高考英语一轮复习知识点教案：非谓语动词

这是一份高考英语一轮复习知识点教案：非谓语动词，共44页。

非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词就是不能充当句子谓语成分的动词形式，包括动词不定式（to do）、分词（过去分词V-p.p.、现在分词V-ing）、动名词V-ing三种形式。
一、 动词不定式
1、 基本形式：to do (有时to可以省略，称为不带to的不定式)
2、 特点：没有人称和数的变化，也不受谓语动词时态变化的干扰 eg: I(You/He/She/We/You/They) want(wants/wanted) fdfddd dddd to buy a car.
3、 动词不定式可充当的句子成分
l 作主语
eg: To study hard is our duty.
常使用it作为形式主语，不定式作真正主语放后面
It is not easy to master a foreign language.
亦可在不定式前面加上for sb.指出不定式的逻辑主语
It is not easy for us to master a foreign language.
但某些表示人的品行的形容词，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish /careless/clever/thoughtful等作表语时改用of sb.
It is kind of you to help me with my study.
l 作宾语
eg: I want to borrow your dictionary.
能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等
常使用it作为形式宾语，不定式作真正主语放后面
I find it interesting to study English.
l 作表语
也就是放在连系动词（主要有be动词am/ is/ are、感官动词look/ hear/ smell/ taste/ feel、表示保持和变化的动词stay/ keep/ remain/ become/ turn/ grow/ get以及seem等）的后面。
eg: Her wish is to become a doctor.
She doesn’t seem to like the idea.
l 作定语 动宾关系
eg: Here are some books (for you to read).
She has a sick baby (to take care of).
Have you got anything to say? Vt.或短语动词（Vi.+介词）
The nurse has five children to look after.
She was the first person to think of the idea.
l 作状语
1. 作目的状语
eg: To catch the first bus, I have to get up early.
He went home to see his parents.
She uses a computer to write an article.
另外不定式作目的状语常用so as to(只能放句中) / in order to
She checked the names carefully so as to / in order to avoid mistakes.
In order to(不能用so as to ) arrive before dark, we started early.
2. 作结果状语
eg: What have I said to make you unhappy?
另外不定式作结果状语常用以下结构：
so + adj. + as to / such ( + n. ) + as to
He is so angry as to be unable to speak.
We are not such fools as to believe him.
Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety.
她的病还没有严重到令人担忧的地步。
… enough (for sb.) to …
The ice is thick enough to walk on.
too …to …表示否定的结果
He is too young to join the army.
only to …表示出乎意料的结果
I went to see him only to find him out.
3. 作原因状语
eg: I am glad to hear the news.
l 作插入语
不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行说明。
eg: To tell you the truth(说实话), I forgot all about it.
To be frank(坦率地说), I didn’t agree with you.
l 作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语与前面的名词或代词构成不定式的复合结构。
eg: Mother told me to come back before 10 o’clock.
We adviced him to have a good rest.
4、 动词不定式的否定式：在不定式符号to前加 not
eg: He decided not to go home.
5、 “疑问词+不定式” 结构
疑问词who/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
eg: I don’t know what to do.
6、 动词不定式省略to的几种情况
l 在使役动词make/ let/ have及感官动词see/ watch/ look at/ hear/ listen to/ feel/ notice等后面，但在被动语态中 to 要恢复。
eg: The teacher make the students listen attentively.
The students are made to listen attentively.
l but/ except/ besides/ than/ about等前面有do的某种形式存在时，to省略，否则不省略。
eg: She could do nothing but cry.
I have no choice but to go.
l 两个或多个不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示对比关系时则每个不定式前都要带to
eg: She told me to stay there and wait till she came back.
It’s better to laught than to cry.
He hasn’t decded whether to go home or to stay at school.
7、 不定式的时态
l 不定式的一般式to do所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
eg: I want to buy a car.
l 不定式的进行式to be doing所表示的动作正在进行
eg: I am very glad to be working with you.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
l 不定式的完成式to have done所表示的动作，通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
eg: He is said to have written the book.
l 不定式的完成进行式to have been doing表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时，这个动作可能已经停止，也可能还在继续。
eg: I am sorry to have been interrupting you.对不起，打扰你了。
He was said to have been living in NewYork for twenty years.
8、 不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态
eg: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
不定式在以下情况中使用主动语态表达被动含义
l 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door. (A key unlock the door.)
l 不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，
又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)






二、 分词
分 过去分词V-ed 但也有不规则形式 兼有动词、形容词、
词 现在分词V-ing即动词原形加-ing 以及副词的特征。
每本英语课本后面都附有不规则动词表Irregular Verbs其基本形如下： 动词原形V-原 动词过去式V-ed 动词过去分词V-p.p.
AAA型 cut cut cut
AAB型 beat beat beaten
ABB型 make made made
ABA型 come came come
ABC型 take took taken
关键记住：
过去 被动：oppressed people被压迫的人民 boiled water
分词 完成：retired workers、fallen leaves 开水
现在 主动：working people 劳动人民 developing country
分词 进行：boiling water正在沸腾的水 发展中国家
I found them painting the windows.
我发现他们正在给窗户上油漆。(They were painting the windows.)
I found the windows painted.
我发现窗户已经被上了油漆。 (The windows have been painted.)
l 分词可充当的句子成分
分词在句子中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语
1. 作定语：单个前置，短语后置
eg: spoken English running water
a book writen by a peasant the boy standing under the tree
2. 作表语:放在连系动词后面
过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态
eg: I was pleased at the news.
The door remained locked.
He looked very excited.
过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted/disappointed/discouraged/drunk/amused/astonished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/worried/excited/puzzled等。
现在分词作表语, 多表示主语所具有的特征
eg: The story sounds interesting. The news was disappointing.
现在分词作表语用，常见的有：exciting/ interesting/ disappointing/ discouraging/ encouraging/ puzzl-ing/ surprising/ confusing/ amusing/ charming/ annoying/ astonishing/ shocking/ inviting等。
3. 作宾语补足语
分词可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/notice/have等动词后与名词或代词构成复合宾语
eg: I found the door closed.我发现门是关着的。
I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修理自行车。
He was trying to make himself understood.他努力想让人听懂他的话。
He saw people coming and going .他看见人们来来往往。
We heard him singing in his room.我们听见他在房间里唱歌。
4. 作状语
分词单个或短语可作原因、时间、方式/伴随、结果、条件或让步状语，其位置可前、可中、可后，其逻辑主语一般即为主句的主语，形式由分词与其逻辑主语之间的关系来确定。

状态：原因状语
eg: Being ill(As she was ill), she didn’t go to school today.

被动：时间状语
Heated(When it is heated), water changes into steam.水加热时，变成水蒸气。

状态：方式/伴随状语
She turned away, disappointed(She was disappointed.).她走了，心里很失望。

主动：方式/伴随状语
Talking and laughing, they went into the room.

被动：方式/伴随状语
The women scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants.

主动：结果状语
Her mother died, leaving her with four younger brothers and sisters ( Her mother leaved her with four younger brothers and sisters) .

被动：条件状语
Given more time(If we are given more time), we could do it betrter.
主动：条件状语
Working hard(If you work hard), you will succeed.

被动：让步状语
Beaten by the opposite team(=Though they were beaten by the opposite team), the players were not disappointed and practised even harder.
虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，反而更加刻苦训练。

如果分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在分词前面加上when或while
When going to school, I met Mary.
Be careful when crossing the road.
如果分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，即有明显的先后顺序，则分词用完成式having done.
Having finished the work(After he finished his work), Henry went home.
l 独立主格结构：有时分词也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
eg: He cried, tears rolling down his cheeks.
Weather permitting, we will go there on foot.
l 悬垂分词：有时可以用一个分词或分词短语来修饰整个句子册，这个分词或分词称为悬垂分词。
eg: Generally speaking, the book is not very interesting.
Judging from appearance, she seems to be a teacher.
Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clear up the river.
Walking or sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.
l 现在分词的被动式（被动+进行）
eg: The building being built is our dormitory.
l 现在分词的完成式（主动+完成）
eg: Having finished his work, Henry went home.
l Have + 宾语 + V-p.p. 中，have 有三种不同的含义：
1. 表示“使”、“让”（事情由别人来完成）
eg: We had the machine repaired.
2. 表示“遭受”、“经历”
eg: He had his left leg broken the day before yesterday.
3. 表示“有” eg: I have no money left.
三、 动名词V-ing：具有动词和名词的特征。
l 动名词可充当的句子成分
1. 作主语
eg: Playing with fire is dangerous.
It’s no use arguing with him.(it 作形式主语)
2. 作表语
eg: My job is teaching English.
3. 作宾语
A、 动宾
eg: I enjoy listening to music.
I consider it useless arguing with him.( it作形式宾语)
此类动词如：admire/ appreciate/ avoid/ like/ dislike/ finish/ mind/ consider/ postpone/ deny/ advise/ practise/ escape/ miss/
imagine/delay等。
B、 介宾
eg: He insisted on watching the football game.
此类短语动词如：think of/ dream of/ hear of/ give up/ prevent…from…/ stop…from…/ keep…from…/ look forward to/ set about/ feel like/ depend on/ be engaged in/ be used to/ be
tired of/ succeed in/ be proud of/ be interested in/ be good at/ be
afraid of/ prefer…to…/ spend…(in)…/devote…to…/ insist on/
persist in(坚持)/ stick to等。
4. 作定语
eg: His father works in a painting factory.
There is a swimming pool in our school.
l 动名词的复合结构：由形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格、名 词所有格或普通格加 词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
（说明：动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在动名词的前加一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。在句子开关必须使用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格）
eg: His coming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind Tom’s/his/him/Tom smoking.
l 动名词的否定式：由“not + V-ing” 构成
l 动名词常用于简短的禁令中
eg: No smoking. No parking. No spitting.

四、 不定式、分词、动名词之间的比较
1. 不定式与动名词之间的比较
1、 有些动词只能接不定式作宾语
eg: decide agree manage promise
2、 有些动词只能接动名词作宾语
eg: enjoy suggest practise mind imagine
3、 有些动词既可接不定式作宾语也可接动名词作宾语
① 意义相差不大
eg: begin start continue
② 含义不同
eg: like/love/prefer/hate + to do表示某一次具体的或将来的行为
like/love/prefer/hate + doing表示习惯性的或一般性的行为
I like playing chess, but I don’t like to play it now.
③ 意义有所区别
eg: remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean/ stop/ go on等
④ 用法上有差别
eg: allow/ advise/ permit/ forbid + sb. to do / V-ing
We don’t allow people to smoke here.
We don’t allow smoking here.
⑤ 固定句型
eg: It takes sb. some time to do sth.
It costs sb. some money to do sth.
sb. spend some time/money (in) doing sth.
There is no + doing = It’s impossible to do sth.
There is no holding back the wheel of history.
It’s impossible to hold back the wheel of history.
2. 现在分词与动名词之间的比较
分 词：具有动词、形容词、副词的特征，可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语
动名词：具有动词、名词的特征，可作表语、定语、主语、宾语
1. 作表语时的比较
I am a student(名词)/ clever(形容词)/ at school(介词短语). Her wish is to be a doctor(不定式短语)…….





分词作表语 表示主语的性质、特征，连系动词可以换成其它词
The story is(sounds) interesting.

进行时态：be+V-ing 表示主语的正在进行的动作
H e is swimming.

动名词作表语 表示主语本身，主语和宾语可以互换位置
My favourite sport is swimming. =Swimming is my favourite sport.

2. 作定语时的比较
We study English. I go to school by bike.
主 谓动(Vt.) 宾 主 谓 宾 方式状语

主谓关系 动宾关系 短语动词：Vi. + 介词

Yesterday afternon, they played football on the playground.
时间状语 主 谓动 宾语 地点状语

① 现在分词作定语时，与被修饰语之间存在主谓关系，相当于定语从句，表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的动作或特征。
② 动名词作定语时，与被修饰语之间没有存在主谓关系，相当于一个for phrase, 表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解释。
flying fish：fish can fly. 飞鱼
flying suit：suit for flying飞行衣
a sleeping child：a child is sleeping酣睡的孩子
a sleeping car：a car for sleeping 一辆卧车
3. 分词作定语、宾语补足语与作状语的区分及其形式的选定
① 分词作状语时，常与主句用逗号隔开，如果没有逗号且放在某一名词或代词的前后，则为定语或宾语补足语。
定 boiled water a book written by a peasant
语 developing country the boy standing under the tree

宾 I found them painting the windows.
补 I found the windows painted.

状 Working hard, you will succeed.
语 Given more time, we could do it better.
②其形式的选定,就由分词与被修饰名词或逻辑主语即主句主语之间的关系来确定。
被动关系
Heated, the water changes into steam.
主动关系
Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.
4. 主动表被动的几种情况
① want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”时
② be worth doing=be worthy of being done/ to be done
③ 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door. (A key unlock the door.)
④ 不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)
⑤ 不定式作状语时，与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。(可简单记为形容词后面的不定式一般使用主动形式表达被动含义be+adj.+to do = to be done)。
eg: He is hard to talk to.
The book is difficult to understand.
⑥ to let(出租)、to blame(责备)、to seek(寻找)、to pay(支付)等往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: The house is to let.（to be let）
She is to blame for this. （to be blamed）
The reason is not difficult to seek.
What’s to pay? 要付多少钱？
⑦ too…to…或…enough(for sb.) to…
eg: The box is too heavy (for him) to carry.
The chair is light enough (for him) to lift.
非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词就是不能充当句子谓语成分的动词形式，包括动词不定式（to do）、分词（过去分词V-p.p.、现在分词V-ing）、动名词V-ing三种形式。
五、 动词不定式
1、 基本形式：to do (有时to可以省略，称为不带to的不定式)
2、 特点：没有人称和数的变化，也不受谓语动词时态变化的干扰 eg: I(You/He/She/We/You/They) want(wants/wanted) fdfddd dddd to buy a car.
3、 动词不定式可充当的句子成分
l 作主语
eg: To study hard is our duty.
常使用it作为形式主语，不定式作真正主语放后面
It is not easy to master a foreign language.
亦可在不定式前面加上for sb.指出不定式的逻辑主语
It is not easy for us to master a foreign language.
但某些表示人的品行的形容词，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish /careless/clever/thoughtful等作表语时改用of sb.
It is kind of you to help me with my study.
l 作宾语
eg: I want to borrow your dictionary.
能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等
常使用it作为形式宾语，不定式作真正主语放后面
I find it interesting to study English.
l 作表语
也就是放在连系动词（主要有be动词am/ is/ are、感官动词look/ hear/ smell/ taste/ feel、表示保持和变化的动词stay/ keep/ remain/ become/ turn/ grow/ get以及seem等）的后面。
eg: Her wish is to become a doctor.
She doesn’t seem to like the idea.
l 作定语 动宾关系
eg: Here are some books (for you to read).
She has a sick baby (to take care of).
Have you got anything to say? Vt.或短语动词（Vi.+介词）
The nurse has five children to look after.
She was the first person to think of the idea.
l 作状语
4. 作目的状语
eg: To catch the first bus, I have to get up early.
He went home to see his parents.
She uses a computer to write an article.
另外不定式作目的状语常用so as to(只能放句中) / in order to
She checked the names carefully so as to / in order to avoid mistakes.
In order to(不能用so as to ) arrive before dark, we started early.
5. 作结果状语
eg: What have I said to make you unhappy?
另外不定式作结果状语常用以下结构：
so + adj. + as to / such ( + n. ) + as to
He is so angry as to be unable to speak.
We are not such fools as to believe him.
Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety.
她的病还没有严重到令人担忧的地步。
… enough (for sb.) to …
The ice is thick enough to walk on.
too …to …表示否定的结果
He is too young to join the army.
only to …表示出乎意料的结果
I went to see him only to find him out.
6. 作原因状语
eg: I am glad to hear the news.
l 作插入语
不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行说明。
eg: To tell you the truth(说实话), I forgot all about it.
To be frank(坦率地说), I didn’t agree with you.
l 作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语与前面的名词或代词构成不定式的复合结构。
eg: Mother told me to come back before 10 o’clock.
We adviced him to have a good rest.
4、 动词不定式的否定式：在不定式符号to前加 not
eg: He decided not to go home.
5、 “疑问词+不定式” 结构
疑问词who/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
eg: I don’t know what to do.
6、 动词不定式省略to的几种情况
l 在使役动词make/ let/ have及感官动词see/ watch/ look at/ hear/ listen to/ feel/ notice等后面，但在被动语态中 to 要恢复。
eg: The teacher make the students listen attentively.
The students are made to listen attentively.
l but/ except/ besides/ than/ about等前面有do的某种形式存在时，to省略，否则不省略。
eg: She could do nothing but cry.
I have no choice but to go.
l 两个或多个不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示对比关系时则每个不定式前都要带to
eg: She told me to stay there and wait till she came back.
It’s better to laught than to cry.
He hasn’t decded whether to go home or to stay at school.
7、 不定式的时态
l 不定式的一般式to do所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
eg: I want to buy a car.
l 不定式的进行式to be doing所表示的动作正在进行
eg: I am very glad to be working with you.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
l 不定式的完成式to have done所表示的动作，通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
eg: He is said to have written the book.
l 不定式的完成进行式to have been doing表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时，这个动作可能已经停止，也可能还在继续。
eg: I am sorry to have been interrupting you.对不起，打扰你了。
He was said to have been living in NewYork for twenty years.
8、 不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态
eg: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
不定式在以下情况中使用主动语态表达被动含义
l 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door. (A key unlock the door.)
l 不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，
又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)






六、 分词
分 过去分词V-ed 但也有不规则形式 兼有动词、形容词、
词 现在分词V-ing即动词原形加-ing 以及副词的特征。
每本英语课本后面都附有不规则动词表Irregular Verbs其基本形如下： 动词原形V-原 动词过去式V-ed 动词过去分词V-p.p.
AAA型 cut cut cut
AAB型 beat beat beaten
ABB型 make made made
ABA型 come came come
ABC型 take took taken
关键记住：
过去 被动：oppressed people被压迫的人民 boiled water
分词 完成：retired workers、fallen leaves 开水
现在 主动：working people 劳动人民 developing country
分词 进行：boiling water正在沸腾的水 发展中国家
I found them painting the windows.
我发现他们正在给窗户上油漆。(They were painting the windows.)
I found the windows painted.
我发现窗户已经被上了油漆。 (The windows have been painted.)
l 分词可充当的句子成分
分词在句子中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语
5. 作定语：单个前置，短语后置
eg: spoken English running water
a book writen by a peasant the boy standing under the tree
6. 作表语:放在连系动词后面
过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态
eg: I was pleased at the news.
The door remained locked.
He looked very excited.
过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted/disappointed/discouraged/drunk/amused/astonished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/worried/excited/puzzled等。
现在分词作表语, 多表示主语所具有的特征
eg: The story sounds interesting. The news was disappointing.
现在分词作表语用，常见的有：exciting/ interesting/ disappointing/ discouraging/ encouraging/ puzzl-ing/ surprising/ confusing/ amusing/ charming/ annoying/ astonishing/ shocking/ inviting等。
7. 作宾语补足语
分词可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/notice/have等动词后与名词或代词构成复合宾语
eg: I found the door closed.我发现门是关着的。
I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修理自行车。
He was trying to make himself understood.他努力想让人听懂他的话。
He saw people coming and going .他看见人们来来往往。
We heard him singing in his room.我们听见他在房间里唱歌。
8. 作状语
分词单个或短语可作原因、时间、方式/伴随、结果、条件或让步状语，其位置可前、可中、可后，其逻辑主语一般即为主句的主语，形式由分词与其逻辑主语之间的关系来确定。

状态：原因状语
eg: Being ill(As she was ill), she didn’t go to school today.

被动：时间状语
Heated(When it is heated), water changes into steam.水加热时，变成水蒸气。

状态：方式/伴随状语
She turned away, disappointed(She was disappointed.).她走了，心里很失望。

主动：方式/伴随状语
Talking and laughing, they went into the room.

被动：方式/伴随状语
The women scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants.

主动：结果状语
Her mother died, leaving her with four younger brothers and sisters ( Her mother leaved her with four younger brothers and sisters) .

被动：条件状语
Given more time(If we are given more time), we could do it betrter.
主动：条件状语
Working hard(If you work hard), you will succeed.

被动：让步状语
Beaten by the opposite team(=Though they were beaten by the opposite team), the players were not disappointed and practised even harder.
虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，反而更加刻苦训练。

如果分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在分词前面加上when或while
When going to school, I met Mary.
Be careful when crossing the road.
如果分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，即有明显的先后顺序，则分词用完成式having done.
Having finished the work(After he finished his work), Henry went home.
l 独立主格结构：有时分词也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
eg: He cried, tears rolling down his cheeks.
Weather permitting, we will go there on foot.
l 悬垂分词：有时可以用一个分词或分词短语来修饰整个句子册，这个分词或分词称为悬垂分词。
eg: Generally speaking, the book is not very interesting.
Judging from appearance, she seems to be a teacher.
Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clear up the river.
Walking or sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.
l 现在分词的被动式（被动+进行）
eg: The building being built is our dormitory.
l 现在分词的完成式（主动+完成）
eg: Having finished his work, Henry went home.
l Have + 宾语 + V-p.p. 中，have 有三种不同的含义：
1. 表示“使”、“让”（事情由别人来完成）
eg: We had the machine repaired.
2. 表示“遭受”、“经历”
eg: He had his left leg broken the day before yesterday.
3. 表示“有” eg: I have no money left.
七、 动名词V-ing：具有动词和名词的特征。
l 动名词可充当的句子成分
1. 作主语
eg: Playing with fire is dangerous.
It’s no use arguing with him.(it 作形式主语)
2. 作表语
eg: My job is teaching English.
3. 作宾语
A、 动宾
eg: I enjoy listening to music.
I consider it useless arguing with him.( it作形式宾语)
此类动词如：admire/ appreciate/ avoid/ like/ dislike/ finish/ mind/ consider/ postpone/ deny/ advise/ practise/ escape/ miss/
imagine/delay等。
B、 介宾
eg: He insisted on watching the football game.
此类短语动词如：think of/ dream of/ hear of/ give up/ prevent…from…/ stop…from…/ keep…from…/ look forward to/ set about/ feel like/ depend on/ be engaged in/ be used to/ be
tired of/ succeed in/ be proud of/ be interested in/ be good at/ be
afraid of/ prefer…to…/ spend…(in)…/devote…to…/ insist on/
persist in(坚持)/ stick to等。
4. 作定语
eg: His father works in a painting factory.
There is a swimming pool in our school.
l 动名词的复合结构：由形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格、名 词所有格或普通格加 词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
（说明：动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在动名词的前加一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。在句子开关必须使用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格）
eg: His coming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind Tom’s/his/him/Tom smoking.
l 动名词的否定式：由“not + V-ing” 构成
l 动名词常用于简短的禁令中
eg: No smoking. No parking. No spitting.

八、 不定式、分词、动名词之间的比较
3. 不定式与动名词之间的比较
1、 有些动词只能接不定式作宾语
eg: decide agree manage promise
2、 有些动词只能接动名词作宾语
eg: enjoy suggest practise mind imagine
3、 有些动词既可接不定式作宾语也可接动名词作宾语
① 意义相差不大
eg: begin start continue
② 含义不同
eg: like/love/prefer/hate + to do表示某一次具体的或将来的行为
like/love/prefer/hate + doing表示习惯性的或一般性的行为
I like playing chess, but I don’t like to play it now.
③ 意义有所区别
eg: remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean/ stop/ go on等
④ 用法上有差别
eg: allow/ advise/ permit/ forbid + sb. to do / V-ing
We don’t allow people to smoke here.
We don’t allow smoking here.
⑤ 固定句型
eg: It takes sb. some time to do sth.
It costs sb. some money to do sth.
sb. spend some time/money (in) doing sth.
There is no + doing = It’s impossible to do sth.
There is no holding back the wheel of history.
It’s impossible to hold back the wheel of history.
4. 现在分词与动名词之间的比较
分 词：具有动词、形容词、副词的特征，可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语
动名词：具有动词、名词的特征，可作表语、定语、主语、宾语
1. 作表语时的比较
I am a student(名词)/ clever(形容词)/ at school(介词短语). Her wish is to be a doctor(不定式短语)…….





分词作表语 表示主语的性质、特征，连系动词可以换成其它词
The story is(sounds) interesting.

进行时态：be+V-ing 表示主语的正在进行的动作
H e is swimming.

动名词作表语 表示主语本身，主语和宾语可以互换位置
My favourite sport is swimming. =Swimming is my favourite sport.

2. 作定语时的比较
We study English. I go to school by bike.
主 谓动(Vt.) 宾 主 谓 宾 方式状语

主谓关系 动宾关系 短语动词：Vi. + 介词

Yesterday afternon, they played football on the playground.
时间状语 主 谓动 宾语 地点状语

① 现在分词作定语时，与被修饰语之间存在主谓关系，相当于定语从句，表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的动作或特征。
② 动名词作定语时，与被修饰语之间没有存在主谓关系，相当于一个for phrase, 表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解释。
flying fish：fish can fly. 飞鱼
flying suit：suit for flying飞行衣
a sleeping child：a child is sleeping酣睡的孩子
a sleeping car：a car for sleeping 一辆卧车
3. 分词作定语、宾语补足语与作状语的区分及其形式的选定
① 分词作状语时，常与主句用逗号隔开，如果没有逗号且放在某一名词或代词的前后，则为定语或宾语补足语。
定 boiled water a book written by a peasant
语 developing country the boy standing under the tree

宾 I found them painting the windows.
补 I found the windows painted.

状 Working hard, you will succeed.
语 Given more time, we could do it better.
②其形式的选定,就由分词与被修饰名词或逻辑主语即主句主语之间的关系来确定。
被动关系
Heated, the water changes into steam.
主动关系
Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.
4. 主动表被动的几种情况
① want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”时
② be worth doing=be worthy of being done/ to be done
③ 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door. (A key unlock the door.)
④ 不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)
⑤ 不定式作状语时，与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。(可简单记为形容词后面的不定式一般使用主动形式表达被动含义be+adj.+to do = to be done)。
eg: He is hard to talk to.
The book is difficult to understand.
⑥ to let(出租)、to blame(责备)、to seek(寻找)、to pay(支付)等往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: The house is to let.（to be let）
She is to blame for this. （to be blamed）
The reason is not difficult to seek.
What’s to pay? 要付多少钱？
⑦ too…to…或…enough(for sb.) to…
eg: The box is too heavy (for him) to carry.
The chair is light enough (for him) to lift.
非 谓 语 动 词
非谓语动词就是不能充当句子谓语成分的动词形式，包括动词不定式（to do）、分词（过去分词V-p.p.、现在分词V-ing）、动名词V-ing三种形式。
九、 动词不定式
1、 基本形式：to do (有时to可以省略，称为不带to的不定式)
2、 特点：没有人称和数的变化，也不受谓语动词时态变化的干扰 eg: I(You/He/She/We/You/They) want(wants/wanted) fdfddd dddd to buy a car.
3、 动词不定式可充当的句子成分
l 作主语
eg: To study hard is our duty.
常使用it作为形式主语，不定式作真正主语放后面
It is not easy to master a foreign language.
亦可在不定式前面加上for sb.指出不定式的逻辑主语
It is not easy for us to master a foreign language.
但某些表示人的品行的形容词，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish /careless/clever/thoughtful等作表语时改用of sb.
It is kind of you to help me with my study.
l 作宾语
eg: I want to borrow your dictionary.
能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等
常使用it作为形式宾语，不定式作真正主语放后面
I find it interesting to study English.
l 作表语
也就是放在连系动词（主要有be动词am/ is/ are、感官动词look/ hear/ smell/ taste/ feel、表示保持和变化的动词stay/ keep/ remain/ become/ turn/ grow/ get以及seem等）的后面。
eg: Her wish is to become a doctor.
She doesn’t seem to like the idea.
l 作定语 动宾关系
eg: Here are some books (for you to read).
She has a sick baby (to take care of).
Have you got anything to say? Vt.或短语动词（Vi.+介词）
The nurse has five children to look after.
She was the first person to think of the idea.
l 作状语
7. 作目的状语
eg: To catch the first bus, I have to get up early.
He went home to see his parents.
She uses a computer to write an article.
另外不定式作目的状语常用so as to(只能放句中) / in order to
She checked the names carefully so as to / in order to avoid mistakes.
In order to(不能用so as to ) arrive before dark, we started early.
8. 作结果状语
eg: What have I said to make you unhappy?
另外不定式作结果状语常用以下结构：
so + adj. + as to / such ( + n. ) + as to
He is so angry as to be unable to speak.
We are not such fools as to believe him.
Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety.
她的病还没有严重到令人担忧的地步。
… enough (for sb.) to …
The ice is thick enough to walk on.
too …to …表示否定的结果
He is too young to join the army.
only to …表示出乎意料的结果
I went to see him only to find him out.
9. 作原因状语
eg: I am glad to hear the news.
l 作插入语
不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行说明。
eg: To tell you the truth(说实话), I forgot all about it.
To be frank(坦率地说), I didn’t agree with you.
l 作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语与前面的名词或代词构成不定式的复合结构。
eg: Mother told me to come back before 10 o’clock.
We adviced him to have a good rest.
4、 动词不定式的否定式：在不定式符号to前加 not
eg: He decided not to go home.
5、 “疑问词+不定式” 结构
疑问词who/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
eg: I don’t know what to do.
6、 动词不定式省略to的几种情况
l 在使役动词make/ let/ have及感官动词see/ watch/ look at/ hear/ listen to/ feel/ notice等后面，但在被动语态中 to 要恢复。
eg: The teacher make the students listen attentively.
The students are made to listen attentively.
l but/ except/ besides/ than/ about等前面有do的某种形式存在时，to省略，否则不省略。
eg: She could do nothing but cry.
I have no choice but to go.
l 两个或多个不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示对比关系时则每个不定式前都要带to
eg: She told me to stay there and wait till she came back.
It’s better to laught than to cry.
He hasn’t decded whether to go home or to stay at school.
7、 不定式的时态
l 不定式的一般式to do所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。
eg: I want to buy a car.
l 不定式的进行式to be doing所表示的动作正在进行
eg: I am very glad to be working with you.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
l 不定式的完成式to have done所表示的动作，通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
eg: He is said to have written the book.
l 不定式的完成进行式to have been doing表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时，这个动作可能已经停止，也可能还在继续。
eg: I am sorry to have been interrupting you.对不起，打扰你了。
He was said to have been living in NewYork for twenty years.
8、 不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态
eg: He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.
不定式在以下情况中使用主动语态表达被动含义
l 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door. (A key unlock the door.)
l 不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，
又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式
eg: I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)






十、 分词
分 过去分词V-ed 但也有不规则形式 兼有动词、形容词、
词 现在分词V-ing即动词原形加-ing 以及副词的特征。
每本英语课本后面都附有不规则动词表Irregular Verbs其基本形如下： 动词原形V-原 动词过去式V-ed 动词过去分词V-p.p.
AAA型 cut cut cut
AAB型 beat beat beaten
ABB型 make made made
ABA型 come came come
ABC型 take took taken
关键记住：
过去 被动：oppressed people被压迫的人民 boiled water
分词 完成：retired workers、fallen leaves 开水
现在 主动：working people 劳动人民 developing country
分词 进行：boiling water正在沸腾的水 发展中国家
I found them painting the windows.
我发现他们正在给窗户上油漆。(They were painting the windows.)
I found the windows painted.
我发现窗户已经被上了油漆。 (The windows have been painted.)
l 分词可充当的句子成分
分词在句子中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语
9. 作定语：单个前置，短语后置
eg: spoken English running water
a book writen by a peasant the boy standing under the tree
10. 作表语:放在连系动词后面
过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态
eg: I was pleased at the news.
The door remained locked.
He looked very excited.
过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted/disappointed/discouraged/drunk/amused/astonished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/worried/excited/puzzled等。
现在分词作表语, 多表示主语所具有的特征
eg: The story sounds interesting. The news was disappointing.
现在分词作表语用，常见的有：exciting/ interesting/ disappointing/ discouraging/ encouraging/ puzzl-ing/ surprising/ confusing/ amusing/ charming/ annoying/ astonishing/ shocking/ inviting等。
11. 作宾语补足语
分词可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/notice/have等动词后与名词或代词构成复合宾语
eg: I found the door closed.我发现门是关着的。
I must get my bike repaired.我必须请人修理自行车。
He was trying to make himself understood.他努力想让人听懂他的话。
He saw people coming and going .他看见人们来来往往。
We heard him singing in his room.我们听见他在房间里唱歌。
12. 作状语
分词单个或短语可作原因、时间、方式/伴随、结果、条件或让步状语，其位置可前、可中、可后，其逻辑主语一般即为主句的主语，形式由分词与其逻辑主语之间的关系来确定。

状态：原因状语
eg: Being ill(As she was ill), she didn’t go to school today.

被动：时间状语
Heated(When it is heated), water changes into steam.水加热时，变成水蒸气。

状态：方式/伴随状语
She turned away, disappointed(She was disappointed.).她走了，心里很失望。

主动：方式/伴随状语
Talking and laughing, they went into the room.

被动：方式/伴随状语
The women scientist entered the lab, followed by her assistants.

主动：结果状语
Her mother died, leaving her with four younger brothers and sisters ( Her mother leaved her with four younger brothers and sisters) .

被动：条件状语
Given more time(If we are given more time), we could do it betrter.
主动：条件状语
Working hard(If you work hard), you will succeed.

被动：让步状语
Beaten by the opposite team(=Though they were beaten by the opposite team), the players were not disappointed and practised even harder.
虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，反而更加刻苦训练。

如果分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在分词前面加上when或while
When going to school, I met Mary.
Be careful when crossing the road.
如果分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，即有明显的先后顺序，则分词用完成式having done.
Having finished the work(After he finished his work), Henry went home.
l 独立主格结构：有时分词也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
eg: He cried, tears rolling down his cheeks.
Weather permitting, we will go there on foot.
l 悬垂分词：有时可以用一个分词或分词短语来修饰整个句子册，这个分词或分词称为悬垂分词。
eg: Generally speaking, the book is not very interesting.
Judging from appearance, she seems to be a teacher.
Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clear up the river.
Walking or sleeping, the subject was always in my mind.
l 现在分词的被动式（被动+进行）
eg: The building being built is our dormitory.
l 现在分词的完成式（主动+完成）
eg: Having finished his work, Henry went home.
l Have + 宾语 + V-p.p. 中，have 有三种不同的含义：
1. 表示“使”、“让”（事情由别人来完成）
eg: We had the machine repaired.
2. 表示“遭受”、“经历”
eg: He had his left leg broken the day before yesterday.
3. 表示“有” eg: I have no money left.
十一、 动名词V-ing：具有动词和名词的特征。
l 动名词可充当的句子成分
1. 作主语
eg: Playing with fire is dangerous.
It’s no use arguing with him.(it 作形式主语)
2. 作表语
eg: My job is teaching English.
3. 作宾语
A、 动宾
eg: I enjoy listening to music.
I consider it useless arguing with him.( it作形式宾语)
此类动词如：admire/ appreciate/ avoid/ like/ dislike/ finish/ mind/ consider/ postpone/ deny/ advise/ practise/ escape/ miss/
imagine/delay等。
B、 介宾
eg: He insisted on watching the football game.
此类短语动词如：think of/ dream of/ hear of/ give up/ prevent…from…/ stop…from…/ keep…from…/ look forward to/ set about/ feel like/ depend on/ be engaged in/ be used to/ be
tired of/ succeed in/ be proud of/ be interested in/ be good at/ be
afraid of/ prefer…to…/ spend…(in)…/devote…to…/ insist on/
persist in(坚持)/ stick to等。
4. 作定语
eg: His father works in a painting factory.
There is a swimming pool in our school.
l 动名词的复合结构：由形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格、名 词所有格或普通格加 词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
（说明：动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在动名词的前加一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。在句子开关必须使用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格）
eg: His coming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind Tom’s/his/him/Tom smoking.
l 动名词的否定式：由“not + V-ing” 构成
l 动名词常用于简短的禁令中
eg: No smoking. No parking. No spitting.

十二、 不定式、分词、动名词之间的比较
5. 不定式与动名词之间的比较
1、 有些动词只能接不定式作宾语
eg: decide agree manage promise
2、 有些动词只能接动名词作宾语
eg: enjoy suggest practise mind imagine
3、 有些动词既可接不定式作宾语也可接动名词作宾语
① 意义相差不大
eg: begin start continue
② 含义不同
eg: like/love/prefer/hate + to do表示某一次具体的或将来的行为
like/love/prefer/hate + doing表示习惯性的或一般性的行为
I like playing chess, but I don’t like to play it now.
③ 意义有所区别
eg: remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean/ stop/ go on等
④ 用法上有差别
eg: allow/ advise/ permit/ forbid + sb. to do / V-ing
We don’t allow people to smoke here.
We don’t allow smoking here.
⑤ 固定句型
eg: It takes sb. some time to do sth.
It costs sb. some money to do sth.
sb. spend some time/money (in) doing sth.
There is no + doing = It’s impossible to do sth.
There is no holding back the wheel of history.
It’s impossible to hold back the wheel of history.
6. 现在分词与动名词之间的比较
分 词：具有动词、形容词、副词的特征，可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语
动名词：具有动词、名词的特征，可作表语、定语、主语、宾语
1. 作表语时的比较
I am a student(名词)/ clever(形容词)/ at school(介词短语). Her wish is to be a doctor(不定式短语)…….





分词作表语 表示主语的性质、特征，连系动词可以换成其它词
The story is(sounds) interesting.

进行时态：be+V-ing 表示主语的正在进行的动作
H e is swimming.

动名词作表语 表示主语本身，主语和宾语可以互换位置
My favourite sport is swimming. =Swimming is my favourite sport.

2. 作定语时的比较
We study English. I go to school by bike.
主 谓动(Vt.) 宾 主 谓 宾 方式状语

主谓关系 动宾关系 短语动词：Vi. + 介词

Yesterday afternon, they played football on the playground.
时间状语 主 谓动 宾语 地点状语

① 现在分词作定语时，与被修饰语之间存在主谓关系，相当于定语从句，表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的动作或特征。
② 动名词作定语时，与被修饰语之间没有存在主谓关系，相当于一个for phrase, 表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解释。
flying fish：fish can fly. 飞鱼
flying suit：suit for flying飞行衣
a sleeping child：a child is sleeping酣睡的孩子
a sleeping car：a car for sleeping 一辆卧车
3. 分词作定语、宾语补足语与作状语的区分及其形式的选定
① 分词作状语时，常与主句用逗号隔开，如果没有逗号且放在某一名词或代词的前后，则为定语或宾语补足语。
定 boiled water a book written by a peasant
语 developing country the boy standing under the tree

宾 I found them painting the windows.
补 I found the windows painted.

状 Working hard, you will succeed.
语 Given more time, we could do it better.
②其形式的选定,就由分词与被修饰名词或逻辑主语即主句主语之间的关系来确定。
被动关系
Heated, the water changes into steam.
主动关系
Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy.
4. 主动表被动的几种情况
① want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”时
② be worth doing=be worthy of being done/ to be done
③ 不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: Have you got a key to unlock the door. (A key unlock the door.)
④ 不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.)
He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)
⑤ 不定式作状语时，与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。(可简单记为形容词后面的不定式一般使用主动形式表达被动含义be+adj.+to do = to be done)。
eg: He is hard to talk to.
The book is difficult to understand.
⑥ to let(出租)、to blame(责备)、to seek(寻找)、to pay(支付)等往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg: The house is to let.（to be let）
She is to blame for this. （to be blamed）
The reason is not difficult to seek.
What’s to pay? 要付多少钱？
⑦ too…to…或…enough(for sb.) to…
eg: The box is too heavy (for him) to carry.
The chair is light enough (for him) to lift.