高中完型填空命题解题析题
展开完形填空命题，解题，析题
2020年全国高考英语三卷
As s businesswoman, I care deeply about my customers. But like anyone for whom you feel affection, ____(41) can also drive you mad. They’ll come rushing in, _____(42) their handbag’s been stolen. They’ll ___(43) that they left it in the changing room, create havoc ( 混乱) and then _____(44) it had been in their car all the time. They’ll have out half the _____(45) in the shop, and want the only style you don’t have left in a _____(46) colour. I do know how upset the shop staff can get, but I try to persuade them to keep _____(47).
I remember the first really ______(48) customer we had at Covent Garden. She was ____(49) absolutely everything, nothing was right and I was rather _____(50) that she became a “regular". After a while, she ______(51) for the way she behaved at the beginning. She had split up with her husband the week before, was living in a flat ____(52), and since she’d found it too much to cope with ( 应对), she’d taken it out on _____(53) people.
That taught me a valuable ______(54) and I pass it on to the people who _____(55) in the market. Don’t take it ______(56). If a customer is rude or difficult, just think "Maybe she’s had a row with her husband. Maybe her child’s not _____(57).” Always water it down and don’t let your ego ( 自我) get _____(58). If you do, you won’t be able to _____(59) it and the whole thing develops into an unpleasant scene and that _____(60) everyone’s day.
41. A. shopkeepers B. customers C. salespersons D. receptionists
42. A. saying B. pretending C. guessing D. replying
43. A. agree B. promise C. imagine D. swear
44. A. forget B. decide C. discover D. assume
45. A. foods B. catalogues C. belongings D. goods
46. A. particular B. different C. matching D. natural
47. A. fighting B. smiling C. waiting D. changing
48. A. generous B. polite C. careless D. difficult
- A. curious about B. displeased with
C. patient with D. uncertain about
50. A. relaxed B. delighted C. surprised D. embarrassed
51. A. searched B. argued C. prayed D. apologized
52. A. by chance B. by herself C. on purpose D. on duty
53. A. rude B. such C. other D. lonely
54. A. lesson B. trick C. skill D. trade
55. A. work B. shop C. meet D. quarrel
56. A. kindly B. secretly C. personally D. casually
57. A. ready B. away C. up D. well
- A. out of sigh B. in the way C. behind the scene D. above the law
59. A. stress B. expect C. handle D. blame
60. A. ruins B. makes C. starts D. saves
思考看：
一、完型填空考什么？怎样考？
二、完型填空怎样做？
三、完型填空怎样析？析什么？
一、考什么，怎样考？
完型填空主要考查学生对语法,词汇,习语,句型,搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力，对短文的阅读理解能力，甚至有时还考察对时事政治关注，天文地理、日常生活、政治经济、人物传记和社会故事等，通过一件完整的事，阐述一个深刻道理。其考查规律主要有以下几个方面：
1、上下文语境题
根据上下文语境来确定最佳选项近年来的完形填空试题在选项的设置上越来越淡化语法结构，重在文意的干扰，即把具体的语言知识溶进具体的语言情景中去，考查考生通过上下文的前后提示或暗示，对整体文意进行把握的能力。这种考查方式所占的比例较大，且难度也大，若单纯从句子或个别段落来分析，或许所给的四个答案在语法和结构上都是正确的，若放在全局，则不一定正确。因此，快速浏览全文，领悟文章主旨，通过上下文的语境来选择答案是解决这类题的关键。
例: I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was 1 and the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad 2 a step and fell, sending my new suitcase 3 down the stairs.
1). A. helpless B. lazy C. anxious D. tired
2). A. took B. minded C. missed D. picked
3). A. rolling B. passing C. dropping D. turning
分析：在把握上文“我提着衣箱缓慢地上楼梯”的情况下，可知1题答案为D. tired，即当我到达三楼时，已经很累了；再从爸爸“提着两只衣箱跟在我后面”以及下文的信息词“fell”可知此句的意思是：爸爸少跨了一步摔倒了，衣箱滚下了楼梯。因此2)、3)题的答案分别为C、A，尽管其它选项在语法上均无错误。
二、 生活常识及文化背景知识题
根据生活常识及文化背景知识进行逻辑推理NMET完形填空往往以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息，其间交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识和生活常识，考查考生灵活运用该方面知识的能力。解决这类题目，考生不仅要有广博的知识、丰富的生活经历，还要能够驾驭全文，不仅理解文章的表层意义，而且要弄清文章的深层意义。当对语言的把握不很准确时，可充分利用社会文化知识和生活常识来帮助判断。
例：It was an early morning in summer. In the streets, sleepy-eyed people were moving quickly, heading towards their 1 . This was the beginning of another 2 day in New York City.
1). A. jobs B. homes C. buses D. offices
2). A. working B. hot C. same D. ordinary
分析：从信息词“early morning”和“sleepy-eyed”来判断，B. homes不符合逻辑，按生活经验，他们是去上班。这时有些考生也许会认为，既然上班，就要去“挤公交车”或“去办公室”。但上班的方式也有步行的、骑车的或坐地铁的，也有自己开车去的。人们上班有去农场的、煤矿的，还有去工厂车间的，不一定去办公室。因此，C. buses和D. offices不符合生活实际。1)题只有A. jobs才是最合乎逻辑的选项，人们起床后，各自奔向自己的工作岗位。而这种情况是天天发生，是平平常常的，因此2)题答案是D. ordinary。
三、习惯用法和固定搭配题
根据词语的习惯用法和固定搭配来选择答案词的固定搭配，特别是动词的搭配在完形填空题中出现的比例也是比较大的，多数题目涉及到动词的用法和各种搭配关系，这是由动词在句子中的重要性决定的。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词的用法紧密相关。解决这类题目要求考生多读、多记，对所学习语或固定搭配牢固掌握，并能灵活运用。
例：Mrs. Clark was 38 tea at the time.
38. A. cooking B. making C. burning D. serving
分析：从动词与名词的搭配关系角度考虑，“沏茶”用make tea, “上茶”用serve the tea,这是语言使用过程当中约定俗成的习惯用法，所以该题正确答案是B. making，考生也不应受汉语思维习惯的影响而误选A。
四、词汇的意义及用法辨析词义题
根据词汇的意义及用法辨析词义从而确定答案完形填空题的考查虽然越来越淡化语法，但对语言点的考查依然存在，不过主要体现在词汇搭配和语义辨析两个方面。要做好这种题目，必须尽量将词语辨析与情节推理和逻辑推理结合起来，从词汇意义入手，抓住情节线索解决问题。
例：Dad taught me a lot about life, especially its hard times.
I remembered one of his 1 , one night when I was ready to quit (退出) a political campaign（运动）I was losing, and wrote about it in my diary.
Tired, feeling the months of 2 , I went up to my study to make some notes.
1). A. classes B. advice C. lessons D. talks
2). A. struggle B. working C. battle D. defence
分析：class（课，班级，阶级）advice（忠告，建议，不可数名词）lesson（课程，教训）talk（谈话，讲演），根据短文中提供的信息，应该是作者准备退出一场失败了的政治活动时，父亲“教训”了他一顿，所以1题的答案是C. lessons。2题的选项B. working（工作，劳动）, D. defence（防卫，辩护）明显不合乎逻辑，A. struggle意为“斗争，战争”，C. battle是指大型战役中的小规模“战斗”。作者在这次政治活动中经历了数月的艰辛，为争取某种权利而进行了艰苦的“斗争”，根据文章的情节线索我们可以确定最佳选项是A。这两个题的解决都借助了词义的辨析，同时也离不开对短文情节发展的把握。
五、上下文联系题
看清上下文，找准定位词充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句。这些词有时可能是同义词或反义词。例如：
1) Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very Very＿＿＿＿＿.
A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous
2)Mrs O’Neill asked＿＿＿＿＿questions and she didn’t scold us either.
A. no B. certain C. many D. more
分析:1).根据转折连词but的提示，所填入的词应与shallow相反，因此答案为A。2). and是一个并列连词；either为副词，用在否定句或否定词后加强语势，由此可以确定所填的词也应是一个否定意义的词，因此答案是A。
六、通顺逻辑，寻求搭配题
注意固定的搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。例如：
Here’s a fellow who just walked into a bank and helped himself＿＿＿＿＿so much money.
A. for B. by C. to D. of
分析: 表示“自取，随便拿”这个意义的短语是help oneself to…故答案为C。
二、完形填空怎样做？
1、利用跳读法解题
一般而言，完形填空要填的20空中总有一些空是相对简单的。 对于这类空格考生可以先将其确定下来，之后再逐个去突破其他空。跳过那些不太容易得出答案的题。切忌做题时循规蹈矩地一个顺着一个地去完成。如:
“Visitors!” repeated Josh, wide-awake at once. He___1___ up and looked around. A short distance away, a group of___2___ stood quietly watching us. One of them ___3___ walking toward us. We both jumped to our ___4___ not knowing what to expect.
1). A. sat B. stayed C. thought D. put
2). A. pilots B. natives C. editors D. assistants
3). A. avoided B. delayed C. began D. desired
4. A. boat B. car C. horses D. feet
【解析】在通读全文的第一遍中，我们可以很容易地将第四空填出来，这是固定搭配jump to one’s feet 跳起来);由此也可推出第三空的答案，因为有人开始向“我们”走了过来，所以“我们”才跳了起来;再根据第一空前面的wide-awake可知，此处指的应该是“我和Josh完全清醒，坐起来，环顾四周”，所以第一空的答案为A;最后，根据句首Visitors可推知第二空的答案为B。
2、利用复现信息解题
语篇复现的信息包括原词复现、同义词和反义词复现、上义词和下义词复现、概括词复现和代词复现等。瞻前顾后关注语篇中有词汇和结构同现的现象，如与语篇话题相关、意义相关的词汇同时出现，结构同现，同义同现，修饰同现，因果同现等。因此，利用上下文寻找解题信息，确定正确答案。如:
First of all, I respected his ___3___ to teaching. Because his lectures were always well-prepared and clearly delivered, students crowded into his classroom.
3). A. attention B. introduction C. relation D. devotion
【解析】空格后面的句子说到教授的讲座准备充分、讲解清楚well-prepared and clearly delivered)，由此可知教授为教育做出了很大的贡献, devotion to sth意为“对……贡献……”，与下文相通。
I put my head in, expecting the worst. But to my surprise, the room wasn’t empty at all. It had furniture, curtains, a TV, and even paintings on the wall. And then on the well-made bed sat Amy, my new ___44___, dressed neatly.
A. roommate B. classmate C. neighbor D. companion
【分析】名词同现，空格前出现了room, furniture, curtains, a TV等同现信息可知坐在铺好的床上的是“我”的室友。
3、利用固定搭配解题
完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查，主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面。习惯用法是英语中某种固定的结构形态，即所谓的“习语”，不能随意改动。所以，考生平时应掌握好习惯用法。对词义辨析题的考查有加大力度的趋势。要做好这类题，需要有较大的词汇量和词语搭配能力、词语辨析能力，特别是在特定的语境中能灵活运用的能力。如:
①They couldn’t read or write. They didn’t like to work and they never ___12___ baths.
12). A. took B. washed C. ran D. covered
【解析】本题考查的是固定搭配take a bath，意为“洗澡”。
②I did very badly at school. My headmaster thought I was useless and when I was 14 he said, “You’re never going to be ___2___ but a failure.”
2). A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
【解析】本题考查习语anything but，意为“决不”“根本不”，即校长认为我肯定是一个失败的人。
③I haven’t had a phone in the house for three weeks now, and it’s several days ___19___ I used a phone box.
19). A. as B. when C. if D. since
【解析】本题考查的是it’s…since…句型，意为“自从……已多长时间了)”。这句话的意思是“自从我上次打投币电话已经有好几天了”。
4、利用逻辑关系解题
尝试从逻辑关系的高度整体上把握，就会不无惊喜地发现逻辑关系才是征服完形填空的最佳途径。所谓逻辑关系并不缥缈，它就隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。通过逻辑关系的方法，我们可以通过确切、具体的线索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而在答案中寻找表现了相同逻辑意义的选项。这样做，使得题目的难度大大降低。
Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and___45___nitrogen. They are different in that their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin performs one or more specific functions in the body.
45). A. mostly B. partly C. sometimes D. rarely
【解析】短文中的usually和and是本题逻辑推理的线索。And前后构成了并列关系，即and前的 usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 这些维生素成分和and 后面的 nitrogen 成分形成并列关系，相应修饰 carbon, hydrogen, oxygen 的usually必然和修饰 nitrogen 的45空的词构成一一对应的逻辑关系。鉴于此，在45空考虑填入的应是和usually相对应的频度副词，而语义与usually略有不同。mostly 和partly都表示了部分、量的含义，与频度无关。rarely很少地，罕有地)虽表示了频度关系，但其意义与usually相反，不符合一一对应的一致性，因此排除。只有C项sometimes不时，有时)恰到好处地表示了and前后两部分的逻辑对应。故选C。
5、巧用排除法解题
在有些情况下，考生如果不能很有把握地直接得出某一道题的答案，可以把排除法和词汇、语法分析结合起来运用，缩小选择的范围，提高正确率。如:
He put the books into the return box. And after a brief ___46___ in the toilet, he would be on his way to the playground to meet Eric.
46). A. rest B. break C. walk D. stop
【解析】此题答案为D。人不可能在厕所里休息rest, break)或是散步walk)，由此排除另外三个选项。
解题方法很多，不再一一枚举，只要能帮助解题就是好方法。
三、完型填空怎样析？析什么？
请老师们各抒己见。
固定搭配
介词短语
动词短语
动词辨析
名词辨析
形容词副词辨析
一词多义/一词多性
构词法辨词义
