up, yes, prtein shakes are cnvenient and they wrk. Hwever, they are nt yur nly chice fr eating a high-prtein diet. (总而言之，是的。蛋白质奶昔很方便而且它们很有效。然而，它们并不是你吃可以吃的高蛋白饮食的唯一选择)”总结了蛋白质奶昔的优缺点。故选A项。8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“T sum up, yes, prtein shakes are cnvenient and they wrk. Hwever, they are nt yur nly chice fr eating a high-prtein diet. (总而言之，是的。蛋白质奶昔很方便而且它们很有效。然而，它们并不是你可以吃的高蛋白饮食的唯一选择)”以及文章整体内容来看，作者对蛋白奶昔的优缺点以及是否有必要为了保持健康或者减重而饮用它皆有提及。由此推之，作者对蛋白质奶昔的态度是客观的。故选B项。
4.【2022届江西省赣州市高三适应性考试】
Being perfect is smething many f us want and try t achieve. It makes us feel we’re crrect and that ur hard wrk has paid ff. Hwever, as much as perfectin and being perfect is nt all a perfect thing.
Perfectin is all abut being withut mistakes and criticism. Wanting r trying t be perfect can make it hard t admit a mistake. Nevertheless, it is imprtant t wn up t mistakes and wrk t fix them. Nt being able t take criticism and fix mistakes is arrgance, nt perfectin.
Perfectin is a duble-edged swrd. In ur lives, we want perfectin. Perfectin hlds us accuntable; it’s the mistakes and imperfectin that keeps pushing us harder and further at what we d. It’s the perfect mtivatr. But it’s als the perfect killer. Fr example, the mvie “Black Swan” shwcased hw perfectin can kill us. Wrking and training and stress hurt ur bdy, mind, and s much mre that we can’t d it any mre.
But perfectin can als have the ppsite effect. The mvie “High Strung” shwed that perfectin desn’t exist, but practicing and pushing urselves can bring us great rewards. In “Black Swan,” the main character tried t be perfect but he als cmpared himself t smene else wh he thught was better than him. This added mre pressure and self-dubt, which can cause unhealthy ways f achieving perfectin. The main character f “Black Swan” didn’t knw when t stp, whereas the main character f “High Strung” did, r at least didn’t fcus s much n the cmparisn, and instead fcused n the cmpetitin and the nes she cared abut.
Perfectin is smething we can’t live withut and can’t live with. The nly way t keep the swrd frm cutting us is if we knw when t stp. Sme days are ging t be gd days and thers will be bad. We have t take whatever day it is — perfect r imperfect — and hpe that’s enugh.
9．What des the underlined phrase “wn up t” mean in Paragraph 2?
A．Make.B．Avid.C．Crrect.D．Acknwledge.
10．What prevents the character in “Black Swan” frm ging further?
A．Cmparisn.B．Self-dubt.C．Pressure.D．Cmpetitin.
11．What des the authr advise us t d while trying t be perfect?A．Try nt t make mistakes.B．Push urselves harder.
C．Stp befre ging t far.D．Prve ur ability t thers.
12．What culd be the best structure f the passage? (P=Paragraph)
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】9．D10．A11．C12．C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了完美是我们很多人想要并努力实现的，然而，完美和完美并不都是一件完美的事情。指出完美并不是没有错误和批评，完美是一把双刃剑。
9．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“Nt being able t take criticism and fix mistakes is arrgance, nt perfectin.(不能接受批评和纠正错误是傲慢，而不是完美)”以及画线词后文“mistakes and wrk t fix them”可知，不能接受批评和纠正错误是傲慢，而不是完美，所以承认错误并努力改正是很重要的。故画线短语意思是“承认”。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In “Black Swan,” the main character tried t be perfect but he als cmpared himself t smene else wh he thught was better than him. This added mre pressure and self-dubt, which can cause unhealthy ways f achieving perfectin.(在《黑天鹅》中，主人公想要变得完美，但他也会把自己和他认为比自己更好的人进行比较。这会增加更多的压力和自我怀疑，这可能会导致以不健康的方式实现完美)”可知，是比较阻止了《黑天鹅》中的角色走得更远。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Perfectin is a duble-edged swrd. In ur lives, we want perfectin. Perfectin hlds us accuntable; it’s the mistakes and imperfectin that keeps pushing us harder and further at what we d. It’s the perfect mtivatr. But it’s als the perfect killer.(完美是一把双刃剑。在我们的生活中，我们想要完美。完美让我们有责任; 正是这些错误和不完美让我们更加努力，走得更远。这是完美的动力。但它也是完美的杀手)”可知，作者建议我们在追求完美的同时，不要走得太远。故选C。
12．推理判断题。通断全文可知，第一段总起全文，引出关于“完美”的话题；第二段中“Perfectin is all abut being withut mistakes and criticism.(完美就是没有错误和批评)”为第一个论点，第三段和第四段指出完美是一把双刃剑，为第二个论点；最后第五段“Perfectin is smething we can’t live withut and can’t live with. The nly way t keep the swrd frm cutting us is if we knw when t stp. Sme days are ging t be gd days and thers will be bad. We have t take whatever day it is — perfect r imperfect — and hpe that’s enugh.(完美是我们生活中不能缺少的东西，也不能有完美。唯一能让这把剑不伤到我们的方法就是知道何时停止。有些日子会是好日子，有些日子会是坏日子。无论今天是完美的还是不完美的，我们都必须接受，希望这样就足够了)”对全文进行总结。可推知，C选项最符合文章结构。故选C。
5.【2022届江苏省苏锡常镇四市高三教学情况调研（一）】
Star Wars fans wuld be familiar with the gd relatinship between humans and drids (机器人) in the mvies. In the mvie Sl: A Star Wars Stry, Land Calrissian risked his life t rescue his c-pilt, a female drid L3-37. In real life, a humanid rbt, Sphia, has recently been granted (给予) citizenship in Saudi Arabia. Increasingly, peple are ready t see rbts as resembling humans. Given this phenmenn, I believ it is necessary t cnsider giving rbts certain rights humans enjy.
Experts have argued that since rbts have nw acquired human-like qualities, it is apprpriate t cnsider if they shuld have rights just as humans. Sphia has a human like face and utilizes artificial intelligence t respnd t speech and express emtins. Fr such a lifelike being that is ptentially capable f expressing emtins, des it nt deserve the right t be lved and respected?
Rbts shuld als be given legal and mral prtectin as harming a rbt may be similar t harming humans. Since peple tend t frm attachments t scial rbts, it becmes pssible fr cmpanies t cntrl the hardware and sftware t explit this emtinal attachment. There is a danger that data that is stred in the rbt culd be upladed t the clud. There wuld then pssibly be situatins in which the gvernment r private sectr retrieves (检索数据) the infrmatin stred in a rbtic ty r scial rbt. With these uncertainties, it is clear why rbts shuld be prtected, just as humans.
An even mre irresistible reasn t grant human rights t the rbts is the prtectin f scietal values. We shuld stp a yung child frm kicking r tearing a ty rbt apart because it resembles a real life. Giving rbts certain rights will ensure that scietal standards are set.
Still, many have rundly argued that n matter hw sphisticated (老练的) they may be, rbts are still machines. It is therefre quite ridiculus t treat them as living beings and grant them rights. Hwever, with the advancement in technlgy, it is a matter f time befre rbts are fully anthrpmrphized (赋予人的特征), and we wuld have t cnsider granting them rights.In cnclusin, deciding whether rbts deserve human rights is by n means an easy task, but nw is the time t start the cnversatin n this and seriusly cnsider the pssibility.
13．Why des the authr mentin the tw examples in the first paragraph?
A．T remind readers f the imprtance f rbts.
B．T discuss the necessity f rescuing rbts.
C．T set readers thinking abut an issue abut rbts.
D．T describe the relatinship between humans and rbts.
14．What’s the main idea f Paragraph 3?
A．Rbts shuld be legally and mrally prtected.
B．There is pssible infrmatin risk.
C．Humans are ding harm t rbts.
D．Rbts shuld be given mre emtinal attachment.
15．What’s the authr’s attitude twards granting rbts human rights?
A．Dubtful.B．Favrable.
C．Negative.D．Uncaring.
16．What’s the structure f the passage?
(①=Para. 1 ②=Para. 2 ③=Para. 3 ④=Para. 4 ⑤=Para. 5 ⑥=Para. 6)
A．①—②③④⑤—⑥B．①②—③④⑤—⑥
C．①—②③—④⑤⑥D．①—②③④—⑤⑥
【答案】13．C14．A15．B16．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。随着机器人越来越类人化，我们很多时候不能再把机器人仅仅看作机器，因此文章论述了应该赋予机器人人权的理由。
13．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Given this phenmenn, I believ it is necessary t cnsider giving rbts certain rights humans enjy.（鉴于这种现象，我认为有必要考虑给予机器人人类享有的某些权利）”结合下文陈述应该给与机器人人权的原因推知，上文提到星球大战中机器人救机器人以及现实生活中的机器人Sphia的例子是为了让读者思考一个关于机器人的问题。故选C。
14．主旨大意题。根据第三段的主要内容，尤其中心句“Rbts shuld als be given legal and mral prtectin as harming a rbt may be similar t harming humans.（机器人也应该得到法律和道德保护，因为伤害机器人可能与伤害人类相似）”可知，本段主要陈述机器人应该受到法律和道德的保护。故选A。15．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Hwever, with the advancement in technlgy, it is a matter f time befre rbts are fully anthrpmrphized (赋予人的特征), and we wuld have t cnsider granting them rights.（然而，随着技术的进步，机器人完全拟人化只是时间问题， 我们必须考虑赋予他们权利）”和最后一段“In cnclusin, deciding whether rbts deserve human rights is by n means an easy task, but nw is the time t start the cnversatin n this and seriusly cnsider the pssibility.（总之，决定机器人是否应该享有人权并不是一件容易的事，但现在是开始对话的时候了，并认真考虑这种可能性）”推知，作者对给与机器人人权持支持态度。故选B。
16．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段提出本文话题——考虑给机器人人权，第二到第五段陈述为什么要给机器人人权，最后一个自然段总结全文。因此文章的结构是①—②③④⑤—⑥。故选A。
6.【2022·江苏省扬州市宝应中学月考】
Ashlee Thmas' struggles are just ne example f Instagram's ptential"txic"effect n teen girls,as highlighted in he cngressinal(国会的) testimny(证词)f Frances Haugen n Friday.
"I believe Facebk's prducts harm children,encurage divisin and weaken ur demcracy, said Haugen, a 37-year-ld frmer Facebk prduct manager wh wrked n civic integrity issues at the cmpany.
Facebk's wn internal research,cited by Haugen,shwed"13.5%f teen girls n Instagram Instagram is wned by Facebk) say the platfrm makes thughts f 'Suicide and Self Injury wrse"and 17% say the platfrm makes" Eating Issues"such as anrexia(厌食症)wrse.
Its research als claimed Facebk's platfrms"make bdy image issues wrse fr l in 3 teen girls."
"The cmpany's leadership knws hw t make Facebk and Instagram safer but wn't make the necessary changes because they have put their prfits befre peple,"Haugen said during her pening remarks."Cngressinal actin is needed. They wnt slve this crisis withut yur help."
Facebk CEO Mark Zuckerberg tk t the platfrm he built t defend the cmpany against Haugen's allegatins(指控),saying in a 1,300-wrd statement that the tech giant's research n its impact n children was being misrepresented.
"We care deeply abut issues like safety, well-being and mental health,"Zuckerberg wrte.
He added, "Many f the claims dn't make any sense.If we wanted t ignre research, why wuld we create an industry-leading research prgram t understand these imprtant issues in the first place?"
In a statement, Facebk dubted the interpretatin(解释) f the research and insisted th percentages are much lwer.The cmpany has als said it welcmes regulatin.Still, thse familiar with the wrkings f the tech wrld say it will take much mre t save teens.
"Their business mdel's putting kids int these kinds f lps f engagement,"said Tristan Harris, c-funder f the Center fr Humane Technlgy."And that's what I’m really wrried there isn't sme quick fix t this thing.It’s the intrinsic((固有的)nature f the prduct."
17．What issue des this article mainly talk abut?
A．Facebk's develpment prblems.
B．Children's pr eating habits.
C．Facebk's pssible harm n its users.
D．Instagram's business mdel.
18．What des the underlined wrd"txic"in the first paragraph mst prbably mean?
A．pisnusB．Immediate
C．beneficialD．dramatic
19．What is the main cnflict between Frances Haugen and Mark Zuckerberg?
A．Whether there is a Facebk internal research.
B．Whether the result f the internal research is true.
C．Whether Facebk accepts regulatin.
D．Whether Facebk cares abut its users.
20．What is the best structure f this passage?
A．
B．
C．
D．
【答案】17．C18．A19．D20．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。主要关于Facebk和Instagram公司是否对其用户造成伤害这一问题进行了讨论。
17．细节理解题。根据第二段“I believe Facebk's prducts harm children, encurage divisin and weaken ur demcracy, said Haugen, a 37-year-ld frmer Facebk prduct manager wh wrked n civic integrity issues at the cmpany.”（37岁的曾在Facebk处理公民诚信问题的前任产品经理Haugen说，我认为Facebk的产品伤害儿童，鼓励分裂，削弱我们的民主。）说明Facebk可能对其用户造成伤害，文章对此问题进行讨论。故选C项。
18．词义猜测题。根据第三段“Facebk's wn internal research, cited by Haugen, shwed "13.5% f teen girls n Instagram (Instagram is wned by Facebk) say the platfrm makes thughts f 'Suicide and Self Injury wrse" and 17% say the platfrm makes "Eating Issues" such as anrexia wrse.”（Haugen引用了Facebk自己的内部研究，结果显示“Instagram（Instagram为Facebk所有）上13.5%的少女表示该平台会让“自杀和自残”的想法变得更糟，17%的人表示该平台会导致厌食症等“饮食问题”更糟糕。）说明Instagram对青少年时期的女孩们是有毒害影响的，推测txic表示“有毒的”。故选A项。
19．细节理解题。根据第五段“"The cmpany's leadership knws hw t make Facebk and Instagram safer but wn't make the necessary changes because they have put their prfits befre peple," Haugen said during her pening remarks.”（Haugen在开场白中说：“公司领导层知道如何让Facebk和Instagram更安全，但不会做出必要的改变，因为他们把利润放在了人们的前面。）说明Haugen认为Facebk只关注利润，没有将用户利益放在首位，以及第六段“Facebk CEO Mark Zuckerberg tk t the platfrm he built t defend the cmpany against Haugen's allegatins, saying in a 1,300-wrd statement that the tech giant's research n its impact n children was being misrepresented.”（Facebk首席执行官Mark Zuckerberg利用他建立的平台，针对Haugen的指控为公司辩护，在一份1300字的声明中说，这家科技巨头关于其对儿童影响的研究被歪曲了。）说明Zuckerberg认为自家公司对于用户的影响被Haugen歪曲了，可知两者间的主要冲突是Facebk是否关心其用户。故选D项。
20．推理判断题。纵观全文，第一段至第五段，Haugen认为Facebk和Instagram公司会让用户受到不良影响，而公司并未做出改变；第六段至第九段，Facebk首席执行官Zuckerberg为自家公司做出辩护，认为公司非常关心安全、幸福和心理健康等问题；第十段和第十一段，人道技术中心联合创始人Tristan Harris对于问题还无法快速解决表示担忧。故选A项。
7.The bimedical wrld is flded in data. We have a lt f genmic infrmatin frm muse t human, precius health measurements frm clinical tests, and a large amunt f s-called real-wrld data frm insurance cmpanies and drugstres. Using pwerful cmputers, scientists have carefully researched it with sme fine results, but it has becme clear that we can learn much mre with an assist frm artificial intelligence. Over the next decade deep-learning neural netwrks will likely transfrm hw we lk fr patterns in data and hw research is cnducted and applied t human health. This special reprt explres the future f this new transfrmatin.
Right nw the biggest assumptins are being placed in the field f drug discvery, and fr gd reasn. The average cst f bringing a new drug t market nearly dubled between 2003 and 2013 t $2.6 billin, and because nine ut f ten fail in the final tw perids f clinical tests, mst f the mney ges t waste. Every large drug cmpany is wrking with at least ne AI-fcused start-up t see if it can raise the return n investment.
Machine-learning algrithms (算法) can get thrugh millins f chemical cmpunds, narrwing the chices fr a particular drug target. Perhaps mre exciting, AI systems—free by leading theries and biases—can identify entirely new targets by sptting tiny differences at the level f cells, genes r prteins between a healthy brain and ne marked by Parkinsn’s—differences that might avid r even puzzle a human scientist.
That same sharp-eyed ability is als being used t explain medical scans. Sme systems can already discver early signs f cancer that might be missed by a radilgist r see things that are simply beynd human capacity—such as evaluating cardivascular (心血管) risk frm a retinal scan. The Fd and Drug Administratin is apprving imaging algrithms at a rapid click. Other AI applicatins lie a bit further dwn the rad.
Will the inefficiencies f tday’s electrnic health recrds (EHRs) be slved by smart systems that prevent prescribing mistakes and prvide early warnings f disease? Sme f the wrld’s biggest tech giants are wrking n it.
Despite fears that machines will replace humans, mst experts believe artificial and human intelligence will wrk cperatively. The bigger cncern is a shrtage f peple with bth bimedical knwledge and algrithm prficiency. If this human prblem can be slved, the key t creating successful AI applicatins may depend n the quality and quantity f what we prvide them with. “We rely n three things,” says the CEO f ne deep-learning start-up. “Data, data and mre data.”
21．Why d large drug cmpanies wrk with AI-fcused start-up?
A．Because it is required by the gvernment t d s.
B．Because it helps t explre new medicine with thers.
C．Because it saves csts fr drug cmpanies t explre AI.
D．Because it’s used t check if the return n investment can be increased.
22．What is the authr’s attitude twards the changes that AI has brught t the field f medicine?
A．Psitive.B．Negative.C．Neutral.D．Unclear.
23．What wuld be the best title fr this passage?
A．Why New Technlgy Will Change Our Life
B．Hw Artificial Intelligence Will Analyze Data
C．Hw Artificial Intelligence Will Replace Humans
D．Hw Artificial Intelligence Will Change Medicine
24．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
CP: Central Pint P:Pint Sp: Sub-pint (次要点) C:Cnclusin
A．B．C．D．
【答案】21．D22．A23．D24．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人工智能给医学带来的改变。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Every large drug cmpany is wrking with at least ne AI-fcused start-up t see if it can raise the return n investment.（每一家大型制药公司都在与至少一家专注于人工智能的初创公司合作，看看它能否提高投资回报。）”可知，大型制药公司要与专注于人工智能的初创公司合作是因为它是用来检查投资回报是否可以增加的。故选D。
22．推理判断题。根据第三段“Perhaps mre exciting, AI systems—free by leading theries and biases—can identify entirely new targets by sptting tiny differences at the level f cells, genes r prteins between a healthy brain and ne marked by Parkinsn’s—differences that might avid r even puzzle a human scientist.（也许更令人兴奋的是，人工智能系统——无需主导理论和偏见——可以通过发现健康大脑和具有帕金森差异的大脑在细胞、基因或蛋白质水平上的微小差异来识别全新的目标，而这些差异可能会让人类科学家感到困惑甚至回避。）”可知，作者对人工智能给医学领域带来的变化持积极态度。故选A。
23．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Over the next decade deep-learning neural netwrks will likely transfrm hw we lk fr patterns in data and hw research is cnducted and applied t human health. This special reprt explres the future f this new transfrmatin.（在未来十年，深度学习神经网络可能会改变我们在数据中寻找模式的方式，以及研究如何进行和应用于人类健康。本期特别报道将探讨这种新转变的未来。）”及全文可知，本文主要讲述的是人工智能将如何改变医学。故选D。
24．推理判断题。通读全文，文章是一个总分总结构，总起提出本文论述对象人工智能在医学上的变化，接下来分成三个部分进行分述，第一点在药物发现领域下又分了两小点，分别从之前推进新药浪费资源和现如今通过人工智能来提高投资回报进行阐述。最后文章重申了人工智能给医学带来的益处。故选B。
8.The cnstant rise f glbal demand fr prtein pses a threat f meat shrtage in the agricultural sectr. T address this, a few scientists use artificial meat as an alternative t traditinal nes, which frm the grwing prcess t its benefits prves it des n harm r even it des gd t us.
Currently, ne f the mst advanced techniques t grw meat in the lab invlves taking cells frm an animal and changing them t muscle cells. The cells are then cultured with nutrients and essential vitamins and can be develped t any quantity and then shaped int hamburgers, steaks r mince, and s it is als called “cultured” meat. “Cultured meat is nt genetically engineered,” Dr. Mark Pst f Maastricht University says. “It is meat grwn frm the same cells that prduce the meat in the cw, but this time utside the cw.” He believes that cultured meat shuldn’t be any better r wrse fr yu than ld-schl animal flesh.
This may sund like science fictin, but it is nt such a strange idea and there are reasns t be excited abut it. “The envirnment impacts f cultured meat culd be lwer than thse f meat prduced in the cnventinal way,” said Hanna Tumist, a researcher at Oxfrd University. The prcess wuld require between 7% and 45% less energy than the same vlume f cnventinally prduced meat such as prk, beef r lamb, and culd be engineered t use nly 1% f the land and 4% f the water assciated with cnventinal meat. Tumist’s research als shws that cultured meat culd be part f the slutin t feeding the wrld’s grwing ppulatin, at the same time cutting emissins and saving bth energy and water.
Aside frm the abve benefits, cultured meat shuld als prvide cheap nutritin. Animal prtein is an increasing part f diets, as millins f peple in rapidly emerging ecnmies are drawn ut f pverty and becme able t affrd mre meat in their diets. The pressure this creates has been an imprtant factr in rapidly rising grain prices, defrestatin in the Amazn basin, increasing water shrtage and rising pressure t find new farmland. Grwing meat artificially culd ptentially take huge pressure ff farmlands arund the wrld.
Anther benefit wuld be t help animal welfare and prtect endangered species. If mst f ur meat was grwn, there wuld be n need fr factry farms. Cnditins fr animals culd be greatly imprved. Elsewhere, it culd als stp illegal endangered species hunts by prviding an alternative way t prduce meat frm these species.
Exactly hw lng it takes befre the meat is sld in supermarkets depends n the investment in research and develpment. One thing seems clear: Unless vegetarianism catches n in a very big way, the wrld’s demand fr meat will sn utpace ur supply f cws, chickens, pigs and ther edible animals. The health and envirnmental impacts f cultured meat aren’t ging t be hypthetical fr much lnger.
25．What des the underlined wrd “cultured” prbably mean?
A．grwn.B．srted.C．cnnected.D．shaped.26．Cmpared with traditinal meat, the artificial meat______.
A．tastes much betterB．cntains mre nutrients
C．saves mre natural resurcesD．changes peple’s habit f eating meat
27．The authr tries t persuade the readers t accept his argument mainly by______.
A．cmparing the results frm different researches
B．explaining the advantages f the artificial meat
C．presenting the prblems caused by meat shrtage
D．shwing the current situatin f fd cnsumptin
28．Which f the fllwing shws the structure f the passage?
I: intrductin P: pint SP: sub-pint C: cnclusin
A．B．
C．D．
【答案】25．A26．C27．B28．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。全球对蛋白质需求的持续增长对农业部门的肉类短缺构成了威胁。为了解决这个问题，一些科学家使用人造肉作为传统肉类的替代品，从其生长过程到好处都证明了它对我们没有伤害，甚至对我们有好处。文章主要介绍了人造肉的培育过程以及好处，最后指出除非素食主义大规模流行起来，否则世界对肉类的需求将很快超过我们对牛、鸡、猪和其他可食用动物的供应。
25．词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Currently, ne f the mst advanced techniques t grw meat in the lab invlves taking cells frm an animal and changing them t muscle cells.(目前，在实验室中培养肉的最先进技术之一就是从动物身上提取细胞，然后将其转化为肌肉细胞)”以及后文“with nutrients and essential vitamins and can be develped t any quantity and then shaped int hamburgers, steaks r mince, and s it is als called “cultured” meat.”可知，这些细胞要与营养物质和必需维生素一起培养，发育成任意数量，然后制成汉堡包、牛排或肉末，因此它也被称为“培养”肉。即画线词意思为“培养”。A. grwn.培养，生长；B. srted.分类；C. cnnected.连接；D. shaped.成形。故选A。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段中““The envirnment impacts f cultured meat culd be lwer than thse f meat prduced in the cnventinal way,” said Hanna Tumist, a researcher at Oxfrd University. The prcess wuld require between 7% and 45% less energy than the same vlume f cnventinally prduced meat such as prk, beef r lamb, and culd be engineered t use nly 1% f the land and 4% f the water assciated with cnventinal meat. Tumist’s research als shws that cultured meat culd be part f the slutin t feeding the wrld’s grwing ppulatin, at the same time cutting emissins and saving bth energy and water.( “人工培养肉对环境的影响可能比传统方式生产的肉更低，”牛津大学研究员Hanna Tumist说。与同样体积的传统肉类，如猪肉、牛肉或羊肉相比，这一过程需要的能量要少7%到45%，而且通过工程改造，传统肉类只需要1%的土地和4%的水。Tumist的研究还表明，培养肉可能是解决世界人口增长问题的一部分，同时减少排放，节约能源和水)”可知，与传统肉类相比，人造肉类节省了更多的自然资源。故选C。
27．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Aside frm the abve benefits, cultured meat shuld als prvide cheap nutritin.(除了上述好处，培养肉还应该提供物美价廉的营养)”以及第五段“Anther benefit wuld be t help animal welfare and prtect endangered species.(另一个好处是有利于动物福利和保护濒危物种)”可推知，作者试图通过解释人造肉的优点来说服读者接受他的论点。故选B。
28．推理判断题。根据文章内容，第一段引入文章中心话题：一些科学家使用人造肉作为传统肉类的替代品；第二段为第二个论点，介绍人造肉的培育过程，同时第二段包含第一个分论点“人工培养的肉并不比传统的动物肉更好或更坏”；第三段介绍人造肉节省了更多的自然资源的优点、第四段介绍了培养肉还应该提供物美价廉的营养、第五段指出人造肉有利于动物福利和保护濒危物种；最后一段进行总结。C最符合文章结构，故选C。
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