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中考英语复习课件：阅读理解及其解题策略
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这是一份中考英语复习课件：阅读理解及其解题策略，共34页。PPT课件主要包含了阅读理解及其解题方法等内容，欢迎下载使用。
阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一项重要任务，也是中考的一项重要内容。中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳答案或回答出所提问题等等。要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。
阅读理解的阅读材料的选取一般遵循三个原则：1. 阅读文章不少于三篇，阅读量在1，000单词左右；2. 题材广泛，包括科普，社会，文化，政治，经济等；3. 体裁多样，包阔记叙文，说明文，应用文等；
一、中考阅读理解考查的主要内容
1. 考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。 此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问方式是：
(1) Which is the best title f the passage?(2) Which f the fllwing is this passage abut?(3) In this passage the writer tries t tell us that______.(4) The passage tells us that______.(5) This passage mainly talks abut_______.
2. 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。 此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是：
(1) Which f the fllwing is right?(2) Which f the fllwing is nt mentined?(3) Which f the fllwing is Nt True in the passage?(4) Chse the right rder f this passage.(5) Frm this passage we knw ________.
3. 考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。 此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是：
(1) The wrd “ ” in the passage prbably means ________.(2) The underlined wrd “It” in the passage refers t _______.(3) In this stry the underlined wrd “ ” means ________.(4) Here “it” means________.
4. 考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。 此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：
Many visitrs cme t the writer’s city t ________.(2) Air pllutin is the mst serius kind f pllutin because _____.(3) Why did the writer get ff the train tw stps befre Vienna statin?
5. 考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判 断的能力。 此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是：
We can guess the writer f the letter may be a ______.(2) We can infer frm the text that _______.(3) Frm the letters we’ve learned that it’s very _____ t knw smething abut American scial custms.(4) Frm the stry we can guess ______.(5) What wuld be happy if …?
6. 考查推断作者意图和态度的能力。其主要提问方式是：
(1) Hw did the writer feel at Vienna statin?(2) The writer writes this text t ______.(3) The writer believes that ______.(4) The writer suggests that ______.
二、阅读理解题的方法和技巧
1．如何获取段落的主旨和大意？ 最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的情况有三种：
（1）主题句在段首或篇首。 主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文， 议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。
例如：陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料B的第一段： All living things n the earth need ther living things t live. Nthing lives alne. Mst animals must live in a grup, and even a plant grws clse tgether with thers f the same kind. Smetimes ne living thing kills anther, ne eats and the ther is eaten. Each kind f life eats anther kind f life in rder t live, and tgether they frm a fd chain(食物链)。Sme fd chains becme brken up if ne f the links disappears
59. Which f the fllwing d yu think is the best title fr this passage? A. Animals B. Plants C. Fd Chains D. Living Things
评析：找出主题句即第一句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实，“大部分动物必须成群的生活，甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时一种生物杀死另一种生物，一种生物吃另一种生物，而另一种生物被吃”。在列举了大量的事实之后，作者指出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。
根据主题句的意思，我们可以很容易判断：
（2）主题句在段末或篇末。 用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。例如陕西省中考试题阅读材料A的最后一段：
If yu buy sme well-made clthes, yu can save mney because they can last lnger. They lk gd even after they have been washed many times. Smetimes sme clthes cst mre mney, but it des nt mean that they are always better made, r they always fit better. In ther wrds, sme less expensive clthes lk and fit better than mre expensive clthes.
评析：这段文章前面列举了两件事实：如果你买一些制作优良的衣服，你会省钱，因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次，仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。
（3）无主题句有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。请看江西省中考试题阅读理解A:
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sa Paul wanted bees t make mre hney（蜂蜜). S he put frty-six African bees with sme Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind f bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want t make mre hney. They wanted t attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees utside. Scientists culd nt cntrl（控制) the prblem. The bees increased fast. They went frm Brazil t Venezuela. Then they went t Central America. Nw they are in Nrth America. They travel abut 390 miles a year. Each grup f bees grws fur times a year. This means ne millin new grups every five years.
Why are peple afraid f killer bees? Peple are afraid fr tw reasns. First, the bees sting（叮) many mre times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nnstp fr tw hurs. Secnd, killer bees attack in grups. Fur hundred bee stings can kill a persn. Already several hundred peple are dead. Nw killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all ver the United States. Peple can d nthing but wait.
在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理解题：59. The best title f the passage is ____________. A. Hw t make mre hney B. Killer bees C. A flish scientist D. Hw t feed killer bees
评析：这篇短文就没有主题句，那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢？按照上面的说明，我们可以得出每一段的大意：第一段讲的是“killer bees”的产生。第二段讲的是“killer bees” 的急剧增加。第三段讲的是人们害怕“killer bees”的原因。第四段讲的是“killer bees”已经杀死的人数和将来的状况。 从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是围绕“killer bees”这一中心展开的。换句话说，“killer bees”就是这篇文章的主题。
2．如何根据上下文猜测词义？猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(cntext),正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。
（1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理猜测义：例1：中考英语试题阅读材料B: A bag is useful and the wrd “bag” is useful. It gives us sme interesting phrases(短语). One is “ t let the cat ut f the bag.” It is the same as “t tell a secret”…. Nw when smene lets ut (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat ut f the bag.” 短文后面有一个理解题目： Jhn “lets the cat ut f the bag” means he ________. A. makes everyne knw a secret B. the wman but a cat C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag
评析：在这篇文章里，“let the cat ut f the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “t tell a secret”.
例2：北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料 As they g arund twn, the plice help peple. Smetimes they find lst children. They take the children hme. If the plice see a fight, they put an end t it right away. Smetimes peple will ask the plice hw t get t a place in twn. The plice can always tell the peple which way t g. They knw all the streets and rads well. 文章后面有这样一道题：53. In the text, “put an end t” means “___________”. A. stp B. cut C. kill D. fly
评析： 根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。
例3：中考英语试题的阅读材料There is a place n ur earth where ht water and steam cme up under the grund. It is n a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is Nrth Island in New Zealand. 文章后面有这样一道题： What des the wrd “steam” mean in Chinese?A. 自来水 B. 大气 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽
评析：从语法上看，steam和ht water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类第物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。
3．如何确定细节和事实？ 在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：（1）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。（2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。请看陕西省中考英语试题阅读理解题第48小题：
What d plants make fd frm? They make fd frm _______.sunlight, water and things in the sil and airB. water, sunlight and things in the silC. water and things in the sil and airD. water, sunlight and things in the sil
评析：这一小题考查的就是文章的细节和事实。这一细节和事实的表述在文章中可以直接找到：Plants are “factries”. They make fd frm sunlight, water and things in the sil and air.
4．如何进行推断？ 所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。 中考英语试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很大。其类型主要有以下几种：
（1）事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。 请看南京市中考英语试题阅读理解第14小题
Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing can yu mst pssibly watch n TV?Yu ften play ftball with yur friends after schl.B. Yur teacher has gt a cld.C. A tiger in the city z has run ut and hasn’t been caught.D. The bike in frnt f yur huse is lst. 在阅读材料中，有这样一段文字： Secndly, a news stry has t be interesting and unusual. Peple dn’t want t read stries abut everyday life. As a result, many stries are abut sme kind f danger and seem t be “bad” news.
评析： 根据这段文字，我们可以推断：电视报道的新闻故事硬是有趣的和不平常的。
（2）逻辑推断 这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。（3）对作者的意图和态度的推断这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断， 如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。
Let’s have a try
The undersea wrld is very beautiful. Nw mre and mre peple want t dive in the water t find the secrets there. Scuba diving is a new sprt tday. It can take yu int a wnderful undersea wrld. Yu will find many strange animals in the sea. Sme are as large as a schl bus. Many sea animals give ut light in the dark and sme have sharp teeth. During the day, there is enugh light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green. When fish swim nearby, yu can catch them with yur hands. When yu have bttles f air n yur back, yu can stay in deep water fr a lng time. Hwever, yu can’t dive t deep. And yu must be very careful when yu dive in deep water. The deep sea is nt an easy place t live in. It’s cld, and it’s dark, t. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is.
At abut 3,000 feet, there is n light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have n eyes. Sme have big eyes. A few have eyes n ne side. Besides (除了) the cld and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger --- ther animals. Animals eat! They must find fd t eat. Many animals eat plants. Hwever, sme Animals eat meat. This means these sea animals have animals have tw big jbs. They need t find animals as fd, and they have t try nt t becme ther animals’ meal.
Why d peple want t dive in the sea? Because ________. A. they want t catch fish B. they want t find the secrets f the undersea wrld C. the sea is deep D. there are all kinds f plants in the sea
2. In the daytime, when yu dive in the sea, yu _________. A. can see everything green and blue B. can’t be in danger C. can catch nthing D. can’t see anything clearly3. Hw many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea? A. One. B. Tw. C. Three. D. Fur.4. When yu d scuba diving, yu can __________. A. stay in deep water fr a lng time B. dive very, very deep C. live in deep water easily D. dive freely withut any dangers5. Which f the fllwing is WRONG? A. One animals finds smething t eat, and it may be eaten by thers. B. At the depth f 3,000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way by hearing and feeling. C. The deeper the sea is, the darker and clder it is. D. At the depth f 3,000 feet under the sea, all animals can find their way by seeing.
1. B。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章开头的第二句明确说明了这一点。“现在越来越多的人想潜水，为的是寻找海下世界的秘密”。2. A。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章第三段开头就说明了这一事实。“During the day, there is enugh light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green.”3. C。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第5段说明了这一问题：Besides (除了) the cld and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger --- ther animals.4. A。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第三段有这样一句话：When yu have bttles f air n yur back, yu can stay in deep water fr a lng time. 背着 空气瓶潜水就是“scuba diving”。
5. D。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第四段有这样的叙述：At abut 3,000 feet, there is n light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have n eyes.在3，000米的深处，一点光线都没有，很多于都没有眼睛，他们怎麽能够通过“看”来找到路呢？
Try again，please！
In America, just as in Eurpe, men usually pen drs fr wmen, and wmen always walk ahead f men int a rm r a restaurant, unless （除非）the men have t be ahead f the ladies t chse the table, t pen the dr f a car r d sme ther things like the abve n the street, men almst always walk r crss the street n the clser side f the ladies t the traffic But if a man walks with tw ladies, he shuld walk between them Then if the hst （男主人）r hstess （女主人）r bth f them cme in a car t get their guest fr dinner, the guest shuld sit at the frnt seat and leave the back seat thugh there is n peple sitting n it
1．In America men usually _______ A．walk ahead f wmen B．eat in a restaurant C．walk behind wmen D．drive a car t wrk 2．In the street men ________ A．crss the street B．walk n the right side f the ladies C．walk n the clser side f the ladies t the traffic D．walk near the ladies 3．If a man walks with tw ladies, he shuld _________ A．walk between them B．run befre them C．fllw them D．g away 4．If Mrs. Green wants yu t her huse in a car, yu shuld _________ A．sit beside a guest B．sit at the frnt seat C．sit at the back seat D．drive the car
教师寄语:阅读理解题取材广泛，但仍然有规律可循。1.平时要多阅读并善于总结，积累 解题技巧。2.考试时要研读好文本，不放过文 本中细节。3.做完题后要仔细检查，每篇材料 应有完整情节。
阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一项重要任务，也是中考的一项重要内容。中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳答案或回答出所提问题等等。要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。
阅读理解的阅读材料的选取一般遵循三个原则：1. 阅读文章不少于三篇，阅读量在1，000单词左右；2. 题材广泛，包括科普，社会，文化，政治，经济等；3. 体裁多样，包阔记叙文，说明文，应用文等；
一、中考阅读理解考查的主要内容
1. 考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。 此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问方式是：
(1) Which is the best title f the passage?(2) Which f the fllwing is this passage abut?(3) In this passage the writer tries t tell us that______.(4) The passage tells us that______.(5) This passage mainly talks abut_______.
2. 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。 此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是：
(1) Which f the fllwing is right?(2) Which f the fllwing is nt mentined?(3) Which f the fllwing is Nt True in the passage?(4) Chse the right rder f this passage.(5) Frm this passage we knw ________.
3. 考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。 此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是：
(1) The wrd “ ” in the passage prbably means ________.(2) The underlined wrd “It” in the passage refers t _______.(3) In this stry the underlined wrd “ ” means ________.(4) Here “it” means________.
4. 考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。 此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：
Many visitrs cme t the writer’s city t ________.(2) Air pllutin is the mst serius kind f pllutin because _____.(3) Why did the writer get ff the train tw stps befre Vienna statin?
5. 考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判 断的能力。 此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是：
We can guess the writer f the letter may be a ______.(2) We can infer frm the text that _______.(3) Frm the letters we’ve learned that it’s very _____ t knw smething abut American scial custms.(4) Frm the stry we can guess ______.(5) What wuld be happy if …?
6. 考查推断作者意图和态度的能力。其主要提问方式是：
(1) Hw did the writer feel at Vienna statin?(2) The writer writes this text t ______.(3) The writer believes that ______.(4) The writer suggests that ______.
二、阅读理解题的方法和技巧
1．如何获取段落的主旨和大意？ 最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的情况有三种：
（1）主题句在段首或篇首。 主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文， 议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。
例如：陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料B的第一段： All living things n the earth need ther living things t live. Nthing lives alne. Mst animals must live in a grup, and even a plant grws clse tgether with thers f the same kind. Smetimes ne living thing kills anther, ne eats and the ther is eaten. Each kind f life eats anther kind f life in rder t live, and tgether they frm a fd chain(食物链)。Sme fd chains becme brken up if ne f the links disappears
59. Which f the fllwing d yu think is the best title fr this passage? A. Animals B. Plants C. Fd Chains D. Living Things
评析：找出主题句即第一句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实，“大部分动物必须成群的生活，甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时一种生物杀死另一种生物，一种生物吃另一种生物，而另一种生物被吃”。在列举了大量的事实之后，作者指出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。
根据主题句的意思，我们可以很容易判断：
（2）主题句在段末或篇末。 用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。例如陕西省中考试题阅读材料A的最后一段：
If yu buy sme well-made clthes, yu can save mney because they can last lnger. They lk gd even after they have been washed many times. Smetimes sme clthes cst mre mney, but it des nt mean that they are always better made, r they always fit better. In ther wrds, sme less expensive clthes lk and fit better than mre expensive clthes.
评析：这段文章前面列举了两件事实：如果你买一些制作优良的衣服，你会省钱，因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次，仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。
（3）无主题句有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。请看江西省中考试题阅读理解A:
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sa Paul wanted bees t make mre hney（蜂蜜). S he put frty-six African bees with sme Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind f bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want t make mre hney. They wanted t attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees utside. Scientists culd nt cntrl（控制) the prblem. The bees increased fast. They went frm Brazil t Venezuela. Then they went t Central America. Nw they are in Nrth America. They travel abut 390 miles a year. Each grup f bees grws fur times a year. This means ne millin new grups every five years.
Why are peple afraid f killer bees? Peple are afraid fr tw reasns. First, the bees sting（叮) many mre times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nnstp fr tw hurs. Secnd, killer bees attack in grups. Fur hundred bee stings can kill a persn. Already several hundred peple are dead. Nw killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all ver the United States. Peple can d nthing but wait.
在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理解题：59. The best title f the passage is ____________. A. Hw t make mre hney B. Killer bees C. A flish scientist D. Hw t feed killer bees
评析：这篇短文就没有主题句，那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢？按照上面的说明，我们可以得出每一段的大意：第一段讲的是“killer bees”的产生。第二段讲的是“killer bees” 的急剧增加。第三段讲的是人们害怕“killer bees”的原因。第四段讲的是“killer bees”已经杀死的人数和将来的状况。 从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是围绕“killer bees”这一中心展开的。换句话说，“killer bees”就是这篇文章的主题。
2．如何根据上下文猜测词义？猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(cntext),正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。
（1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理猜测义：例1：中考英语试题阅读材料B: A bag is useful and the wrd “bag” is useful. It gives us sme interesting phrases(短语). One is “ t let the cat ut f the bag.” It is the same as “t tell a secret”…. Nw when smene lets ut (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat ut f the bag.” 短文后面有一个理解题目： Jhn “lets the cat ut f the bag” means he ________. A. makes everyne knw a secret B. the wman but a cat C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag
评析：在这篇文章里，“let the cat ut f the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “t tell a secret”.
例2：北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料 As they g arund twn, the plice help peple. Smetimes they find lst children. They take the children hme. If the plice see a fight, they put an end t it right away. Smetimes peple will ask the plice hw t get t a place in twn. The plice can always tell the peple which way t g. They knw all the streets and rads well. 文章后面有这样一道题：53. In the text, “put an end t” means “___________”. A. stp B. cut C. kill D. fly
评析： 根据文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察的职责。
例3：中考英语试题的阅读材料There is a place n ur earth where ht water and steam cme up under the grund. It is n a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is Nrth Island in New Zealand. 文章后面有这样一道题： What des the wrd “steam” mean in Chinese?A. 自来水 B. 大气 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽
评析：从语法上看，steam和ht water是并列关系，我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类第物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。
3．如何确定细节和事实？ 在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：（1）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。（2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。请看陕西省中考英语试题阅读理解题第48小题：
What d plants make fd frm? They make fd frm _______.sunlight, water and things in the sil and airB. water, sunlight and things in the silC. water and things in the sil and airD. water, sunlight and things in the sil
评析：这一小题考查的就是文章的细节和事实。这一细节和事实的表述在文章中可以直接找到：Plants are “factries”. They make fd frm sunlight, water and things in the sil and air.
4．如何进行推断？ 所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。 中考英语试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很大。其类型主要有以下几种：
（1）事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。 请看南京市中考英语试题阅读理解第14小题
Accrding t the passage, which f the fllwing can yu mst pssibly watch n TV?Yu ften play ftball with yur friends after schl.B. Yur teacher has gt a cld.C. A tiger in the city z has run ut and hasn’t been caught.D. The bike in frnt f yur huse is lst. 在阅读材料中，有这样一段文字： Secndly, a news stry has t be interesting and unusual. Peple dn’t want t read stries abut everyday life. As a result, many stries are abut sme kind f danger and seem t be “bad” news.
评析： 根据这段文字，我们可以推断：电视报道的新闻故事硬是有趣的和不平常的。
（2）逻辑推断 这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。（3）对作者的意图和态度的推断这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断， 如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。
Let’s have a try
The undersea wrld is very beautiful. Nw mre and mre peple want t dive in the water t find the secrets there. Scuba diving is a new sprt tday. It can take yu int a wnderful undersea wrld. Yu will find many strange animals in the sea. Sme are as large as a schl bus. Many sea animals give ut light in the dark and sme have sharp teeth. During the day, there is enugh light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green. When fish swim nearby, yu can catch them with yur hands. When yu have bttles f air n yur back, yu can stay in deep water fr a lng time. Hwever, yu can’t dive t deep. And yu must be very careful when yu dive in deep water. The deep sea is nt an easy place t live in. It’s cld, and it’s dark, t. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is.
At abut 3,000 feet, there is n light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have n eyes. Sme have big eyes. A few have eyes n ne side. Besides (除了) the cld and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger --- ther animals. Animals eat! They must find fd t eat. Many animals eat plants. Hwever, sme Animals eat meat. This means these sea animals have animals have tw big jbs. They need t find animals as fd, and they have t try nt t becme ther animals’ meal.
Why d peple want t dive in the sea? Because ________. A. they want t catch fish B. they want t find the secrets f the undersea wrld C. the sea is deep D. there are all kinds f plants in the sea
2. In the daytime, when yu dive in the sea, yu _________. A. can see everything green and blue B. can’t be in danger C. can catch nthing D. can’t see anything clearly3. Hw many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea? A. One. B. Tw. C. Three. D. Fur.4. When yu d scuba diving, yu can __________. A. stay in deep water fr a lng time B. dive very, very deep C. live in deep water easily D. dive freely withut any dangers5. Which f the fllwing is WRONG? A. One animals finds smething t eat, and it may be eaten by thers. B. At the depth f 3,000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way by hearing and feeling. C. The deeper the sea is, the darker and clder it is. D. At the depth f 3,000 feet under the sea, all animals can find their way by seeing.
1. B。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章开头的第二句明确说明了这一点。“现在越来越多的人想潜水，为的是寻找海下世界的秘密”。2. A。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章第三段开头就说明了这一事实。“During the day, there is enugh light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green.”3. C。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第5段说明了这一问题：Besides (除了) the cld and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger --- ther animals.4. A。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第三段有这样一句话：When yu have bttles f air n yur back, yu can stay in deep water fr a lng time. 背着 空气瓶潜水就是“scuba diving”。
5. D。这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第四段有这样的叙述：At abut 3,000 feet, there is n light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have n eyes.在3，000米的深处，一点光线都没有，很多于都没有眼睛，他们怎麽能够通过“看”来找到路呢？
Try again，please！
In America, just as in Eurpe, men usually pen drs fr wmen, and wmen always walk ahead f men int a rm r a restaurant, unless （除非）the men have t be ahead f the ladies t chse the table, t pen the dr f a car r d sme ther things like the abve n the street, men almst always walk r crss the street n the clser side f the ladies t the traffic But if a man walks with tw ladies, he shuld walk between them Then if the hst （男主人）r hstess （女主人）r bth f them cme in a car t get their guest fr dinner, the guest shuld sit at the frnt seat and leave the back seat thugh there is n peple sitting n it
1．In America men usually _______ A．walk ahead f wmen B．eat in a restaurant C．walk behind wmen D．drive a car t wrk 2．In the street men ________ A．crss the street B．walk n the right side f the ladies C．walk n the clser side f the ladies t the traffic D．walk near the ladies 3．If a man walks with tw ladies, he shuld _________ A．walk between them B．run befre them C．fllw them D．g away 4．If Mrs. Green wants yu t her huse in a car, yu shuld _________ A．sit beside a guest B．sit at the frnt seat C．sit at the back seat D．drive the car
教师寄语:阅读理解题取材广泛，但仍然有规律可循。1.平时要多阅读并善于总结，积累 解题技巧。2.考试时要研读好文本，不放过文 本中细节。3.做完题后要仔细检查，每篇材料 应有完整情节。
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